Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49619-3 — World War One 2Nd Edition Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49619-3 — World War One 2nd Edition Index More Information

Index

Abadan Island, 323 Africa, sub-Saharan, 102–10, Albatros D3, German Abbas Hilmi II, khedive of 277. See under individual airplane, 266 Egypt, 121 countries Albert I, king of the Belgians, Abbott, Tony, Australian wartime casualties in, 109 19, 72, 73, 369, 370, 372, prime minister, 434 African Americans, 308, 397 Abdullah, emir of 309. See United States, Alekseev, Mikhail, Russian Transjordan, 333, 334, African Americans in general, 129, 131, 132, 336, 403, 427 Agamemnon, British 135, 193, 200, 202, 206, Abdülmecid II, Sunni Muslim battleship, 366 241, 243, 250, 253, 417 caliph, 426 Agrarian Party, Bulgarian, Aleksei, Grand Duke, heir to abortion, and abortion rights, 401 Russian throne, 241 2, 174, 304 Ahmad, Sayyid, Grand Sanusi, Alexander I, king of Serbia, 17 Aboukir, British cruiser, 212 329, 330, 331 Alexander Karageorgević, Abruzzi, Luigi of Savoy, duke aircraft, 4, 30, 106, 127, 182, Serbian crown prince, of the, Italian admiral, 188, 231, 328, 329, 339, Serbian general, 75 223, 224 350, 351, 356, 366, 368, Alexander, king of Greece, 273 Abyssinia, 315, 328, 330, 331, 369, 372, 376, 377, 439. Alexandra, Russian empress, 428 See aerial bombing; aerial 164, 206 Addams, Jane, US social reconnaissance; Online Alexandria, 124, 329 activist, 308 Essay 3 Algeria, 24 Addis Ababa, 315, 331 aircraft carrier, development Ali Dinar, sultan of Darfur, Adenauer, Konrad, German of, 229, 430 330, 331 politician, 393 Aisne River, 71, 72, 265, 268, Allenby, Sir Edmund, British Adler, Friedrich, Austrian 282 general, 184, 185, 265, politician, 293, 389 Aisne, first battle of the 336, 338, 339, 340 Adler, Viktor, Austrian (1914), 72 Alps, 11, 116, 136, 137, 138, politician, 293, 312, 389 Aisne, second battle of the 140, 141, 189, 190, 191, Adrianople, battle of (1913), (1917), 266, 269, 282 192, 194, 278, 280 28 Aisne, third battle of the al-Qaddafi, Muammar, Libyan Adriatic Sea, 12, 19, 84, 116, (1918), 354, 355 leader, 428 121, 123, 136, 137, 138, Aitken, Arthur, Brtish general, Alsace, 52, 66, 72 140, 143, 167, 189, 203, 105 Alsace-Lorraine, 8, 14, 64, 65, 210, 214, 221, 223–25, al-Askary, Suleiman, Turkish 137, 236, 376, 392, 394, 229, 237, 361, 401, 440 general, 324 413 Aegean Sea, 17, 122, 143, 203, al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, ISIS in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 360, 402, 426 leader, 428 259, 405 aerial bombing, 4, 118, 145, Albania, 16, 18, 19, 137, 138, American Expeditionary 303, 307, 329, 339, 396, 143, 145, 202, 203, 210, Force (AEF). See also 440 224, 225, 229, 360 United States Army aerial reconnaissance, 118, Albatros D2, German and “amalgamation” 126, 127, 205, 266 airplane, 188 controversy, 249, 355

444 index

American (cont.) 345, 402, 403, 426, 428, unforeseen significance of, formation of, 248 435, 436 60, 74 in France, 301, 355, 356, Archangel, 241, 365 use of aircraft for spotting, 369, 370, 372, 378, 379 Ardennes, Battle of the 30, 182, 185, 189, 205, influenza in, 313, 372 (1914), 66 266, 282, 439 Pershing as commander Argentina, 210 Artois, 116, 117 of, 248 Argonne Forest, 116, 370, 372 first battle of (1914), 72 racial minorities in, 309, Argus, British aircraft carrier, second battle of (1915), 120 310 230 third battle of (1915), 125, training of, 248, 277, 309 pictured, 230 126, 127 uses British and French Ark Royal, British seaplane Arz von Straussenberg, equipment, 249, 378 tender, 30, 229 Arthur, Austro- American Protective League, Armenians, 16, 85 Hungarian general, 198, 311, 313 and Armenian Genocide, 4, 201, 206 Amiens, 67 322, 341–44, 426, 440 Asiago, 191 battle of (1918), 366, 367, and Armenian Legion, 339 Asquith, Herbert, British 371, 377 and Armenian SSR (1922), prime minister, 12, 13, Amman, 338, 339, 340, 403 425 50, 52, 118, 123, 163, 205, Andenne, German atrocities and Democratic Republic 210, 286, 290, 291, 306, at, 62 of Armenia (1918–20), 307, 324, 412 Andersen, Hans Niels, Danish 344, 402, 425 Atatürk, 426. See Kemal diplomat, 130 Armentières, 354 (Atatürk), Mustafa Andorra, 392 Armistice Day, 153, 432 atrocities, 4, 60, 62, 76, 213, Anglican Church, 152 arms races, prewar, 8, 28–30, 330 Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), 92, 231 German denial of, 63, 161 12, 20, 23, 27, 28, 30, 152, Arnauld de la Perière, Lothar, Aubers Ridge, 118, 120 327 German naval officer, 223 Auffenberg, Moritz, Austro- Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Arnim, Sixt von, German Hungarian general, 79, 80 323. See also Online general, 275, 354 Australia, 23, 95 Essay 8 Arras, 116, 264, 351 and annual Dawn Service at Angola, 20, 277 battle of (1917), 265, 266 Anzac Cove, 434 Ankara, 403 Arsiero, 191 and Paris Peace Conference, Anthoine, François, French artillery. See also Online Essay 392, 394 general, 275 6 awarded former German Antwerp, 63, 68, 71, 72, 369, Allies gain advantage in, colonies, 395 372 185 influenza deaths in, 314 ANZAC (Australia-New and shell shortages, 74, 118, rejects conscription, 159, Zealand Army Corps), 123, 163, 269 288 122, 276, 337, 339, 340, creeping barrage as tactic, remembrance and 434 28, 183, 185, 205, 265, commemoration in, 410, Anzac Cove, 122, 124, 125, 266, 267, 269, 275, 282, 432, 433 434. See also Online 356, 366, 439 Australia, Australian battle Essay 2 German superiority in, 73, cruiser, 29, 97, 98, 100 ANZAC Day, 432 86, 128 Australian armed forces. See apartheid, 424 preliminary bombardment also ANZAC Aqaba, 334, 336 tactics, 117, 120, 125, 1st Light Horse Brigade of, Arab-Israeli conflict, 2, 428, 126, 139, 142, 145, 185, 339 435 190, 265, 266, 269, 275, 4th Light Horse Brigade Arabs and Arab nationalism, 276, 280, 358 of, 338 2, 16, 24, 121, 322, 324, prewar developments in, and conquest of German 325, 326, 330, 331–40, 27, 28 Pacific colonies, 100

index 445

at Gallipoli, 122–23, 124–25 harvest leave delays Eleventh Army of, 190, 191 in Egypt, 121, 333 mobilization in, 43, 49, 55 Fifth Army of, 75, 137, 139, in Jordan, 338 in Triple Alliance, 8, 45 189, 190, 198, 278, 280, in Palestine, 338 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 281 insubordination in, 369 259 First Army of, 1, 78, 79, mutiny in, 368 influenza pandemic spreads 136, 137, 192, 198, 201 on Western front, 187, to, 314 Fourth Army of, 78, 79, 80, 275, 276, 366, 367, 369, internal collapse of, 229, 82, 128, 129, 132, 136, 370 362 192, 193, 195 other Light Horse units of, invades Serbia, 75 High Command of 124, 333, 338, 340 Italian minority in, 140 (Armeeoberkommando or prewar strength of, 23 militarization of wartime AOK), 77, 80, 128, 129, Austria economy in, 202, 293 136, 142, 144, 180, 190, and Paris Peace Conference, nationality problem in, 11, 191, 192, 193, 195, 202, 399, 400 42, 129, 130, 136, 151, 293, 361 civil war in (1934), 418 160, 193, 226, 227, 236, Italian troops in, 140, 141 desires Anschluss with 278, 286, 296, 298, 300, mobilization of, 74, 151 Germany, 362, 389, 400, 362, 440 prewar strength of, 11, 30 418 prewar economy of, 10 Second Army of, 75, 77, 80, republic established in public mood in, at outbreak 82, 130, 136, 192, 250, (1918), 362, 389 of war, 151, 153 271 signs Treaty of St. Germain responsibility of, for Seventh Army of, 189, 192, (1919), 400 starting war, 54, 55 193, 194 statehood of, proclaimed strained relations of, with Sixth Army of, 75, 281 (1918), 362 Germany, 83, 136, 294 Slavic deserters from, in women’s suffrage in, 2, 174, strikes in, 227, 297, 363 Russian Army, 198, 386 wartime politics in, 160, 271–72 Austria-Hungary, 1, 2 293 South Army (Südarmee) and occupation of Serbia wartime social inequality of (mixed German- (1915), 144 in, 297 Austrian), 83, 192, 250 and Romania’s entry into Austro-Hungarian Army Tenth Army of, 278, 280 war, 197, 201 1st (Vienna) Reserve Third Army of, 78, 79, 80, and wartime atrocities, 76 Regiment of, 193 82, 83, 128, 137, 141, 142, anti-Italian sentiment in, 138 28th (Prague) Infantry 145, 189, 190, 191, 193, Balkan interests of, 15, 16, Regiment of, 129 250 51, 141, 144 35th (Bohemian) Infantry Twelfth Army of (mixed concludes armistice with Regiment of, 271 German-Austrian), 194 Allies, 362 4th Cavalry Division of, 77 units of, on Western front, constitution of, under 75th (Bohemian) Infantry 181, 361, 369 Compromise of 1867, 10 Regiment of, 271 XX Corps of, 190, 191 declares war, 49, 151 8th (Moravian) Infantry Austro-Hungarian Navy, 11, dismemberment of, as Regiment of, 193 18, 84, 138, 143, 224, 225, Allied war aim, 236, 375 casualties of, on all fronts, 231 emigrants from, 159 386 and submarine warfare, during July Crisis (1914), casualties of, on Balkan 123, 223, 224 36, 38, 44, 45, 46, 49, 55 front, 76 Danube Flotilla of, 50, 225, food shortages and casualties of, on Eastern 229, 365 rationing in, 167, 294, front, 80, 83, 128, 135 mutinies in, 225, 226, 227, 295, 297 casualties of, on Italian 228, 365 front propaganda efforts of, front, 139, 191, 198, 278, strength of, in 1914, 210 252, 280 361, 362 Yugoslavia inherits, 229

446 index

Austro-Prussian War (1866), Beatty, David, British admiral, Benedetto Brin, Italian 8, 10, 11, 26 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, battleship, 224 Averescu, Alexandru, 222 Benedict XV, pope, 165, 304, Romanian general, 198, Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, 391 201, 273 Lord, British politician Bengal, 23 Aymerich, Joseph, French and publishing magnate, Berbers, 24 general, 102 311 Berchtold, Leopold, Austro- Azores, 20 Beersheba, 337, 338 Hungarian foreign Belarus, 363, 417 minister, 40, 41, 42, 43, Baghdad, 324, 325, 326, 403 Belgian Army, 62, 68, 72, 360, 46, 47, 49, 180 Baker, Newton, US Secretary 369, 370, 372 Berlin of war, 249 Belgium, 19, 50, 60 Congress of (1878), 16 pictured, 289 and colonial Africa, 20, 106, food shortages in, 167, 295 Baku, 241, 344, 365 395 November 1918 revolution Balfour Declaration (1917), and Paris Peace Conference, in, 376, 387 336, 428 391, 392, 394 patriotic demonstrations in Balfour, Arthur, British prime invaded by Germany, 52, (1914), 150, 151 minister and foreign 55, 60–63, 64, 66, 76 University of, 160 secretary, 307, 336, 392, in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, Berlin-to-Baghdad railway, 393 258, 405 324, 325 Balkan League, 16 partial liberation of (1918), Berthelout, Henri, French Balkan Wars (1912–13), 369, 371, 372, 377 general, 356 16, 17, 27, 28, 31, 40, prewar relations of, with Beseler, Hans von, German 82, 124 Germany, 19 general, 133 Balkans, 15, 16, 19, 45, 51, 60, postwar alliance of, with Bessarabia, 196 74, 116, 141, 144, 169, France, 431 Bethlehem, 338 189, 341, 431 remembrance and Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald Baltic Sea, 219, 226, 228, 254, commemoration in, 432 von, German chancellor, 300, 374, 387, 395, 405 tries German war criminals 9, 41, 50, 85, 130, 160, 180, Baltic states, 411, 417, 440. in absentia, 431 214, 219, 220, 236, 292, See also Estonia; Latvia; under German occupation, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300 Lithuania 85, 116, 160, 168, 170, 204 Bhutan, 429 Banaras Hindu University, 327 Wilson’s postwar tour of, Bialystok, 132 Banat, 196 397 Bilinski, Leon von, Austro- Bapaume, 184, 187 Belgrade, 37, 46, 49, 50, 75, Hungarian finance battle of (1918), 367 76, 143, 360 minister, 41, 42 Baptist Church, 110, 152 Bell, Gertrude, British Bismarck Archipelago, 100, Bark, Pyotr, Russian finance archaeologist and 395 minister, 47 intelligence officer, 337 Bismarck, Otto von, German Bar-le-Duc, 182 Bell, Johannes, German chancellor, 8, 9, 168, 180, Basra, 323, 324, 325, 337 politician, 398, 399 392, 395, 415 Bassano, 191 Belleau Wood, battle of Black Hand, Serbian terrorist Bauer, Gustav, German (1918), 355, 369 organization, 18, 36, 40, chancellor, 399 Below, Fritz von, German 46, 360 Bauer, Max, German officer, general, 184, 186, 187, Black Sea, 15, 28, 83, 197, 198, 292 266, 354 202, 225, 226, 365, 402, Bauer, Otto, Austrian Below, Otto von, German 417 politician, 363 general, 83, 133, 278, Black Tom Island incident Bavaria, 152 279, 280, 281, 351 (1916), 240 bayonet, use of, in theory and Ben Gurion, David, Zionist Bloch, Marc, French soldier practice, 27, 85 leader, 339 and historian, 67, 151

index 447

blockade, naval, of Central Brazil, 210, 245 prewar economy of, 12, 24 Powers, 4, 86, 143, 150, Bremen, 374 public mood in, at outbreak 167, 210, 212, 223, 224, Brenner Pass, 400 of war, 150, 152 232, 237, 238, 297, 375, Brenta River, 191 remembrance and 376, 389, 397, 440 Breslau, German light cruiser, commemoration in, 410, Blücher, German armored 84. See also Midilli 432, 433 cruiser, 211 Brest-Litovsk, 131, 133, 134 restricts wartime civil Boehn, Max von, German peace talks at, 281, 363, 384 liberties, 162 general, 266, 354, 355, Treaty of (1918), 344, 351, seeks US entry into war, 356 363, 365, 384, 404, 417 213, 236 Bohemia, 399 Briand, Aristide, French ‘soft power’ of, 12 Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard von, premier, 164, 165, 264, strength of, on Western Austro-Hungarian 265 front, 204 general, 75, 77, 80, 130, Brindisi, 223, 224 strikes in, 163, 306, 316 136 Bristol, British light cruiser, 97 supplied by US, 86 Bolivia, 245 Britain suppresses Easter Rising in Bolshevik Party, and aids Italy, 139, 281 Ireland (1916), 290 Bolsheviks, 155, 246, 248, alliance of, with Japan wartime politics in, 162–63, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, (1902), 12, 22, 92, 101 205, 305–7 256, 272, 281, 312, 363, and China, 102 wartime taxation in, 411 365, 384, 387, 417 and colonial Africa, 106, Wilson’s postwar tour of, Bombay, 314 107, 110, 331, 395 391 Bonar Law, Andrew, British and Dominions, 22–23, women’s suffrage in, 2, 172, Conservative leader, 52 307, 392, 393 174, 306, 386 Bordeaux, 67, 116 and India, 23, 322, 393, 425 Britannia, British battleship, Boris III, king of Bulgaria, and League of Nations, 431 229 360, 401 and Middle East, 2, 14, 121, British Army. See also Boroević, Svetozar, Austro- 323, 326, 334, 336, 340, Australian armed Hungarian general, 79, 346, 403, 428 forces; Canadian 80, 82, 83, 137, 138, 139, and Ottoman Empire, 17, armed forces; Indian 189, 190, 198, 278, 280, 84, 333, 402 Army; Newfoundland 281, 361, 362 and Paris Peace Conference, Regiment; New Zealand Boselli, Paolo, Italian prime 391, 393, 394, 401 armed forces; South minister, 304 and Russian Provisional African armed forces Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Government, 242 13th Division of, 325 Bosnians, 16, 17, 18, 36, anti-Germanism in, 311–12 16th (Irish) Division of, 433 42, 75, 76, 129, 136, 341, appeasement policy of 29th Division of, 122 419 (1930s), 396, 412 36th (Ulster) Division of, Bosnian crisis (1908–09), 43, conscription in, 286 433 46, 47, 54 declares war, 52, 53, 55 American volunteers in, Boston, 314 during July Crisis (1914), 159 Botha. Louis, South African 37, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52 and the Somme, 184–89 prime minister, 103, 104, fears postwar US at Gallipoli, 122 106 domination, 351, 378 at Salonika, 124, 143, 198, Boulogne, 66 food rationing in, 305 358, 359 Boxer Rebellion (1900), 71, in Triple Entente, 8, 10, 12, casualties of, on all fronts, 109 15, 55, 130 386 Boyazhdiev, Kliment, influenza deaths in, 314 casualties of, on Western Bulgarian general, 143 loses economic front, 74, 185, 189, 266, Bratianu, Ion, Romanian preeminence, 9, 12, 414 276, 371 prime minister, 196, 201 postwar economy of, 411 death sentences in, 374

448 index

British Army (cont.) British Expeditionary Force and Bolsheviks, 252 demobilization of, 404 (BEF), 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, and offensive of 1916, 183, East Lancashire Regiment 74, 87, 97, 118, 120, 184, 192–95, 196, 201, 203, 205 of, 158 187, 354, 369, 371. See as army group commander, Egyptian Expeditionary also British Army 192 Force (EEF) of, 333, 336, British Navy as overall commander, 338, 339, 340 and Washington Naval under Provisional Fifth Army of, 186, 265, Treaty (1922), 430 Government, 250, 251 275, 351, 354, 358 anti-submarine efforts of, commands Eighth Army, First Army of, 72, 117, 120, 221, 222, 224 79, 131, 136 125, 265, 278, 354, 367, at Coronel and the dismissed by Kerensky, 253 369, 370 Falklands (1914), 96–98 joins Red Army, 365 Fourth Army of, 184, 185, at Jutland (1916), 214–18 Brussels, 60, 62, 63, 64, 156, 186, 187, 366, 367, 369, at mouth of Adriatic, 224, 312, 372, 397, 432 370 225 Bryan, William Jennings, US in postwar Ireland, 412 at the Dardanelles, 120, politician and statesman, King’s African Rifles (KAR) 121, 122, 123 237, 238 of, 23, 105, 107 blockades Greek ports, 203 Bryant, F. C., British officer, Mediterranean Flanders coastal operations 102 Expeditionary Force of, 73, 222 Bucharest, 198, 201 (MEF) of, 122 Grand Fleet pictured, 208 Treaty of (1916), 196 Non-Combatant Corps of, in Pacific theatre, 92, 94, 95 Budapest, 10, 161, 401, 418 287 in Red Sea, 334 Bug River, 365 nursing services of, 169, mobilization of, 50 Bukharin, Nikolai, Bolshevik 171 prewar expansion of, 13, leader, 363 on Italian front, 281, 361 29–30 Bukovina, 134, 196, 204, 251 postwar criticism of, 126 Royal Naval Division of, 122 Bulgaria, 15, 16, 107, 195 prewar strength of, 13 strength of, in 1914, 210 and Paris Peace Conference, prisoners lost, 376 submarines of, 124, 219 399 Royal Flying Corps of, 118, supports army in Palestine, concludes armistice with 159, 266 339 Allies, 360 Royal West African supports conquest of in Balkan Wars (1912–13), Frontier Force (RWAFF) German African 16, 18, 28, 31, 199 of, 23, 24, 102, 107 colonies, 102, 104, 106 invades Romania, 199, 201, Second Army of, 72, 118, wartime losses of, 231 202 274, 275, 276, 354, 369, Women’s Royal Naval invades Serbia, 135, 144 372 Service of, 170 joins Central Powers, 19, Somaliland Field Force Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich 116, 124, 141, 143, 144 (SFF) of, 329 von signs Treaty of Neuilly Territorial Force as German foreign minister, (1919), 402 component of, 28, 158, 396, 397, 398, 399 Bulgarian Army 184 Brown, John, US abolitionist, First Army of, 143, 199 Third Army of, 184, 185, 110 mutinies in, 360 265, 276, 351, 367, 369, Brudermann, Rudolf von, on Macedonian front, 358, 370 Austro-Hungarian 359 wartime expansion of, 158, general, 79 Second Army of, 143, 199 184 Bruges, 372 Third Army of, 199 West Indies battalions of, Brusati, Roberto, Italian Bullard, Robert, US general, 339 general, 190 372 Women’s Army Auxiliary Brusilov, Aleksei, Russian Bülow, Bernhard von, Corps of, 170 general German chancellor, 9

index 449

Bülow, Karl von, German Canopus, British battleship, cavalry, wartime use of, 72, 75, general, 66, 68, 70, 71 96, 97 77, 118, 137, 158, 185, 187, Burgenland, 400 Cantigny, battle of (1918), 192, 250, 276, 326, 339, Burián, István, Austro- 355, 369, 386 340, 351, 354, 355, 366 Hungarian foreign Cape Hellas, 122, 124, 125 Caviglia, Enrico, Italian minister, 180, 196 Cape Horn, 96, 97, 99 general, 362 Burundi, 102, 105, 106, 395 Capelle, Eduard von, German Center Party, German, 298, Bussche, Erich von der, admiral, 226, 299 300, 343, 373, 376, 387, German officer, 373, 377 Capello, Luigi, Italian general, 398, 399 Byng, Sir Julian, British 279, 280 Central Powers, 203–4. See general, 276, 351, 367 Caporetto (Kobarid), 138 also Germany; Austria- battle of (1917), 144, 254, Hungary; Ottoman cable, undersea telegraph, 278–80, 281, 282, 304, Empire; Bulgaria 94, 99 361, 440 Bulgaria joins, 19, 116, 124, Cadorna, Luigi, Italian retreat from, pictured, 262 141, 143, 144 general, 137, 138, 139, Caribbean Sea, 99 combined strength of, on 140, 189, 190, 198, 278, Carinthia, 138, 400 Eastern front, 77, 195 279, 280, 361 Carnarvon, British armored conclude peace with Soviet Caillaux, Joseph, French cruiser, 97 Russia, 363 politician, 301 Carniola, 138 conclude separate peace Calais, 72, 222 Carol I, king of Romania, 18, with Ukraine, 363 caliphate 196 Danube Army of, 199, 201 abolished by Atatürk Caroline Islands, 93, 94, 95, establish kingdom of (1924), 426 100, 101, 111, 423 Poland (1916), 272 claimed by Hussein, 426 Carpathians, 77, 130, 193, establish unified command proclaimed by ISIS, 428 195, 201 (1916), 198, 204 under Ottomans, 16, 84, winter war in (1914–15), naval blockade against, 4, 426 83, 128 86, 143, 150, 167, 210, Cambrai, 369 Carpatho-Ukraine, 417 212, 223, 224, 232, 237, first battle of (1917), 254, Carranzo Garza, Venustiano, 238, 297, 375, 376, 389, 276, 282 Mexican president, 239 397, 440 second battle of (1918), Carson, Sir Edward, Ulster Ottoman Empire joins, 370, 371 Unionist leader, 291, 292 19, 84 Cameroon, 102, 104, 106, 395 Casement, Sir Roger, Irish prompt Allied focus on camouflage uniforms, nationalist leader, 290 peripheral theatres, 109, introduction of, 28 Caspian Sea, 344, 365 345 Canada, 22, 95 Castelnau, Noël de, French strained by “Sixtus Affair”, conscription in, 288 general, 66, 72, 125, 182 360 influenza deaths in, 314 Catholicism, and Roman strategic situation of (1917), remembrance and Catholic Church, 4, 9, 11, 281–82 commemoration in, 410, 13, 14, 19, 53, 62, 163, weapons surplus of, 294 432, 433 164, 165, 170, 237, 289, Cer, battle of (1914), 75 Canadian armed forces 290, 292, 293, 298, 300, Chaldean Christians, 342 casualties of, 371 304, 373, 418, 433 Chamberlain, Neville, British on Western front, 118, 119, Cattaro (Kotor), Bay of, 18, prime minister, 306, 412, 187, 188, 265, 266, 271, 145, 224, 225, 227, 229, 413 276, 366, 367, 370 362 Champagne, 116, 125, 350, 356 prewar strength of, 22 Caucasus, 15, 84, 85, 116, 120, first battle of (1914–15), US volunteers in, 159, 288 130, 133, 135, 341, 342, 116, 128 Canal du Nord, battle of the 344, 363, 365, 387, 417, second battle of (1915), (1918), 370 425 126, 127, 192

450 index

Chantilly, French Christian X, king of Denmark, Cologne, 376, 393 headquarters at, 180, 184 130 Colombia, 20 Charleroi, battle of (1914), Christmas truce (1914), 86 colonies, 23–25, 100–12, 237, 66, 67 Churchill, Winston, British 277, 404, 423, 429 Charles, emperor of Austria, politician and statesman and anti-colonialism, 2, king of Hungary and attack at Dardanelles, 112, 322, 328, 425 attempts Hungarian 120, 121, 123 in the Peace Settlement restoration (1921), 418 and development of tanks, (1919), 2, 392, 395, 441 beatification of, 418 187 influenza pandemic in, 315 becomes heir to throne, 40 as army officer in France, wartime labor from, 303 commands corps on Italian 307 Communist International front, 190, 191 as First Lord of the (Comintern), 157, 423 commands Twelfth Army Admiralty, 50, 84, 123, 213 Communist Party, Austrian, on Eastern front, 194 as minister of munitions, 389 exile and death of, 418 307 Communist Party, Chinese, given sector command on opposes interwar 423, 436 Eastern front, 196 appeasement, 396 Communist Party, French, 414 gives navy to Yugoslavs, 229 strategy of, in World War Communist Party, German inherits throne, 205 II, 336 (KPD), 156, 387, 389, 415 leaves throne (1918), 362 Cincinnati, 311 Compiègne, 265, 355, 376 peace overtures of, 315, 360 Clemenceau, Georges, French Congo, Belgian, 20, 24, 52, 86, pictured, 6 premier 102, 105, 106, 109, 395 policies of, as monarch, and elections of 1919, 414 Conrad von Hötzendorf, 226, 298 and Foch, 352, 378 Franz, Austro-Hungarian promises postwar and League of Nations, 420, general constitutional reforms, 431 and cult of the offensive, 27, 362 and “Sixtus Affair,” 360 83, 86 Charleville, German and Treaty of Versailles, and defeat of Serbia (1915), headquarters at, 70 394, 396, 397, 398 141, 144 Chateau-Thierry, 68, 355 announces Armistice, 384 and Italian front, 137, 180, battle of (1918), 356, 366, appointed premier, 282, 189, 190, 191 369 286, 301 and July Crisis (1914), 36, Chelmsford, Frederic as journalist, 165, 301 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46 Thesiger, Lord, viceroy of at Paris Peace Conference, and Romania’s entry into India, 425 392, 393, 403 war, 197 Chemin des Dames, 267, 269, failed presidential bid of assumes de facto command 354 (1920), 414 of armed forces, 40, 77 Chemnitz, 167 pictured, 382 as Tyrol army group Chesapeake Bay, 231 policies of, as premier, 301, commander, 278, 361 Chicago, wartime riots in, 309 302 authors Caporetto plan, 279 Chile, 92, 96, 97, 99, 159, 210, popularity of, 303 demoted from AOK, 206 230 seeks postwar alliance with distrusts Czech troops, 75, Chilembwe, John, Malawian Britain and US, 394, 404, 129 pastor and revolutionary, 420, 431 funeral of (1925), 433 110 survives assassination mobilization plans of, 42, China, 9, 92, 101, 111, 237, attempt, 394 49, 51, 53, 77, 151 303, 314, 392, 423, 436, Cobbe, Alexander, British on Eastern front, 78, 79, 80, 441 general, 326 82, 83, 128, 130, 136 cholera, 135, 326 Cocos Islands, 99 pictured, 39 Christian Social Party, Cold War, 29, 417, 428, 430, relations of, with German Austrian, 389, 418 440 allies, 43, 44, 80, 82, 128,

index 451

130, 136, 137, 142, 144, Cunliffe, F. H. G., British Dartige du Fournet, Louis, 193, 196, 198, 202, 204 general, 102 French admiral, 224 relations of, with political Currie, Sir Arthur, Canadian Darwinism, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31 leaders, 40, 180, 196 general, 367 David, Eduard, German retirement of, 361 Cuxhaven, 229 politician, 298, 312 Conservative Party, British, Czechoslovak Legion, 271, Dawes Plan (1924), 421 12, 52, 123, 163, 307, 390, 272, 361 De Gaulle, Charles, French 412 Czechoslovakia president, 414 Constantine I, king of Greece, at Paris Peace Conference, De Klerk, F. W., South African 19, 143, 203, 273, 274 392 president, 425 Constantinople, 15, 28, 84, dismemberment of Debeny, Marie-Eugène, 120, 322, 324, 325, 360, (1938–39), 413, 417 French general, 366, 367 402, 403, 425 establishment of (1918–19), Debs, Eugene, US politician, Constanza, 201 362, 387, 389, 399, 400, 313 Constitutional Democratic 401, 411 Defence of the Realm Act (Kadet) Party, Russian, interwar alliances of, 431 (1914), British, 162, 163 164, 241 restoration of (1945), 440 Defence, British armored convoy system, 221. See under Czechs, 42, 75, 129, 272 cruiser, 218 individual navies’ anti- Czernin, Count Ottakar, Degoutte, Jean, French submarine efforts Austro-Hungarian general, 355, 356, 369 Corfu, 143, 144, 202, 223, 224 foreing minister, 312 Deir Yassin, 338 Corfu Declaration (1917), 360 Czernowitz (Chernovtsy), Democratic Party, German Cormoran (ex-Riasan), German 134, 193, 194, 252 (DDP), 387, 399 auxiliary cruiser, 94 Democratic Party, US, 21, 237, Cormoran, German light d’Annunzio, Gabriele, Italian 420 cruiser, 94 nationalist leader, 165, Denmark, 8, 130, 167, 168, Cornwall, British light cruiser, 401, 416 294, 392, 395, 414 97, 98 d’Urbal, Victor, French Deraa (Dar’a), 339 Coronel, battle of (1914), 96, general, 120, 125 Der-ez-Zor, 342 97, 159 Dahomey (Benin), 102 Detroit, 311 Costa Rica, 245, 392 Dairen, 101 Diaz, Armando, Italian Courageous, British aircraft Dallolio, Alfredo, Italian general, 281, 361 carrier, 230 general, 305 Dimitriev, Radko Ruskov, Courtai, battle of (1918), 372 Dalmatia, 18, 137, 225, 400, 401 Bulgarian and Russian Cox, James, US politician, 420 Damascus, 325, 333, 334, 336, general, 28, 82, 129 Cracow 82, 128 339, 340, 403 Dimitrijević, Dragutin (Apis), Cradock, Christopher, British Dankl, Viktor, Austro- Serbian officer, 17, 18, 37, admiral, 96 Hungarian general, 1, 3, 39, 40, 360 Cressy, British cruiser, 212 78, 79, 137, 189, 190, 191 Dinant, German atrocities at, 62 Crete, 16 Danube River, 49, 50, 75, 141, disease. See also influenza Crimean War (1853–56), 17 143, 197, 198, 201, 225, pandemic Croatia, and Croatians, 11, 18, 300, 365 and the campaign in Africa, 37, 79, 129, 137, 138, 142, Danzig, 392, 394, 401, 405 107, 109 198, 229, 271, 341, 360, Dardanelles, 84, 116, 120, 121, higher rate of, on Eastern 400, 401, 416, 419 122, 123, 124, 125, 143, front, 135 Ctesiphon, battle of (1915), 324 214, 259, 322, 402, 403, 426 in Armenian Genocide, 342 Cuba, 20, 245, 309 Dar-es-Salaam, 105, 106 in postwar Asia Minor, 426 cult of the offensive, 26, 27, Darfur, 322, 328, 329, 330, on German and Austrian 28, 67, 86, 180, 369, 377 331, 345 home fronts, 4 Cummings, E. E., US writer, secured by Darfur Field on Italian front, 140 169 Force (DFF), 330 on Macedonian front, 358

452 index

Dnieper River, 365 Ebert, Friedrich, German Falkenhausen, Ludwig von, Dniester River, 194, 365 chancellor and president, German general, 265, Dobell, Sir Charles, British 298, 374, 376, 387 266 general, 102, 336 pictured, 388 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Dobro Pole, battle of (1918), Ecuador, 245 German general 358, 359 Egypt, 121, 322, 329, 333, 336 and strategy of attrition at Dobruja, 17, 197, 198, 199, Eichhorn, Hermann von, Verdun, 181, 183, 190, 201, 402 German general, 83, 133, 197, 203 Dogger Bank, battle of (1915), 192 and the Somme, 184, 186, 211, 212, 214, 215 Einem, Karl von, German 187 Doiran, Lake, battle of (1918), general, 116, 354, 356 and unrestricted submarine 359 Einstein, Albert, German warfare, 214 Douala, 102 physicist, 160, 162 as chief of general staff Douaumont, Fort, 182, 183, Eisner, Kurt, Bavarian socialist (OHL), 71, 72, 74, 83, 184 leader, 374, 387 116, 118, 128, 130, 134, Doullens Conference (1918), El Fasher, 330 135, 141, 144, 192, 193, 352, 355 El Mughar Ridge, battle of 195 Dover Barrage, 222, 224 (1917), 338 as war minister, 41, 71 Dreadnought (1906), British Elbe River, 227 commands Ninth Army in battleship, 12, 29 Emden, German light cruiser, Romania, 199, 201 pictured, 13 94, 99 commands Ottoman forces Dresden, German light cruiser, English Channel, 64, 72, 97, in Palestine, 337, 338 96, 98, 99 214, 221, 222 on Eastern front (1918), Dreyfus, Captain Alfred, and Eniwetok Atoll, 100 338 Dreyfus Affair (1894– Enver Pasha, Ismail Enver opposes general war of 1906), 14 Beyefendi, Turkish attrition, 180 Drohobycz oil fields, 250. See general and politician, pictured, 71 also Online Essay 8 84, 85, 122, 324, 329, 341 relations of, with Austro- Dubail, Auguste, French Epehy, battle of (1918), 367 Hungarian allies, 82, 128, general, 66, 125 Epinal, 64 136, 137, 142, 144, 180, Dublin, 290, 291, 390 Epirus, 16 193, 204 DuBois, W. E. B., US Eritrea, 331 replaced by Hindenburg, sociologist, 309, 391 Erzberger, Matthias, German 198 Duchêne, Denis Auguste, politician, 298, 343, 376, Falklands, 96, 97 French general, 354, 355 398, 399 battle of the (1914), 97, 98, Dukhonin, Nikolai, Russian Erzerum, 85, 342 100, 102, 159, 210, 211 general, 253, 254, 256, Espionage Act (1917), US, 307 Fanning Island (Tabuaeran), 257 Estonia, 363 95 Dunajec River, 82 Ethiopia, 322. See Abyssinia Fao, 323 Dunkirk, 50, 72 Eugen, Archduke, Austro- farmers and farming, 153, Dunsterville, Lionel, British Hungarian general, 77, 166, 172, 240, 293, 295, general, 344 137, 190, 191 297, 302, 416 Durazzo (Durrës), 143 Euphrates River, 323 Fascism and Fascist European Union, 435 movement East Indies, 94, 98, 99 Evert, Aleksei, Russian wartime roots of, 165 East Prussia, 44, 47, 68, 78, general, 135, 192, 193, Fascist Party, Italian, 390, 416 79, 80, 81, 83, 130, 394, 250, 417 Fatherland Party, German, 414, 417 300 Easter Island, 95, 96 Faisal, king of Iraq, 333, 334, Fayolle, Marie Émile, French Eben, Johannes von, German 336, 339, 340, 403, 427 general, 185, 187, 351, general, 356 pictured, 427 354

index 453

female labor and League of Nations, 393, tries German war criminals in Britain, 172 394, 431 in absentia, 430 in Britain, pictured, 173, and Middle East, 14, 334, unique strength of home 284 403 front in, 164 in France, 166, 172, 174 and Ottoman Empire, 17, wartime censorship in, 175 in Germany, 174 402 wartime economy of, 166 in the United States, 174, and Paris Peace Conference, wartime politics in, 53, 301 308 391, 393, 394, 401 wartime social inequality Feodosia, 84 and Russian Provisional in, 302 Ferdinand I, king of Bulgaria, Government, 242 Wilson’s postwar tour of, 18, 141, 360 and Treaty of Versailles, 391 Ferdinand I, king of Romania, 394, 396 France, French dreadnought, 196, 201 during July Crisis (1914), 45 Fevsi Pasha, Turkish general, 37, 45, 47, 50 Franchet d’Esperey, Louis, 338 fears postwar US French general, 68, 70, Finland, 247, 253, 255, 363, domination, 378 265, 358 365, 387, 411, 417, 431 food rationing in, 302 Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, Finland, Gulf of, 254 German-occupied zone in, heir to Austro- First Aid Nursing Yeomanry 166, 168, 204, 303, 373, Hungarian throne, 1, 11, (FANY), British, 169 412 18, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, Fiume (Rijeka), 400, 401, 416 importance of Russia to 45, 46, 60, 399 flamethrower, development morale in, 164, 301 pictured, 6 and use of, 182, 183, 276 in colonial Africa, 22, 24, 25 Francis Joseph, emperor of Flanders, 72, 87, 125, 243, 265, influenza deaths in, 314 Austria, king of Hungary, 269, 275, 350, 354, 372 in German strategy and war 10, 11, 40, 41, 49, 51, 77, flappers, 306 aims, 8, 85, 181 82, 160, 195, 198, 205, Foch, Ferdinand, French in Triple Entente, 8, 10, 55, 286, 293 general 130 pictured, 6 and cult of the offensive, invaded by Germany, 52, Franco-Prussian War (1870– 27, 369 54, 61, 64–69 71), 8, 11, 14, 26, 61, 62, and German armistice, 375, liberation of (1918), 377 152, 181 376, 377 low birth rate of, 14, 412 Franke, Victor, German as army chief-of-staff, 269, military convention of, with general, 104 280 Russia (1892), 14 Frankfurt, 374 as army group commander, postwar economy of, 411, fraternization, 87, 247, 250, 72, 125 413 269 as supreme Allied postwar foreign policy of, Frederick, Archduke, Austro- commander, 353, 355, 431 Hungarian general, 40, 356, 366, 378, 398 postwar politics in, 390, 414 77, 195 as prewar War School prewar economy of, 14, 24 Freetown, 314 commandant, 27 public mood in, at outbreak Freikorps, right-wing commands Ninth Army, of war, 151 paramilitary, in postwar 68, 70 remembrance and Germany, 387, 389, 394 pictured, 348 commemoration in, 410, French Army Fokker D7, German airplane, 432, 433 prewar strength of, 14, 30 372, 376 seeks US entry into war, mobilization of, 51, 64, 166 Force publique, Belgian 236 African Light Infantry of, colonial force, 24, 102, strikes in, 164, 271, 302, 303 24 109 supplied by US, 86, 238 air service of, 30, 159 France, 1, 2, 3, 4 supplies Serbia, 75 Army of Africa of, 24 aids Italy, 139, 281 Third Republic (1870) in, 14 at Gallipoli, 122

454 index

French Army (cont.) Freud, Sigmund, Austrian at Verdun, 181–84 at Salonika, 124, 143, 198, physician and battalions of, in Palestine, 358 psychologist, 151 339 at the Somme, 185, 187 Fromelles, battle of (1916), 187 casualties of, on all fronts, at Verdun, 181–84 Frontiers, Battles of the 386 death sentences in, 374 (1914), 66, 67 casualties of, on Eastern Eighth Army of, 72, 87, 118 Fukien, 101 front, 135 enlists teenagers, 159 Furious, British aircraft casualties of, on Western Fifth Army of, 64, 66, 67, carrier, 229 front, 126, 183, 189, 266, 68, 70, 266, 356 276 First Army of, 64, 66, 125, Galapagos Islands, 96 death sentences in, 374 269, 275, 366, 367, 369, Galatz, 202 demobilization of, 376, 377 370 Galicia, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 130, East African Army of, Foreign Legion of, 24 167, 195, 204, 251, 272 104–9 Fourth Army of, 64, 66, 70, Gallieni, Joseph, French Eighteenth Army of, 351, 116, 266, 370, 372 general, 67, 68 355, 366 manpower shortage of, 24, Gallipoli campaign (1915), Eighth Army of, 78, 79, 83, 181 116, 118, 122–23, 124–25 133, 254 mutinies in, 269, 270, 271, impact of, on British Eleventh Army of, 128, 129, 281, 302 recruiting, 158 131, 132, 135, 141, 143, Ninth Army of, 68, 70, 356 annual remembrance and 199 nursing services of, 170 commemoration of, 434 enduring cohesion of, 374 on Italian front, 281, 361 Gallwitz, Max von, German Fifth Army of, 52, 61, 66, peasant soldiers in, 305 general, 130, 135, 141, 70, 71, 181, 182, 275, 369 prisoners lost, 168, 376 142, 144, 187, 275, 372 First Army of, 52, 60, 62, Second Army of, 64, 66, 72, Gambia, 23, 102 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 187, 125, 182 Gandhi, Mohandas K. 266, 354, 356 Sixth Army of, 68, 70, 72, “Mahatma,” Indian Fourteenth Army of (mixed 185, 187, 266, 354, 355, leader, 322, 327, 346, 425 German-Austrian), 278, 356, 369 Gaza, 333, 336, 338 279 strength of, on Western first battle of (1917), 336 Fourth Army of, 51, 61, 66, front, 204 second battle of (1917), 336 70, 72, 73, 87, 118, 275, Tenth Army of, 72, 120, third battle of (1917), 338 354, 372 125, 187, 266, 355, 356 Geneva Convention (1929), High Command of (Oberste Third Army of, 64, 66, 70, 430. See prisoners of war Heeresleitung or OHL), 183 Geneva Protocol (1925) 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 82, 128, casualties of, on Western outlaws chemical and 180, 181, 198, 202, 214, front, 67, 74, 126, 184, biological weapons, 430 223, 246, 278, 280, 281, 189, 439 Genoa, 391 292, 293, 294, 298, 351, casualties of, on all fronts, George V, king of Great 363, 365, 366, 373, 376 386 Britain and Ireland, 158, impact of food shortage on, French Navy, 102, 203, 229 311, 352, 391, 431 350, 356 strength of, in 1914, 210 George Washington, US impact of influenza at the Dardanelles, 121, troopship, 391, 404 pandemic on, 107, 356 122 pictured, 408 limits placed on, by Treaty wartime losses of, 231 George, crown prince of of Versailles, 395 and Washington Naval Greece, 273 mobilization of, 53, 156 Treaty (1922), 430 German Army mutinies in, 374 French, Sir John, British air service of, 127, 188, 266, Niemen Army of, 133 general, 27, 66, 68, 118, 267, 307, 372 Ninth Army of, 82, 130, 119, 123, 180, 184 and the Somme, 184–89 133, 198, 199, 201, 356

index 455

prewar conservatism of, becomes a republic (1918), supports Irish nationalists, 14, 64 376 290 prewar strength of, 30 bribes Arab tribes, 326 under Nazi regime, 19, 342, prisoners lost, 376 constitution of (1871), 8, 9 415, 418, 440 role of reserves in, 64 during July Crisis (1914), unification of, under Second Army of, 52, 60, 61, 45, 50 Bismarck, 8 62, 66, 68, 70, 72, 184, food shortages and war aims of, 85, 130, 236 187, 276, 351, 366 rationing in, 167, 294, wartime social inequality Seventeenth Army of, 351, 295, 296, 297 in, 167, 297 370 imperial ambitions of, in women’s suffrage in, 2, 174, Seventh Army of, 66, 72, eastern Europe, 133, 363 386 266, 354, 355, 356 influenza deaths in, 314 Giesl, Vladimir von, Austro- Sixth Army of, 66, 72, 73, in Triple Alliance, 8, 45 Hungarian diplomat, 87, 117, 120, 126, 187, invades Belgium, 60 47, 49 265, 354, 372 invades France, 64 Glasgow, British light cruiser, Tenth Army of, 83, 133, 192 joins League of Nations 96, 97, 98, 99 Third Army of, 52, 61, 66, (1926), 415 Glorious, British aircraft 70, 116, 354, 356 militarization of wartime carrier, 230 Twelfth Army of, 130, 135, economy in, 202, 286, Gneisenau, German armored 141 292, 293 cruiser, 93, 94, 95, 96, German Nationalist Party, Pacific colonies of, 93, 100, 97, 98 Austrian, 389 101, 111 Gnila Lipa, Battle (1914), 79 German Navy prewar economy of, 9, 10, Goeben, German battle and unrestricted 14 cruiser, 84. See also submarine warfare, prewar relations of, with Yavuz Sultan Selim 212–14, 218–23 Belgium, 19 Golan Heights, 340 at Jutland (1916), 214–18 postwar financial crisis in, Gold Coast. See Ghana East Asian squadron of, 415 Gold Coast (Ghana), 23, 102, 92–95, 96–98 postwar “stab in the back” 395 high seas raiders of, 98–100 legend in, 373, 377, 399, Goltz, Colmar von der, interned, then scuttled, at 415 German general, 27, 324, Scapa Flow, 385, 399 public mood in, at outbreak 325, 326 limits placed on, by Treaty of war, 151, 152, 153 Gomes da Costa, Manuel, of Versailles, 395 Reichstag Peace Resolution Portuguese general and mutinies in, 225, 226, 227, in (1917), 226, 298, 299, president, 354 374 300, 312, 373, 376, 399 Good Hope, British armored prewar expansion of, 29–30 responsibility of, for cruiser, 96 strength of, in 1914, 210 escalating war, 51, 55 Goremykin, Ivan, Russian wartime losses of, 231 seeks peace based on prime minister, 163, 164 Germany, 4 Fourteen Points, 373, Gorizia, 138, 139, 198, 204, and Armenian Genocide, 374 280 342, 343 seeks separate peace with Gorodok, 80 and Bolshevik takeover in Russia (1915), 116, 130, Gotha, German bomber, 303, Russia, 246–48, 253, 365 180 307 and colonial Africa, 102, strained relations of, with Gough, Sir Hubert, British 103, 104–9 Austria-Hungary, 83, general, 186, 187, 265, and Treaty of Versailles, 136, 294 275, 351, 354 395, 396, 399, 403 strikes in, 227, 297, 363 Gourand, Henri, French and World War II, 410 sponsors Indian general, 370, 372 becomes constitutional Independence Gourko, Vasili, Russian monarchy (1918), 373 Committee (1914), 328 general, 250

456 index

Grand Fleet, British, 100. See as First Army commander, Helgoland Bight, first battle of British Navy 72, 117, 118, 120, 125, 126 (1914), 210 Greece, 15, 16, 19, 76, 124, assessment of, 127 Helgoland Bight, second battle 143, 196, 203, 204, 244, cavalry background of, 27, of (1917), 222 273, 274, 402, 403, 425 185 Helsinki, 226 Greek Army, 203, 358 pictured, 348 Hemingway, Ernest, US Greek Navy, 203 skeptical of US and its role, writer, 262 Grey, Sir Edward, British 351, 378 Hermannstadt (Sibiu), Battle foreign secretary, 45, 50, Haile Selassie (Tafari of (1916), 201 52, 101, 393, 412 Makonnen), emperor of Hertling, Count Georg von, Grignard, Victor, French Abyssinia, 331, 428 German chancellor, 300, physicist, 120 Haiti, 245 356, 373 Grigorescu, Eremia, Hakki Bey, Ismail, Turkish High Sea Fleet, German, 121. Romanian general, 273 general, 326 See German Navy Grodno, 133 Hakki Pasha, Hafiz, Turkish Hindenburg Line, 264, 265, Groener, Wilhelm, German general, 84 271, 367, 369, 370, 372, general, 293, 373, 374, Halil Pasha, Turkish general, 373 376, 387, 399 324 Hindenburg Program, 202, Guam, 20, 101 Hamburg, 374 286, 292, 293, 294, 303, Guantanamo Bay, 20 Hamilton, Sir Ian, British 306 Guatemala, 245 general, 122, 124, 125 Hindenburg, Paul von, Guesde, Jules, French Hanover, 374 German general politician, 164 Hara, Takashi, Japanese prime advocates unrestricted Guillaumat, Adolphe, French minister, 392 submarine warfare, 219 general, 358 Harding, Warren, US and battle of Amiens Guinea, Spanish (Equatorial), president, 420 (1918), 368 103 Hardinge, Lord Charles, and Reichstag Peace Gumbinnen, battle of (1914), viceroy of India, 324 Resolution (1917), 299 78 Hartwig, Nikolai, Russian and William II, 374, 376 Gurkhas, 23 diplomat, 46 as chief of general staff Hashemite dynasty, 333, 334, (OHL), 198, 199, 205, Haase, Hugo, German 427 219, 250, 254, 281, 298, politician, 298, 387 Hassan, Sayyid Muhammad 300, 350, 363, 366 Haber, Fritz, German chemist, Abdile, mullah of the called out of retirement 118, 120 Sahili, 329, 330, 331 (1914), 78 Habsburg dynasty, 2, 6, 10, 41, Haus, Anton, Austro-Hungarian elected president (1925), 415 362, 418, 433 admiral, 223, 226 foments “stab in the back” Habte Giyorgis, Fitawrari, Hausen, Max von, German legend, 373 Abyssinian general, 331 general, 66 on Eastern front, 78, 79, 80, Haeckel, Ernst, German Havrincourt, battle of (1918), 82, 83, 133, 196 biologist and 367 pictured, 199 philosopher, 3 Hawaii, 20, 101, 237 relations of, with Austro- Haifa, 339 Hebron, 338 Hungarian allies, 204, pictured, 320 Heeringen, Josias von, 278 Haig, Sir Douglas, British German general, 66 Hipper, Franz, German general Heimwehr, right-wing admiral, 211, 214, 216, as BEF commander, 184, paramilitary, in postwar 217, 227, 374 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, Austria, 389, 400, 418 Hitler, Adolf, German 205, 265, 266, 269, 274, Hejaz, 243, 325, 333, 334, 336, chancellor, 153, 154, 220, 275, 276, 282, 352, 353, 338, 339, 340, 392, 403, 240, 343, 396, 413, 415, 354, 366, 369 426 418

index 457

Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese reduces wartime food in Africa, 105, 106, 107, nationalist leader, 423, shipments to Austria, 111, 329 424, 436 168, 294 in Egypt, 121, 337 Hoffmann, Adolf, German signs Treaty of Trianon in Mesopotamia, 322, 324, politician, 156 (1920), 401 325, 326, 327, 345 Hoffmann, Max, German Soviet republic in (1919), in Palestine, 338, 339, 345 general, 198, 363 400, 401 in Syria and Lebanon, 340 Hogue, British cruiser, 212 Hussein, sharif of Mecca, king Jodhpore and Mysore Hohenzollern dynasty, 2, 18, of the Hejaz, 325, 331, Lancers of, pictured, 320 19, 196 332, 333, 334, 336, 340, on Western front, 72, 117, Hohenzollern, Imperial 426 118, 187 German yacht, 50, 151 pictured, 332 prewar strength of, 23 Holtzendorff, Henning von, Hutier, Oskar von, German wartime manpower of, 23 German admiral, 214, general, 254, 351, 355, 366 Indian National Congress, 219, 221 322, 328, 425, 435 Honduras, 245 ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz, emir of Indian Ocean, 94, 99 Horne, Sir Henry, British the Nejd, 336, 337, 426 Indochina, 24, 424 general, 265, 354, 367 ibn Tayi, Auda, Bedouin infanticide, 303, 304 Horthy, Miklós, Austro- sheik, 334 inflation, wartime, and global Hungarian admiral, Iceland, 429 economy, 166, 305 Hungarian regent, 224, Idris, Sayyid, Grand Sanusi Inflexible, British battle 225, 229, 401, 418 (later Idris, king of cruiser, 97, 98, 121, 122, Hortstein, Lothar von, Austro- Libya), 329 123 Hungarian general, 76 Imperial War Cabinet, 107, influenza, global pandemic House, Edward, US 307, 351, 352, 393 of (1918–19), 107, 109, presidential advisor, 236, Indefatigable, British battle 313–15, 356, 372, 386, 374, 393, 404 cruiser, 216, 218 389 Houston, wartime riots in, 309 Independence Party, Ingenohl, Friedrich von, Hoyos, Alexander, Austro- Hungarian, 362 German admiral, 211, Hungarian diplomat, 41, Independent Social 214 43, 44, 45, 51 Democratic Party International Justice, Hughes, Charles Evans, US (USPD), German, 226, Permanent Court of (at politician and statesman, 293, 298, 299, 300, 374, the Hague), 429 238 387 International Labor Hundred Days Offensive India Organization (ILO), 429 (1918), Allied, 367–74 and League of Nations, 393 international law, 52, 161, 212, Hungary anti-colonial movement in, 216, 238, 431, 435 and Paris Peace Conference, 112, 327, 328 Invincible, British battle 399, 400 at Paris Peace Conference, cruiser, 97, 98, 216, 218 autonomy of, within Dual 392 Iraq, 322, 326, 342, 346, 403, Monarchy (1867), 10, influenza pandemic spreads 426, 427, 428. See also 167 to, 314 Mesopotamia electoral laws in, 11 Muslim minority in, 425, 435 Ireland, 12, 13, 163, 212, 221, Habsburg bid to save partition of (1947), 425 237, 286, 290, 291, 292, throne in, 362, 418 remembrance and 390, 433 Horthy’s regency in, 401, commemoration in, 433 Easter Rising in (1916), 418 Indian Army 290–91 inherits Danube Flotilla, 6th Division of, 324, 325 Irish Free State established 229 garrisons Allied Middle in (1922), 412 Károlyi’s republic in East conquests (1918), Irish Parliamentary Party, 52, (1918–19), 389, 400 345 163, 290, 292

458 index

Irish Republican Brotherhood, First Army of, 190 postwar border dispute of, 163, 290, 291 food supply in, 350 with Yugoslavia, 401 Irish Republican Army (IRA), Fourth Army of, 280 postwar economy of, 411 390, 412 in Albania, 143, 145, 202, postwar politics in, 390, 401 Irish Volunteers, 163, 290, 360 prewar economy of, 12 291, 390 mobilization of, 137 prewar politics in, 11 Islam. See Sunni Muslims; morale problems of, 140, receives aid from Britain Shiite Muslims; caliphate 361 and France, 139, 281 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria on Western front, 356, 361 remembrance and (ISIS), 428 peasant soldiers in, 305 commemoration in, 410, Isonzo River, 137, 138, 144, prewar strength of, 12, 21, 432 145, 189, 251, 278, 279 30 strikes in, 165, 305 eighth battle of the (1916), prisoners lost, 281, 376 territorial claims of, against 203 Second Army of, 138, 139, Austria-Hungary, 45, eleventh battle of the 190, 279, 280 136, 141, 400, 401 (1917), 278 Third Army of, 138, 139, territorial claims of, against fifth battle of the (1916), 190, 280 Ottoman Empire, 402 190 Italian Navy, 138, 223, 224, wars of unification in, 11, first battle of the (1915), 225 138, 139 138 and Washington Naval wartime economy in, 305 fourth battle of the (1915), Treaty (1922), 430 wartime politics in, 140, 139 strength of, in 1914, 210 165, 205, 304 ninth battle of the (1916), wartime losses of, 231 wartime social inequality 203 Italo-Turkish War (1911–12), in, 305 second battle of the (1915), 12, 16, 17, 328 Wilson’s postwar tour of, 391 139, 140 Italy, 3 Ivanov, Nikolai, Russian seventh battle of the (1916), and Paris Peace Conference, general, 83, 129, 131, 417 203 391, 401 Iyasu V, emperor of Abyssinia, sixth battle of the (1916), and Russian Provisional 330, 331 198 Government, 242 tenth battle of the (1917), Balkan interests of, 19 Jaffa, 338, 339, 428 278 declares neutrality (1914), Jagow, Gottlieb von, German third battle of the (1915), 53 foreign secretary, 45, 212, 139 declares war (1915), 124, 240 twelfth battle of the (1917), 130, 137 Jaluit, 100 279. See Caporetto, battle defeated by Abyssinia Japan, 4 of (1896), 330 alliance of, with Britain Istria, 137, 138, 400, 401, 416 distrusts liberated Austro- (1902), 12, 22, 92, 101 Italian Army Italians, 140 and World War II, 410 after Caporetto, 281, 361 during July Crisis (1914), at Paris Peace Conference, air service of, 30, 225 45, 47 2, 394 at Salonika, 198 emergence of fascism in, declares war, 93 casualties of, on all fronts, 390 annexes German Pacific 386 emigrants from, 159, 305 colonies, 101, 111, 395 casualties of, on Alpine food shortages and exploitation of China by, front, 191 rationing in, 305 101, 111, 423, 441 casualties of, on Isonzo influenza deaths in, 314 influenza deaths in, 314 front, 139, 278, 281 in Triple Alliance, 8, 11, Meiji Restoration in (1868), casualties of, on Western 41, 45 21 front, 356 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, postwar economy of, 411, Eighth Army of, 362 259 423

index 459

prewar economy in, 21 during opening campaign, 124, 329, 339, 402, 403, prewar imperial expansion 66, 68, 70 425 of, 20 interactions of, with Allied pictured, 123 prewar politics in, 21 leaders, 139, 180 Kemp, Jan, South African relations of, with United named Marshal of France, officer, 104 States, 20, 92, 101, 237, 205 Kent, British armored cruiser, 240 political security of, 67, 269, 97, 98, 99 supplies Russia, 192 301 Kenya, 24, 105, 107, 109, 331 under Tokugawa shogunate, sacked by Poincaré, 205 Kerensky offensive (1917), 21 visits US (1917), 248 250, 253, 271, 272, 273, Japanese Army, 94 war plans of, 64 278, 440 casualties of, 100, 423 John Paul II, pope, 418 Kerensky, Alexander, Russian Japanese Navy, 94, 100 Jordan River, 334, 336, 338, war minister and prime and Washington Naval 339, 403 minister, 249, 250, 252, Treaty (1922), 430 Jordan, kingdom of, 427. See 253, 255, 256, 278 Mediterranean squadron Transjordan pictured, 251 of, 221 Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, Keynes, John Maynard, British strength of, in 1914, 210 Austro-Hungarian economist, 420, 421 wartime losses of, 231 general, 82, 136, 193 Kharkov, 241 Jaroslavice-Wolczkowce, battle Jovanović, Ljuba, Serbian Khartoum, 329, 330 of (1914), 77 politician, 39 Kiaochow (Jiaozhou) Bay, Jarrab, battle of (1915), 336 Juan Fernandez Islands, 99 German colony, 9, 93, 94, Jassy (Iasi), 201 Jutland, battle of (1916), 101, 395 Jaurès, Jean, French socialist 214–18 Kiel, 374 leader, 53 Kiel Canal, 219, 228, 395, 396 Jean Bart, French Kaimo, Mitsuomi, Japanese Kilimanjaro, Mount, 106 dreadnought, 223 general, 94 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, Jellicoe, Sir John, British Kaiser Wilhelmsland, 100, 395 1st Earl, British general admiral, 215, 216, 217, Kaiserin Elisabeth, Austro- and war secretary, 68, 218, 221, 222, 269 Hungarian protected 124, 125, 158, 163, 184, Jemal Pasha, Turkish general, cruiser, 94 205, 288, 325 121 Kaiserslautern, 64 Kluck, Alexander von, Jericho, 338 Kamenev, Lev, Bolshevik German general, 63, 66, Jerusalem, 336, 338 leader, 255 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 battle of (1917), 338 Karageorgević dynasty, 17, Knights of Columbus, US Jewish Legion, 339 18, 360 Catholic organization, Jewish Welfare Board, US, 289 Karl von Clausewitz, Prussian 289 Jews, 133, 167, 237, 289, 342, military writer, 26, 27, 180 Koblenz, 376 343, 373, 415, 428 Karlsruhe, 64 Kolchak, Alexander, Russian Jidda, 334 Karlsruhe, German light admiral, 226, 227, 365 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, cruiser, 99 Komarów, battle of (1914), 79 Indian Muslim leader, Károlyi, Mihály, Hungarian Königsberg, 79, 417 328, 425 prime minister and Königsberg, German light Joffre, Joseph, French general president, 362, 389, 400 cruiser, 99, 106 and Clemenceau, 165 Kato, Takaaki, Japanese Koo, Wellington, Chinese and cult of the offensive, 67, foreign minister, 101 diplomat, 423 86, 126 Keating, Paul, Australian Korea, 20, 111 and the Somme, 187, 189 prime minister, 434 Kornilov, Lavr, Russian and trench warfare, 72, 116, Kelly, P. V., British officer, 330 general, 250, 253, 257, 417 125, 126 Kemal (Atatürk), Mustafa, Kosovo, 16 and Verdun, 182, 183 Turkish general, 122, battle of (1915), 143

460 index

Kovel, 195 Lafayette Flying Corps, and Ledebour, Georg, German Kövess, Hermann, Austro- Lafayette Escadrille, 159 politician, 156 Hungarian general, 141, Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Leipzig war crimes trials 143, 145, 189, 190, 191, Marquis de, French (1921), 430 193 general and statesman, Leipzig, German light cruiser, Kovno (Kaunas), 133 249 98 Krasnik, battle of (1914), 78, Lake, Percival, British general, Lemberg (L’viv), 77, 79, 81, 79 325 130, 131, 196, 250 Krauss, Alfred, Austro- Lamprecht, Karl, German Lemberg-Rawa Ruska, battle Hungarian general, 190, academician, 52 of (1914), 80 191 Langle de Cary, Fernand de, Lemnos, 143 Kress von Kressenstein, French general, 66, 116, Lenin, Vladimir, Soviet Friedrich, German 182 premier general, 121, 333, 336, Lanrezac, Charles, French and Bolshevik Revolution, 337, 338 general, 66, 67, 68 255, 256, 417 Krobatin, Alexander, Austro- Lansing, Robert, US secretary and Comintern, 423 Hungarian general, 41, of state, 390, 392, 404, and “July Days” (1917), 253 42, 43, 278, 280 423, 424 and peace negotiations with Kronprinz Rudolf, Austro- Lapeyrère, Augustin Boue de, Germany, 256, 363, 364, Hungarian battleship, French admiral, 223, 224 384 227 Lateran Treaty (1929), 11 and Russian Civil War, 365, Kronprinz Wilhelm, German Latvia, 133, 363 387, 417 auxiliary cruiser, 99 Lauenstein, Otto von, German at Zimmerwald Conference Kronstadt (Brasov), battle of general, 133 (1915), 157 (1916), 201 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 425 condemns Stockholm Kronstadt, base of Russian Laval, Pierre, French Conference (1917), 312 Baltic Fleet, 253 politician, 301 disperses Constituent Krupp, German armaments Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Assembly (1918), 256 manufacturer, 183 Arabia), British officer, German support of, 254, Krupskaya, Nadezhda, wife of 322, 325, 334, 336, 337, 264, 363, 365 Lenin, 246, 247 339, 340 in exile in prewar Austria, Krylenko, Nikolai, Soviet pictured, 335 15 Russian army Le Cateau, 66 in exile in wartime commander, 257 battle of (1914), 68 Switzerland, 246 Kuhn Loeb, financial services Le Havre, 66, 171 moves capital to Moscow, firm, 238 League of Nations 365 Kun, Béla, Hungarian Covenant of, 2, 393, 394, 399 opposes Provisional communist leader, 363, creation of, included in Government, 247, 253 400, 401 postwar peace treaties orders murder of Kurama, Japanese battle (1919–20), 399, 420 Romanovs, 365 cruiser, 100 issue of German pictured, 234 Kurds, 342, 426 membership in, 396, 397, returns to Russia, 246, 247 Kuropatkin, Aleksei, Russian 415, 429 wartime peace proposals general, 191, 192, 193 issue of US membership in, of, 227, 256, 257, 259, Kut, 324, 325, 331 404, 429 312, 384 siege of (1915–16), 324, legacies of, 429–30 Léon Gambetta, French 325, 327 postwar mandates of, 111, armored cruiser, 223 Kuwait, 336, 337 346, 395, 402, 403, 423, Leonardo da Vinci, Italian 427, 428, 429 dreadnought, 224 Labour Party, British, 12, 25, Wilson and wartime Leopold, prince of Bavaria, 155, 156, 286, 287, 307, planning for, 259, 393 German general, 130, 412 Lebanon, 340, 403 198

index 461

Lesser Antilles, 99 as minister of munitions, depth,” 264, 266, 275, Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von, 118, 163, 172 276, 282 German officer, 104–9, as prime minister, 205, 282, Louvain, 63, 161, 397 110 286, 307, 312, 352 destruction of, pictured, 58 pictured, 108 and Irish question, 291, German atrocities at, 62 Liaotung Peninsula, 111 292, 412 Loznica, 76 Liberal Party, British, 12, 52, and Ottoman Empire, 326, Lublin, 131, 132, 133 412 336, 338, 360 Luckner, Felix von, German Liberal Party, Italian, 11, 165 authorizes anti-German naval officer, 99 Liberia, 244, 392 propaganda, 311 Ludendorff, Erich, German Libya, 16, 328, 329, 330, 345, and “khaki election” (1918), general 428 390 advocates unrestricted Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Max at Paris Peace Conference, submarine warfare, 219 von, German diplomat, 392, 394, 403, 420 and Hindenburg Program, 45, 50 in election of 1922, 412 292, 293 Liebknecht, Karl, German pictured, 382 and Lenin’s return to politician, 156, 160, 298, relations of, with American Russia, 246 343, 373, 374, 375, 376, allies, 351 and Macedonian front, 358 387 relations of, with French and Reichstag Peace Liège, 60 allies, 265, 269, 431 Resolution (1917), 299 battle of (1914), 60, 62, 78 supports declaration of war, concludes war is lost, 373 Liggett, Hunter, US general, 52, 152 envisages German- 372 Lodge, Henry Cabot, US dominated eastern Lille, 72, 264, 303 politician, 420, 422 Europe, 133, 272, 363 Liman von Sanders, Otto, Lodz, 130 flees to Sweden, 373 German general, 17, 85, Lombardy, 140 foments “stab in the back” 122, 338, 339 London legend, 373 Limanowa-Lapanów, battle of aerial bombing of, 4, 307, pictured, 199 (1914), 82, 128, 129 440 plans spring offensive Linsingen, Alexander von, celebrates Armistice, 153, (1918), 350, 351, 354, German general, 83, 192, 384 356, 358 194, 195 loses status as global postwar involvement of, Linz, 138 financial center, 421 with Nazis, 415 Lion, British battle cruiser, 211 public demonstrations in promotes Lossberg’s Lithuania, 133, 204, 363 (1914), 152 “defense in depth,” 264 Little Entente strikes in, 306 relations of, with Austro- (Czechoslovakia, wartime life in, 172, 305, 306 Hungarian allies, 82, 204, Romania, Yugoslavia), Wilson visits, 391, 404 278 431 London, Declaration of with Hindenburg on Lloyd George, David, British (1909), 212 Eastern front, 78, 79, 80, politician and statesman London Naval Treaty (1930), 82, 83, 133 and British Navy, 221, 222 430 with Hindenburg at OHL, and Clemenceau, 394 London, Treaty of (1915), 137, 198, 199, 205, 219, 250, and decline of Liberal Party, 401 281, 298, 300, 350, 366 412 Long Island, 223 Lüderitz Bay, 104 and Grey, 412 Loos, battle of (1915), 125, Lukin, Henry, British general, and Versailles Treaty, 396 126, 127 329 and wartime economy, 287, Lorraine, 14, 52, 61, 72, 125, Lusitania, British Cunard 305, 306 249, 277 liner, 212, 213, 237, 238 and Wilson, 391, 393 battle of (1914), 66 Lutheran Church, and as Chancellor of the Lossberg, Fritz von, German Lutherans, 133, 311 Exchequer, 12 general, and “defense in Lutsk, 193

462 index

Lützow, German battle cruiser, Mandela, Nelson, South Matsumura, Tatsuo, Japanese 216 African president, 425 admiral, 100 Luxembourg, 51, 52, 61, 66, 85 Mangin, Charles, French Maubeuge, 68, 71 Luxemburg, Rosa, German general, 183, 355, 356 Maud’huy, Louis, French politician, 387 Mao Zedong, Chinese general, 72 Lvov, Prince Georgi, Russian communist leader, 436 Maude, F. N., British officer, prime minister, 249, 253 Maori, 314 27 Lys, battle of the. See Ypres, Mărăşeşti, battle of (1917), Maude, Frederick Stanley, fourth battle of 273 British general, 325, 326 Marburg (Maribor), 137, 190 Maunoury, Michel, French Maass, Leberecht, German Marconi, Guglielmo, inventor, general, 68, 72 admiral, 211 94 Max, Adolphe, mayor of MacDonald, Ramsay, British Mariana Islands, 93, 94, 100, Brussels, 63 politician, 312 101, 111, 423 Max, prince of Baden, Macedonia, 16, 17, 141, 143, Maritz, S. G. “Manie,” South German chancellor, 373, 198, 202, 402 African officer, 104, 111, 374, 376 Macedonia, armed merchant 424 Maxwell, Sir John, British cruiser, 97 Marmara, Sea of, 28 general, 121 Macedonian front, 202, 273, Marne River, 67, 68, 69, 350, May Fourth Movement 351, 358, 359 355, 369 (1919), Chinese, 423, 436 machine gun, development Marne, first battle of the Mecca, 333, 334, 426, 435 and use of, 27, 28, 85, 86, (1914), 69–70, 80, 85, Medina, 333, 334 138, 290 86, 120 Mediterranean Sea, 11, 83, 84, Mackensen, August von, Marne, second battle of the 100, 121, 123, 124, 145, German general, 82, 128, (1918), 355–58, 361, 366, 162, 211, 213, 221, 322, 129, 131, 132, 135, 136, 374 328, 333, 339, 341, 366 141, 142, 144, 145, 194, marriage patterns and rates, Megiddo (Armageddon), 199, 201, 273 influenced by war, 174, battle of (1918), 340 Madagascar, 24 410 Mehmed V, Ottoman sultan, Madang, 100 Marshall Islands, 93, 94, 100, Sunni Muslim caliph, 84, Madden, Sir Charles, British 101, 111, 423 328, 331, 340 admiral, 231 Marshall, William, British Mehmed VI, Ottoman sultan, Madeira, 20, 418 general, 326 Sunni Muslim caliph, Madras, 99 Marwitz, Georg von der, 344, 345, 402, 425, 426 Maginot Line, 4, 431 German general, 276, Menelik II, emperor of Maginot, André, French 351, 366, 369 Abyssinia, 330 soldier and future war Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 25, Menshevik Party, and minister, 183 155, 157, 255, 387 Mensheviks, 155, 250, Magyars, 10, 11, 42, 401 Más a Tierra (Isla Robinson 365 Mahiwa, battle of (1917), 107 Crusoe), 98 Merrheim, Alphonse, French Mainz, 376 MAS9, Italian motor torpedo labor leader, 165 Makino, Nobuaki, Japanese boat, 224 Merville, 354 foreign minister, 392, 393 MAS15, Italian motor torpedo Mesopotamia, 243, 322, 323, malaria, 107, 108, 135 boat, 225 324, 325, 326, 327, 333, Malawi, 24, 107, 110 Masaryk, Tomás, Czech 340, 344, 346, 351, 403. malnutrition, 4, 86, 295 nationalist leader, 42, See also Iraq Malvy, Jean-Louis, French 272, 362 Messines, battle of (1917), politician, 301 Masurian Lakes, 79 274, 275, 282 Manchester, 158, 391 first battle of (1914), 80 Metaxas, Ioannis, Greek Manchuria, 20, 27, 28, 31, 101, second battle of the (1915), general, 143, 203 111 83 Methodist Church, 152

index 463

Metzger, Josef, Austro- Mogilev, Russian headquarters Mosul, 326, 403 Hungarian general, 369 at, 135, 241, 250, 253, 257 Mourier Law (1917), French, Meuse River, 60, 61, 64, 181, Moldavia, 198, 201, 273 302 182, 184, 370 Moltke, Helmuth von, the Möwe, German auxiliary Meuse–Argonne offensive Elder, Prussian-German cruiser, 99 (1918), 372, 379 general, 26, 61, 180 Mozambique, 20, 106, 107, Mexico, 93, 94, 239, 240, 248, Moltke, Helmuth von, the 108, 109, 110, 277 310 Younger, German general Mudra, Bruno von, German Meyer-Waldeck, Alfred, as prewar chief of general general, 356 German officer, 94 staff, 19, 43, 44, 45, 60, 80 Mudros, Armistice of (1918), Michael, Grand Duke, 241, during July Crisis (1914), 340, 366, 402 242 44, 51 Mueller, Hermann, German Micheler, Joseph, French during opening campaign, foreign minister, 398, 399 general, 187, 266, 269 51, 52, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, Muhammad Ali, pasha of Micronesia. See Caroline 72, 78, 86 Egypt, 121 Islands; Mariana Islands; retirement of, 71 Mukden, battle of (1905), 27 Marshall Islands Monash, Sir John, Australian Mulhouse, 66, 68, 341 Middle East, 2, 15, 16, 92, 112, general, 367, 369 Muntafiq, Iraqi tribal 121, 187, 322, 325, 328, Monastir (Bitola), 202 confederation, 326 329, 331, 334, 337, 345, Monfalcone, 138 Murmansk, 365 358, 387, 426, 427, 435, Mongolia, 101 Murray, Sir Archibald, British 436, 440 Monmouth, British armored general, 333, 336 Midilli, Turkish light cruiser, cruiser, 96 Muslim League, Indian, 327, 84 Monro, Sir Charles, British 328, 425, 435 migrants, and migrant labor general, 125 Mussolini, Benito, Italian in France, 164, 166 Mons, battle of (1914), 66 prime minister, 11, 165, in Italy, 305 Mont St. Quentin, battle of 390, 416, 428 Mikael, Ras, Abyssinian (1918), 367 Myshlayevsky, Alexander, general, 331 Montdidier, 354 Russian general, 85 Milan, 390, 391 Monte Ortigara, battle of Military Service Act (1916), (1917), 278 Nablus, 339 British, 184, 286 Montenegro, 15, 16, 18, 47, Nancy, 64, 249, 277 Miliukov, Pavel, Russian 75, 190 Nansen, Fridtjof, Norwegian politician, 241 Austro-Hungarian explorer and Milne, George, British occupation of, 145, 189, humanitarian, 430 general, 358 204, 360 Napier, T. W. D., British Milner, Lord Alfred, British declares war, 53 admiral, 222 statesman, 352 in Balkan Wars (1912–13), Napoleon I, French emperor, Milwaukee, 311 17 3, 14, 26, 180, 249 minesweeping, 121, 122, 219, incorporated into Napoleon III, French emperor, 222, 395 Yugoslavia, 391, 411 11, 14, 62 mining operations, anti- in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, Napoleonic Wars, 3, 19, 74, submarine, 222 259, 405 96, 112, 237 mining operations, under Moravia, 297 Naroch, Lake, battle of (1916), enemy lines, 185, 205, Morgan, J. P., financial 192, 193 282 services firm of, 238 Narodna Odbrana, 18, 46 Minsk, 135, 192, 363 Morhange-Sarrebourg, battle Nasiriya, 324 Mitchell, William “Billy,” US of. See Lorraine, battle of National American Woman Army aviator, 231 Morocco, 14, 24 Suffrage Association Mitry, Antoine de, French Moscow, 157, 241, 255, 365, (NAWSA), US suffrage general, 356 423 organization, 308

464 index

National Defense Act (1916), New Guinea, 100, 395 Nicolson, Harold, British US, 248 New York diplomat and politician, National Industrial Service, as financial center, 238, 421 396, 400 British, 306 celebrates Armistice, 385 Nieuport 11, French airplane, National Liberal Party, influenza deaths in, 314 182 German, 293, 299 port of, 240, 404 Nieuwpoort, 72 National Party, South African, wartime riots in, 309 Nigeria, 23, 102, 330, 395 111, 424 New Zealand, 23 Nigeria Marine, 102 National People’s Party and British Navy, 29 Nile River, 14, 329 (DNVP), German, 388 and Paris Peace Conference, Niš, 49, 143 national self-determination, 392 Nivelle offensive. See Aisne, Wilson’s principle of, awarded former German second battle of the 112, 157, 362, 399, 423, colonies, 395 Nivelle, Robert, French 424, 425, 435 conscription in, 288 general, 182, 183, 205, National Union of Women’s influenza deaths in, 314 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, Suffrage Societies remembrance and 271, 282, 300 (NUWSS), British commemoration in, 410, pictured, 270 suffrage organization, 432, 433 Nixon, John, British general, 172, 308 New Zealand armed forces. 324, 325 National Woman’s Party See also ANZAC Njegovan, Maksimilian, (NWP), US, 308 and conquest of German Austro-Hungarian nationalism, 5, 8, 25, 31, 112, Pacific colonies, 100 admiral, 226 155, 160, 165, 174, 227, at Gallipoli, 124, 125 Nobel, Alfred, and Nobel 248, 286, 322, 390, 419, casualties of, 125, 276, 288 prize winners, 25, 26, 422, 435, 436. See also in Egypt, 121, 333 118, 120, 161 racial nationalism in Palestine, 339 Norris, George W., US Nationalist Party, Russian, 164 on Western front, 187, 275, politician, 243 nationality problem 276, 367, 370 North Sea, 29, 84, 86, 97, 100, in Austria-Hungary, 42, prewar strength of, 23 121, 123, 210, 211, 218, 129, 130, 136, 151, 160, New Zealand, British battle 224, 237, 395, 440 193, 226, 227, 236, 278, cruiser, 218 Northcliffe, Alfred 286, 296, 298, 300, 362, Newfoundland Regiment, 187 Harmsworth, Lord 440 Newport News, 99 British publishing magnate, in Belgium, 19 Nicaragua, 245 361 in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 17 Nicholas II, tsar of Russia, 15, Northern Barrage, 222 in Ottoman Empire, 16, 45, 46, 47, 50, 78, 85, 155, Norway, 210, 222 259, 341 156, 163, 191, 206, 241 Novorossiysk, 84 in Russia, 85 abdication of, 226, 242, 243, Noyon, 71, 72, 354, 355 Nazareth, 339 298 Nuri Bey, Turkish officer, 329, Nemits, Alexander, Russian and mobilization for war, 330 admiral, 227 38, 50 Nürnberg, German light Nepal, 23, 429 assumes personal cruiser, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98 Nepenin, Adrian, Russian command, 135 Nûreddin, Turkish general, admiral, 226, 241 murdered by Bolsheviks, 365 324 Netherlands, 19, 60, 85, 167, rejects separate peace nursing, and nurses, 169, 170, 169, 170, 294, 312, 376 (1915), 130, 131 171 Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 402 Nicholas, Grand Duke, Nyasaland. See Malawi Neu-Sandec (Nowy Sacz), 80 Russian general, 78, 129, Neuve Chapelle, battle of 133, 135 Obrenović dynasty, 17 (1915), 117, 118 Nicolai, Georg, German Octobrist Party, Russian, 164 New Caledonia, 314 physiologist, 162 Odessa, 84

index 465

Ogaden, 330 British naval mission in, 17 strikes in, 302 Orange Free State, 23, 104 concludes armistice with temporary relocation of Orient, Army of the, Allied Allies, 340, 366, 402 government from, 67, force at Salonika, 143, German military mission 116 196 in, 17 US troops arrive in (1917), Orkney Islands, 222 in Balkan Wars (1912–13), 249 Orlando, Vittorio, Italian 16, 17 wartime life in, 167, 172, prime minister, 282, 286, in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 301, 304 304, 361, 385, 390, 391, 259 Paris Peace Conference, 392, 394, 401 joins Central Powers, 19, 84 340, 344, 346, 391–404, Ostend, 222, 372 nationality problem in, 259, 412, 416, 417, 423, 425, Ostfriesland, German 341 426, 431, 435, 436. See dreadnought, 231 prewar problems and also Versailles, Treaty Otavi, battle of (1915), 104 decline, 15–16 of; St. Germain, Treaty Otranto Barrage, 224, 225 signs Treaty of Sèvres of; Trianon, Treaty of; Otranto Straits, battle of the (1920), 403 Neuilly, Treaty of; Sèvres, (1917), 224 Young Turk coup in (1908), Treaty of Otranto, British armed 16 Parliament Act (1911), British, merchant cruiser, 96 Ottoman Navy, 17, 84, 210, 12 Ottoman Army 227, 231, 366 Pašić, Nikola, Serbian prime and Gallipoli campaign, Ourcq River, 68 minister, 18, 39, 40, 46, 122–23, 124–25 47, 49, 144, 202, 360 Armenians in, 341 Pacific Ocean, 92, 94, 95, 98, Passchendaele, battle of casualties of, on all fronts, 99, 111 (1917), 275–76, 282, 350 386 Paikon, Mount, 358 pictured, 277 casualties of, against Arab Painlevé, Paul, French war Patriotic Auxiliary Service revolt, 340 minister, 265, 269, 301 Law (1916), German, casualties of, at Gallipoli, Pakistan, 436 292, 299 125 Palau, 100 Paul, Alice, US suffragist, 308 casualties of, on Caucasus Palermo, 304 Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack front, 85 Palestine, 2, 333, 336, 337, on (1941), 3 divisions of, on Eastern 338, 339, 340, 346, 351, Pearse, Patrick, Irish front, 195 403, 428, 435 nationalist leader, 290, Eighth Army of, 337, 339, Pals battalions, 158 291 340 Panama, and Panama Canal, Pegasus, British protected Fifth Army of, 122, 124 20, 96, 97, 99, 245, 390 cruiser, 99 Fourth Army of, 340 Pankhurst, Emmeline, British Penang, 99 Seventh Army of, 338, 339, suffragist, 172 People’s Party (DVP), 340 Panslav movement, and German, 388 Sixth Army of, 326 Panslavism, 11, 15, 18, 46 Pershing, John J. “Black Jack” Third Army of, 84, 85 Papen, Franz von, German Pershing, US general, VIII Corps of, 121 officer and diplomat, 240 248, 249, 309, 351, 355, Young Turks in, 16 Paris, 50, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 369, 372, 378 Ottoman Empire, 2 354, 355, 356 pictured, 348 Allied plans to partition, aerial and railway gun Persia, 15, 323, 344, 345 326, 334, 336, 402 bombardment of, 303 Persian Gulf, 243, 322, 323, and Armenian Genocide, celebrates Armistice, 384, 326, 336, 337 341–44 385 Peru, 245 and Egypt, 121 influenza deaths in, 314 Pétain, Philippe, French Arab revolt against, 333–36, public mood in (1914), 151 general 339–40 refugees in, 164 and Clemenceau, 302

466 index

Pétain, Philippe, (cont.) Planck, Max, German republic established in and Foch, 355 physicist, 161 (1918), 272, 411 and Haig, 352, 353 Plehve, Pavel, Russian general, workers from, in Germany, and Nivelle, 265, 269 79, 83 294 as army group commander, Pless, German headquarters Polish Legion, in service of 182, 183, 205, 264, 266, at, 128 Central Powers, 15, 82, 269 Plumer, Herbert, British 272 as corps commander, 120 general, 119, 274, 275, Polish-Soviet War (1919–21), as overall French Army 276, 354, 369, 372 417 commander, 269, 271, Plunkett, Joseph, Irish Ponape (Pohnpei), 100 354, 355 nationalist leader, 290, Port Arthur, 20, 101 commands Second Army, 291 Port Stanley, 96, 97 125, 182 Pochhammer, Hans, German Portugal, 2, 19, 20, 106, 277 pictured, 348 naval officer, 97 troops from, on Western Peter Karageorgević, king of Pohl, Hugo von, German front, 277, 354 Serbia, 17, 47, 360 admiral, 212, 214 Posen, 394 Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Poincaré, French president Potiorek, Oskar, Austro- 135, 246, 253, 301 and appointment of Foch Hungarian general, 36, Bolshevik Revolution in, as supreme Allied 74, 75, 76, 77, 137 255 commander, 352 Prager, Robert, German capital moved to Moscow and Clemenceau, 301 American socialist, 311 from, 365 and Joffre, 205 Princess Royal, British battle July Days in (1917), 253 and Nivelle, 264, 265, 269 cruiser, 97, 98, 211 Lenin’s arrival in, 247 and outbreak of war, 50, 53 Princip, Gavrilo, assassin March Revolution in and wartime domestic unity of Archduke Francis (1917), 241 (union sacrée), 53, 164 Ferdinand, 36, 37, 40, 54 Red Guards, pictured, at Paris Peace Conference, pictured, 34 254 392, 393 Prinz Eitel Friedrich, German soviet in, 243, 249, 250, 253, as premier in 1920s, 414 auxiliary cruiser, 94 255, 256, 271 background of, 14 Prinzregent Luitpold, German strikes in, 164, 240 visits Russia (1914), 45, 50 dreadnought, 226 Pflanzer-Baltin, Karl, Austro- poison gas, development and Pripet Marshes, 136, 193, 195, Hungarian general, 189, use of, 4, 118, 119, 120, 252 193, 194 125, 126, 127, 145, 182, prisoners of war, 80, 168, 281, Philadelphia 186, 192, 205, 266, 268, 290, 294, 363, 376 influenza deaths in, 314 275, 280, 282, 357, 358, Prittwitz, Maximilian, wartime riots in, 309 371, 395, 430 German general, 78 Philippines, 20, 101, 237 Pola (Pula), 30, 138, 223, 224, propaganda. See Online Essay Piave River, 281, 361 225, 226, 227, 229, 362 9 battle of the (1918), 361 Poland, 77, 78, 82, 85, 116, prostitution, 429 Pichon, Stéphan, French 133, 135, 152, 164, 168, Provence, French foreign minister, 392 180, 204 dreadnought, 203 Picot, François Georges, and World War II, 133, 417 Przemysl, 77, 80, 82, 129, 130 French diplomat, 336, at Paris Peace Conference, siege of (1914–15), 80, 82 340, 403 392 Puerto Rico, 20 Pilsudski, Józef, Polish general Central Powers establish Putnik, Radomir, Serbian and statesman, 15, 82, kingdom of (1916), 272 general, 75, 76, 143 272 determination of borders Pius IX, pope, 11 of, 387, 392, 394, 405 Quakers, 287 Plan XVII, French war plan, postwar alliance of, with Quast, Ferdinand von, 64, 65, 66, 67 France, 431 German general, 354

index 467

Quebec, and Québécois, 288 Reed, John, US journalist and battle of (1917), 254, 282 Queen Elizabeth, British communist, 255 Gulf of, secured by dreadnought, 121, 122, Regina Margherita, Italian Germans, 219, 226, 254 123 battleship, 224 Rijeka. See Fiume Queen Mary, British battle remembrance and Robeck, Sir John de, British cruiser, 216, 218 commemoration, of admiral, 121 Queenstown (Cobh), 221 World War I, 410, Robertson, Sir William, 431–35 British general, 269, 280, Rabaul, 100 Rennenkampf, Pavel, Russian 351, 352 Rabigh, 334 general, 78, 79, 417 Romagna, 165 racial nationalism, 25 Renner, Karl, Austrian Romani, battle of (1916), 333, racism and racial equality, 2, chancellor, 362, 389, 400, 336 393, 394 418 Romania, 15, 16 Radical Party, French, 165, reparations aligned with Central 301 Austrian, in Treaty of St. Powers (1883–1914), 18 Radical Party, Serbian, 18, 40 Germain (1919), 399 Allied disappointment in, Rafah, 336 Bulgarian, in Treaty of 200, 204 Ragoza, Alexander, Russian Neuilly (1919), 399 as food source for Central general, 273, 417 German, as Allied war aim, Powers, 202, 300 Rajputs, 23 375, 393 as wartime neutral, 134 Ramadi, 326 German, in Treaty of concludes peace with Randolph, A. Philip, US Versailles (1919), 395, 396, Central Powers (1918), journalist, 309 397, 413, 414, 420, 421 274, 281 Rankin, Jeanette, US German payments of, in Second Balkan War politician, 243 rescheduled, 421 (1913), 17, 199 Rapallo, Treaty of (1920), 401 Hungarian, in Treaty of intervenes in Hungary Rashidi, pro-Ottoman Arab Trianon (1920), 399 (1918–19), 389, 401 tribe, 336 Russian, in Treaty of Brest- interwar alliances of, 431 Rasputin, Grigori, advisor to Litovsk (1918), 364 invaded and defeated, 141, Romanovs, 164, 206, 241 Repington, Charles à Court, 201, 202, 204, 271 Ras-ul-Ain, 342 British officer, 3 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, Rathenau, Walther, German Representation of the People 259, 405 industrialist, 167, 292, Act (1918), British, 306 in World War II, 417 293 Republican Party, US, 21, 238, joins Allies (1916), 196, Rawlinson, Sir Henry, British 248, 386, 390, 393, 394, 197, 198, 244, 273 general, 184, 185, 186, 404, 420, 422 postwar territorial gains of, 187, 265, 366, 367, 370 Rheims, 116, 265, 266, 356 400, 402 Reata, battle of (1916), 106 Rhineland, 65, 394 rejoins Allies (1918), 392 Red Army, Soviet Russian, Allied occupation of, 393, Romanian Army 365, 401, 417, 425 420 casualties of, 201 Red Cross, 63, 150, 168–71, demilitarized under Treaty First Army of, 198, 201, 273 308, 430 of Versailles, 395, 396 Fourth Army of, 198, 201 Red Sea, 121, 333, 334 Rhodesia, Northern. See mobilization of, 198 Redl, Alfred, Austro- Zambia Second Army of, 198, 201, Hungarian officer, 47, Ribot, Alexander, French 273 79, 86 premier, 265, 269 Third Army of, 198 Redlich, Josef, Austrian jurist Richtofen, Manfred von, Romanov dynasty, 2, 130, 164, and politician, 196 German aviator, 188, 206, 242, 365 Redmond, John, Irish political 266. See Online Essay 3 Rome, 11, 391, 432 leader, 52, 163, 290, 291, Riga, 134 Fascist “March on” (1922), 292 battle of (1915), 133, 254 416

468 index

Rommel, Erwin, German front propaganda efforts mobilization of, 51, 52, officer, 280 of, 252 53, 54 Roosevelt, Franklin, US in Bosnian crisis of mutinies in, 195, 202, 241, president, 244 1908–09, 43, 47, 54 271 Roosevelt, Theodore, US industrial weakness of, 192 Ninth Army of, 82, 83, 130, president, 26, 237, 248, in Triple Entente, 8, 10, 15, 192 390 55, 130 Northern army group Rosyth, 211, 215, 222 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, (Northern front) of, 135 Rotterdam, 60, 169 258, 404 Northwest army group Rovereto, 191 in World War II, 3 (Northwest front) of, 82, Royal Air Force (RAF), 329, March Revolution in 129, 131, 132, 135, 191 339. See also British (1917), 241 prisoners lost, 83, 129, 135, Army: Royal Flying military convention of, with 168 Corps France (1892), 14 Second Army of, 78, 79, Royal Irish Constabulary, 390 prewar economy of, 14, 167 82, 131 Roye, 72 rejects separate peace Seventh Army of, 83, 130, Rudd, Kevin, Australian (1915), 130, 180 192 prime minister, 434 responsibility of, for Southwest army group Ruffey, Pierre, French general, starting war, 38 (Southwest front) of, 83, 66, 67 Revolution of 1905 in, 15 129, 130, 131, 192, 250, Rufiji River, 99, 106 strikes in, 163, 240 252 Rupprecht, crown prince of supplied by Allies, 192 Tenth Army of, 83, 247 Bavaria, German general, territorial losses of, 363, 387 Third Army of, 78, 82, 129 66, 71, 72, 117, 118, 120, under Provisional Twelfth Army of, 83, 247 126, 187, 189 Government (1917), 241, Western army group Russia, 2 242, 243, 246, 247, 249, (Western front) of, 135, after Bolshevik Revolution, 250, 252, 253, 254, 298, 191, 250 256, 365 312 women soldiers in, 250, 255 Allied fears about stability wartime politics in, 163, Russian Civil War (1918–21), of, 204, 242 164, 241 256, 272, 365, 387, 401, and Armenians, 85, 344 Russian Army 417 and Order Number One, 10th Cavalry Division of, 77 Russian Navy, 254 243, 250, 251, 271 air service of, 30 Baltic Fleet of, 226, 227, and Ottoman Empire, 17 at Salonika, 198, 358 241, 253 and Panslavism, 11, 15 Austro-Hungarian deserters Black Sea Fleet of, 226, 229, and Paris Peace Conference, in, 198, 271, 272 366 392 brigades of, in France, 271 Caspian Flotilla of, 344 Balkan interests of, 15, 16, Caucasus Army of, 84, 85, mutinies in, 225, 226, 227 18 341 strength of, in 1914, 210 Bolshevik Revolution in, command and control wartime losses of, 231, 232 255, 256 problems of, 79, 129 Russo-Japanese War (1904– casualties of, on all fronts, Dobruja Detachment of, 05), 14, 15, 20, 22, 27, 28, 386 198, 201 30, 31, 78, 79 casualties of, on Caucasus Eighth Army of, 78, 83, 130, Ruzsky, Nikolai, Russian front, 85 131, 192 general, 79, 82, 129, 135, casualties of, on Eastern Eleventh Army of, 192 417 front, 135 Fifth Army of, 78, 79, 82, Rwanda, 102, 105, 106, 395 concludes separate peace 247 (1918), 344, 351, 363 First Army of, 78, 79, 80, Saar Basin, 394, 413, 415 during July Crisis (1914), 82, 130 Saarbrücken, 64 36, 40, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50 Fourth Army of, 78, 131, Sabac, 76 emigrants from, 159 135, 273 Sahili, 328, 329, 330, 331

index 469

Saionji, Kinmochi, Japanese Scapa Flow, 211, 215, 222, invaded by Austria- prime minister, 392 385, 395, 399 Hungary, 51, 53, 75 Saipan, 100 Scharnhorst, German armored in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, Sakhalin, 20 cruiser, 93, 94, 95, 96, 259, 405 Salaito Hill (Oldorobo), battle 97, 98 liberation of (1918), 360 of (1916), 106 pictured, 90 prewar politics in, 17, 18 Salandra, Antonio, Italian Scheer, Reinhard, German refuses to surrender (1915), prime minister, 140, 165, admiral, 214, 216, 217, 180 205, 304, 390 218, 219, 226, 227 responsibility of, for Salonika (Thessaloniki), 75, Scheidemann, Philipp, starting war, 54 124, 143, 144, 196, 198, German chancellor, 298, supplied by France, 75 199, 202, 203, 358, 360, 376, 387, 398, 399 typhus epidemic in, 169 403 Schleswig-Holstein, 8, 230, Serbian Army, 40, 76, 77 Salza, Anton von, Russian 395, 414 at Salonika, 198, 358 general, 78, 135 Schlieffen, Alfred von, casualties of, in opening Salzburg, 138, 418 German general, and campaign, 76 Sambre River, 369, 371 “Schlieffen Plan,” 44, 47, mobilization of, 75 battle of the (1914), 66 51, 52, 60, 61 overall casualties of, 288 second battle of the (1918), Schutzbund, Austrian socialist Sevastopol, 84, 227 370 paramilitary, 418 Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 403, Samoa, 100, 314, 395 Sedan, 61, 64, 66, 70, 370, 425 Samsonov, Alexander, Russian 372 Shaiba, battle of (1915), 324 general, 79 battle of (1870), 14, 62, 67 Shakespear, William, British Samsun, 402 Sedition Act (1918), US, 307 officer, 336 San Diego, US armored Seeadler, German raider, 99 Shantung Peninsula, 395, 423 cruiser, 223 Seeckt, Hans von, German Sharqat, battle of (1918), 326 San Francisco, 95, 314 general, 117, 128, 136, shellshock, 204. See Online San Giuliano, Antonio di, 194, 196 Essay 5 Italian foreign minister, 45 Segale, battle of (1916), 331 Shiite Muslims, 326 San River, 129 Seine River, 70, 164, 184 Siam, 392 Sanusi, Sufi Muslim religious Selective Service Act (1917), Sicily, 304 order, 328, 329, 330, 331, US, 288 Sierra Leone, 23, 102, 314 428 Selle, battle of the (1918), 370 Sievers, Thadeus von, Russian Sarajevo, 36, 39, 40, 46, 54, 93, Senegal, 24 general, 83 144, 399 Serbia, 1, 15, 16 Sikhs, 23, 328 Sari Bair, battle of (1915), 124 and Bulgaria’s entry into the Silesia, 128, 396, 414 Sarikamish, battle of (1914– war, 141, 143 Silistria, 201 15), 84, 85 and wartime atrocities, 76 Sims, William S., US admiral, Sarrail, Maurice, French as catalyst for postwar 221 general, 143, 144, 196, Yugoslavia, 360, 411, 418, Sinai peninsula, 333, 336 198, 199, 202, 203, 358 419 Sinn Féin, 163, 290, 291, 292, Satsuma, Japanese battleship, defeat and occupation of 390 100 (1915), 143, 144 Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Saudi Arabia, 329, 337. See during July Crisis (1914), 20 also ibn Saud 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, Sistovo, 201 Sava River, 50, 141 47, 49 Sixtus, prince of Bourbon- Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, House government-in-exile of, at Parma, Belgian officer, 360 of, 19, 311. See Windsor, Corfu, 143, 202, 360 Skoda, Austrian armaments House of in Balkan Wars (1912–13), manufacturer, 181 Sazonov, Sergei, Russian 16, 17, 31, 199 Skopje, 143 foreign minister, 40, 46, in Bosnian crisis of 1908–09, Skra-di-Legen, battle of 47, 49, 164 18, 47, 54 (1918), 358

470 index

Slovaks, 272 Sophie, Duchess of St. Julien, 119 Slovenes, 138, 360, 401 Hohenberg, wife of St. Louis, East, wartime riots Smith-Dorrien, Sir Horace, Archduke Francis in, 309 British general, 72, 118, Ferdinand, 36, 41 St. Mihiel, battle of (1918), 119 Sopwith Camel, British 369 Smuts, Jan, South African airplane, 230, 275 St. Quentin, battle of (1914), general and statesman, Sopwith triplane, British, 266 68 104, 106, 107, 307, 393, Souchon, Wilhelm, German St. Quentin Canal, battle of 420 and Turkish admiral, 84, the (1918), 370, 371 Smyrna (Izmir), 402, 403, 425 227 Staaken R6, German bomber, Social Democratic Labor South Africa, 23 307 Party, Russian, 155. See Afrikaners in, 23, 103, 111, Stalin, Joseph, Soviet premier, Bolsheviks; Mensheviks 288, 327 5, 15, 417, 418, 440 Social Democratic Party and Paris Peace Conference, Stallupönen, battle of (1914), (SPD), German, 9, 25, 392 78 44, 52, 151, 153, 155, 156, awarded German Stamboliyski, Alexander, 160, 165, 293, 297, 298, Southwest Africa, 395, Bulgarian prime 299, 300, 312, 343, 373, 424 minister, 402 374, 376, 387, 389, 398, conscription in, 288 Stanton, Charles E., US officer, 399, 400, 414 Maritz rebellion in (1914– 249 Social Democratic Party, 15), 104 Štefánik, Milan, Slovak Austrian, 151, 155, 160, republic established in nationalist leader and 293, 312, 362, 389, 400 (1961), 425 French army aviator, 272 Socialist International, First South African armed forces, Stockholm, 247, 312 (1864), 155 104 socialist peace conference Socialist International, Second casualties of, 107 at (1917–18), 298, 301, (1889), 25, 150, 155, 156, in Egypt, 329 312, 313 312 mobilization of, 104 storm troop tactics, infantry, Socialist Party, French (SFIO), on Western front, 187 254, 276, 280, 282, 339, 53, 155 prewar strength of, 23 439 Socialist Party, Italian, 155, Soviets, First All-Russian Stresemann, Gustav, German 165, 304, 390 Congress of (1917), 250 foreign minister, 415 Socialist Party, US, 311, 313 Soviets, Second All-Russian Sturdee, Sir Doveton, British Socialist Revolutionary (SR) Congress of (1917), 255, admiral, 97, 98, 211 Party, Russian, 249, 250, 257 Stürgkh, Karl, Austrian prime 256, 365 Spa, German headquarters at, minister, 42, 293, 389 Society Islands, 99 360, 374, 376 Stürmer, Boris, Russian prime Sofia, 200 SPAD S13, French airplane, minister, 164 Soissons, 117, 145, 265, 354, 275 Styria, 138 355, 356 Spain, 20, 168, 210, 303, 314 submarines, and submarine Somalia, and Somaliland, 322, Spanish-American War warfare, 145, 172, 210, 328, 329, 330, 331, 345 (1898), 20, 248, 309 212–14, 216, 218–23, Somme River, 275, 369 Spartacus League, German, 224, 225, 229, 231, 232, Somme, battle of the (1916), 156, 387 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 144, 158, 183, 184–89, SPD. See Social Democratic 244, 264, 277, 282, 290, 195, 203, 204, 205, 210, Party, German 297, 298, 305, 373, 376, 264, 265, 266, 267, 276, Spee, Maximilian von, 377, 395, 440 282, 439 German admiral, 92–95, Sudetenland, 389, 399 Somme, second battle of the 96–98, 99, 100, 102, 104, Suez Canal, 121, 329, 333, (1918), 351 111, 159, 210, 211 336 Sonnino, Sidney, Italian St. Germain, Treaty of (1919), suffrage, women’s, 2, 12, 172, foreign minister, 392, 401 400 174, 386, 412

index 471

Sun Yat-sen, founder of Taurus Mountains, 325 trenches and trench warfare, Republic of China, 101 Taveta, battle of (1914), 105 4, 27, 28, 87, 118, 119, Sunni Muslims, 16, 326, 426 Teodoroiu, Ecaterina, 120, 125, 126, 140, 145, Sussex, passenger ferry, 214 Romanian officer, 274 166, 170, 183, 185, 186, Suttner, Bertha von, Austrian Terztyanszky, Karl von, 187, 192, 205, 249, 264, pacifist, 25, 26 Austro-Hungarian 265, 287, 307, 315, 352, Suvla Bay, 122, 124, 125 general, 195 357. See Online Essay 1; Swakopmund, 104 Teschen (Tešin), Austro- Online Essay 5 Sweden, 45, 247, 312, 373 Hungarian headquarters Trentino (South Tyrol), 12, Switzerland, 156, 246, 273, at, 80, 128, 142, 144, 190, 45, 137, 140, 141, 389, 294, 328, 417 193, 196 400, 432 Sydney, Australian cruiser, 99 Thailand. See Siam Treves, Claudio, Italian Sykes, Sir Mark, British Thomas, Albert, French politician, 304 diplomat, 336, 340, 403 politician, 165, 301 Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 418 Syria, 340, 341, 342, 403, 428 Thomas, Lowell, US Trieste, 137, 181, 203, 224, Szeged, 401 journalist, 334 229, 278, 280, 362, 432 Szent István, Austro- Thrace, 16, 17, 360, 402, 403, Triple Alliance, 8, 11, 12, 19, Hungarian dreadnought, 426 41, 45, 138 225 Tigris River, 323, 324 Triple Entente, 8, 12, 17, 19, Szőgyény-Marich, Ladislaus Tikrit, 326 51, 55, 83, 84, 137, 213, de, Austro-Hungarian Tirailleurs indochinois, 24 244, 274 diplomat, 41 pictured, 200 Trotsky, Leon, Soviet war and Tirailleurs malagaches, 24 foreign minister, 15, 151, Taft, William H., US Tirailleurs sénégalais, 24, 72 156, 157, 363, 365, 384, president, 169, 391 pictured, 73 417 Tahiti, 92, 94, 95 Tirpitz, Alfred von, Truk, 100 Taiping Rebellion (1850–64), German admiral, 10, Tsingtao (Qingdao), 93, 94, 386 29, 44, 211, 212, 214, 98, 99, 100, 101, 395, 423 Taiwan, 20, 101, 111 219, 226, 299 Tunisia, 24 Talaat Pasha, Ottoman interior Tisza, István, Hungarian Turin, 305, 391 minister and grand vizier, prime minister, 42, 43, Turkey. See Ottoman Empire 341, 342, 363 161, 298, 312, 362 Turkey, Republic of Tamin, Yamaya, Japanese Tito, Josip Broz, Yugoslav as secular state, 426, 435 admiral, 100 communist leader, 363, borders of, defined, 402, Tamines, German atrocities 416 425 at, 62 Todorov, Georgi, Bulgarian denies Armenian Genocide, Tanga, battle of (1914), 105 general, 143 426 Tanganyika, Lake, 108 Togo, 102, 106, 395 remembrance and tanks, development and use Toul, 51 commemoration of of, 145, 187, 188, 205, Townshend, Charles, British World War I in, 434 249, 265, 266, 267, 275, general, 324, 325 War of Independence of 276, 282, 338, 339, 350, Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 217 (1919–22), 425 351, 356, 366, 368, 369, Trans-Siberian Railway, 192 “turnip winter” (1916–17) in 371, 372, 377, 395, 439. Transvaal, 23, 104 Germany and Austria, See Online Essay 7 Transylvania, 18, 196, 198, 219, 286, 295, 297, 298 pictured, 277, 370 201, 202, 389, 400, 401 Tutrakan, 201 Tannenberg, battle of (1914), Trapp, Georg von, Austro- typhus, 135, 143, 169, 325, 79, 85, 129 Hungarian naval officer, 326 Taranto, 223, 224 223 Tyrol, 137, 153, 189, 190, 191, Tarnów-Gorlice, battle of Trebizond (Trabzon), 342 193, 194, 198, 203, 205, (1915), 129, 130, 133, Trenchard, Hugh, British 278, 279, 280, 361, 362, 136, 137 aviator, 231 418. See also Trentino

472 index

Tyrol (cont.) elections of 1918 in, 386 in postwar Rhineland, 420 Home Guard establishes colonial empire National Guard regiments (Standschützen) of, 137 (1898), 20 in, 248 Imperial rifle (Kaiserjäger) federal power increases in, on Italian front, 361 regiments of, 141 307 prewar strength of, 21, 22, finances German 248 U5, Austro-Hungarian reparations, 421 Second Army of, 372 submarine, 223 German sabotage in, 240 United States Marine Corps, U9, German submarine, 212 illiteracy in, 289 288, 355 U17, German submarine, 212 influenza deaths in, 314 United States Navy U20, German submarine, 212 immigrants in, 237, 288, and Washington Naval U21, German submarine, 123, 310 Treaty (1922), 430 124 mobilization of, 282, 288 anti-submarine efforts of, U29, German submarine, 214 Monroe Doctrine of (1823), 221, 222 U31, Austro-Hungarian 394 manpower of, 288 submarine, 225 Native Americans in, 310 prewar build-up of, 21, 210 UB50, German submarine, opinion in, turns against Uruguay, 245 229 Germany, 212, 214, 237 USPD. See Independent Social Uchida, Kosai, Japanese pre-1917 volunteers from, Democratic Party foreign minister, 392 150, 159, 168 Udine, 139, 280 prewar economy of, 9, 21 Val d’Assa, 191 Uganda, 24, 107 postwar economy of, 411, Val Sugana, 191 Ukraine, 193, 202, 300, 363, 414, 421 Vallarsa, 191 417 rejects postwar alliance Valona, 143, 145, 224 Central Powers conclude with Britain and France, Valparaiso, 97, 159 separate peace with 431 Van, 341, 342 (1918), 363 relations of, with Allies van Deventer, Jakobus “Jaap,” incorporated into USSR (1917–18), 355, 378 South African general, (1922), 417 relations of, with Japan, 20, 106 Ulster, 291, 412 21, 92, 101, 237 Vatican, 11, 391 Ulster Volunteers, 163 remembrance and Vaux, Fort, 182, 183 Unionist Party, Turkish, 16 commemoration in, 432 Venetia, 11 United States, 1, 3, 4 supplies Allies, 86, 238, 239 Venetian Republic, 400 African Americans in, 288, U-boat activity on coast Venizelos, Eleftherios, Greek 308, 309 of, 222 prime minister, 124, 143, and China, 102 women’s suffrage in, 2, 174, 203, 273 and League of Nations, 393, 308 Verdun, 51, 61, 64, 66, 67, 71, 419, 420, 428, 429 United States Army 264, 369, 370 and Ottoman Empire, 244, 10th Cavalry Regiment of, battle of (1916), 144, 402 309 181–84, 190, 191, 203, and Paris Peace Conference, 1st Division of, 277 204, 205, 214, 254, 264, 390, 391, 394, 401 26th Division of, 356 275, 282, 300, 350, 433 and Russian Revolution 3rd Division of, 356 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), (1917), 243 77th Division of, 372 8, 38, 388, 392–99, 401, and World War II, 410 82nd Division of, 372 403, 404, 412, 413, 415, anti-Germanism in, 311 92nd Division of, 309 419, 430. See also League anti-war socialism in, 313 93rd Division of, 309, 372 of Nations; reparations; Civil War in (1861–65), air service of, 231, 249 war guilt 286, 288, 432 casualties of, on Western Vesle River, 356 conscription in, 288, 289 front, 386 Vicenza, 191 declares war, 221, 245, 271, demobilization of, 404 Victor Emmanuel II, king of 277 First Army of, 369, 372 Italy, 11

index 473

Victor Emmanuel III, king of White Man’s Burden, 112 and Pershing, 248, 249 Italy, 281, 391 White Sea, 365, 417 and proposed Anglo- Vienna, 10, 15, 138 White, Henry, US diplomat, French-US alliance, 394, food shortages in, 167, 297, 391 420 300 Wien, Austro-Hungarian and Theodore Roosevelt, patriotic demonstrations in battleship, 224 237, 248 (1914), 151 Wilhelmshaven, 211, 215, 216, and Treaty of Versailles, 396 wartime refugees in, 167 222, 224, 226, 228, 374, and war aims of Allies, 244, Vietnam, 200, 423, 424, 436 385 259, 401 Villa, Pancho, Mexican leader, William I, German emperor, 8 and women’s suffrage, 308 248 William II, German emperor and Zimmermann Vilna (Vilnius), 132, 133, 134 abdication of, 229, 374, 376 Telegram, 239, 240 Vimy Ridge, 120, 268 and declaration of war, 50, anti-war critics of, 313 battle of (1917), 265, 266, 51, 151 asks Congress to declare 271 and Falkenhayn, 180, 183, war, 245, 246 pictured, 267 195, 198 asks Congress to declare Vistula River, 77, 78, 129, 132, and German Social war, pictured, 244 136 Democrats, 9 at Paris Peace Conference, Vittorio Veneto, battle of and High Sea Fleet, 211, 392, 393, 394, 403 (1918), 361, 362 214, 218 background and election of, Viviani, René, French premier, and Hindenburg, 82, 376 21, 234 45, 50, 164, 165 and King Albert of biased toward Allies, 236, 238 Vladivostok, 241, 272, 365, Belgium, 19 breaks relations with 417 and kingdom of Poland, 272 Germany, 236, 240 Volkswehr, postwar Austrian and the Peace Resolution enduring principles of, 435 army, 389, 400, 418 (1917), 299 Fourteen Points of (1918), Voluntary Aid Detachments and unrestricted submarine 227, 258, 373, 374, 375, (VAD), British, 169, 171 warfare, 212, 214, 219, 236 404, 405, 417 at headquarters, 61, 374 health of, 404, 420, 422, 431 Wahhabi, 329, 336 Balkan dynastic ties of, 18, justifies treaty and League Wallachia, 198, 201 19, 196, 203 to US public, 419 war guilt, German, 38, 312, exile of, in Netherlands, justifies war to US public, 396, 398, 399, 415 376, 430 298, 308 War of 1859, 11 indicted in Treaty of pictured, 234, 382 War of 1864, 8, 168 Versailles, 398 postwar tour of Europe, Warsaw, 82, 114, 118, 130, proclaims constitutional 391, 397 132, 136 monarchy, 373 protests unrestricted Washington Naval Treaty promises postwar reforms, submarine warfare, 214, (1922), 423, 430 298 216 Wegerer, Alfred von, German pictured, 10 reelection of (1916), 238 writer, 415 relations of, with Austro- seeks mediation role, 236 Weimar, German constituent Hungarian allies, 41, 50, views of, on race, 309, 394, assembly in (1919), 387, 51, 278, 360 423 388, 389, 399 sacks Ludendorff, 373 Windhoek, 104 Wejh (al-Wajh), 334 William of Wied, Albanian Windsor, House of, 311 Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, British monarch (1914), 19 wireless radio technology, 79, admiral, 222, 376 Wilson, Sir Henry, British 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, Westminster, Statute of general, 352 104 (1931), 22, 307, 412 Wilson, Woodrow, US women, roles and rights of, Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 8 president 2, 12, 166, 169, 170, 172, White armies, anti-Bolshevik, and League of Nations, 394, 174, 250, 274, 291, 306, 365, 417 397, 405, 428 308, 310, 386, 412

474 index

Women’s Christian York, Alvin, US soldier, 372 Zambia, 106 Temperance Union, 311 Ypres, 74, 275, 282, 433 Zanzibar, 99, 102 Women’s Peace Party (WPP), fifth battle of (1918), 372 Zara (Zadar), 401 US, 308 first battle of (1914), 73, 74 Zeebrugge, 222 Women’s Social and Political fourth battle of (1918), 354 Zélée, French gunboat, 95 Union (WPSU), British second battle of (1915), Zeppelins, 4, 30, 107, 229, 230, suffrage organization, 118, 119, 120, 125 307, 440 172, 308 third battle of (1917). See Zewditu (Zauditu), empress of Wood, Leonard, US general, Passchendaele Abyssinia, 331, 428 248 Yser River, 72 Zhilinsky, Yakov, Russian World War II, 2, 3, 4, 8, 67, 92, battle of the (1914), 73 general, 180, 417 94, 101, 111, 122, 127, 182, Yuan Shih-kai, Chinese Zimmermann, Arthur, 220, 243, 308, 310, 315, general and president, German foreign secretary, 336, 342, 343, 346, 386, 101, 102 41, 239, 240, 246 394, 410, 412, 415, 416, Yudenich, Nikolai, Russian Zimmerwald Conference 417, 423, 424, 425, 426, general, 341, 342 and Manifesto (1915), 428, 429, 430, 432, 433, Yugoslav National Council, 156, 157, 256, 312, 313, 434, 435, 439, 440, 441 229, 362 375 Württemberg, Albrecht, duke Yugoslavia, 360 Zinoviev, Grigori, Bolshevik of, German general, 66, and Paris Peace Conference, leader, 255 72, 118 391 Zionist movement, 2, 339, collapse of (1990s), 419 345, 428 Yanushkevich, Nikolai, determination of borders of, Zita, empress of Austria, Russian general, 78, 417 387, 400, 401, 402, 416 queen of Hungary Yaounde, 102 interwar alliances of, 431 pictured, 6 Yap, 94, 100 restoration of (1945), 440 Zola, Émile, French journalist, Yavuz Sultan Selim (ex- 25 Goeben), Turkish battle Zaionchkovsky, Andrei M., Zymbrakakis, Epaminondas, cruiser, 227, 366 Russian general, 198, Greek general, 203, 273, Yemen, 334 201, 271 358