DOCSLIB.ORG

Sopacmaps Project, Final Report, Alexa/Charlotte Banks Area

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sopacmaps Project, Final Report, Alexa/Charlotte Banks Area EX.ECUTIVE SUMMARY [SDPRC) I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I The SOPACMAPS Project was designed to investigate as much area as possible of the EEZs of the SOPAC member countries: Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Tuvalu.The main objectives were to map the bathymetry, investigate the resource potential and to study geological processes, including geological hazards. A total area of approximately 730,000 k.m2 was mapped during a total of 87 days at sea, using the Dual Multibeam Swath echo sounder on the research vessel L'Atalante, operated by IFREMER under contract to SOPAC and funded by the European Union. The data are a very important source of information for the understanding of the nature of the seafloor of the South Pacific, and establish an understanding of seafloor process and resources at a level which could not have been imagined as recently as 20 years ago. During the three legs of 29 days each, multibeam (bathymetry and acoustic imagery), 6- channel reflection seismic, magnetics, gravimetry and sub-bottom profiler data were collected along 439 profiles totalling 15,680 nautical miles. All data are of very fair to excellent quality: Preliminary reports and on-board processed charts at 1:250,000 scale were delivered to SOPAC shortly after each leg. Reprocessing of the data by IFREMER produced several sets of charts: navigation, bathymetry and acoustic imaging at 1:250,000 scale, and bathymetry, acoustic imaging and morpho-structural interpretation at 1:500,000 scale. Interpretation of the data, conducted for SOPAC by IFREMER and ORSTOM, produced comprehensive fmal reports focused on eight areas: - Central Solomon Trough, - Malaita Area, - Melanesian Arc Gap Area, - North New Hebrides Back Arc Area, - New Hebrides Intra-Arc Basin, - Pandora Bank Area, - Alexa/Charlotte Banks Area, - South Tuvalu Banks Area. ~ Final Report - ACBA - SOPACMAPS (5DPRC) This repon describes the Alexa/Charlotte Banks Area (ACBA) which is mainly included in Fiji EEZ and panly in Solomon Islands EEZ. From a geological point of view, it is a large zone of about 30,000 km2, belonging partly to the Melanesian Border Plateau and partly to the North Fiji Basin, which has been mapped and imaged. The area includes the Alexa and Charlotte banks, the Viti as Trough and the domain extending east of the Pandora Bank. Seismic reflexion, magnetic and gravity data have been also collected. The almost full coverage bathymetric and imagery charts and the collected geophysical data largely increase our geological understanding of this almost unknown area. Previously reported different banks (Alexa and Charlotte banks) have been precisely located and contoured. New highs and seamounts have been found (Kroenke and Atalante seamounts). These shallow water areas could represent good targets for fishing activities which are by the far the best economic potentialities of the area. The only area which might be of potential interest for polymetallic nodules is the deepest basin (4,500 m) located at the junction of the Pandora Bank Area and the Alexa/Charlotte Banks Area and which corresponds to a section of the Vitias Trench: on the contrary of the surrounding zones which present a mid grey and heterogeneous acoustic reflectivity, the sediments of this basin are controlled by specific deposition processes as revealed by a continuous and darker acoustic facies which may be related to finer grained deposits under or at the limit of CCD. Polymetallic crusts may be found in a few places such as the upper flank (and possibly the top) of the Kroenke and Atalante seamounts. On an other hand. the Alexa and Charlotte banks might be concerned, but as no investigation has been conducted on the banks and their boundaries, the occurence of polymetallic crusts must be considered as hypothetic. The Alexa/Charlotte Banks Area is not a good area for the occurence of oil potential, due to the reduced sediments thickness and the volcanic character of the area. ~ Final Report - ACBA· SOPACMAPS C,:0: ONI ;; '"TENTS'.fi· j. 'I :. I (SDPRC) I CONTENTS I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CONTENTS 1 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1·1 1.1 - SOPACMAPS Project presentation 1-1 1.2 - Preliminary notes 1-2 1.2.1 - Sheet assemblage 1-2 1.2.2 - Specific aspects relative to the coastline 1-3 CHAPTER 2 • GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK •••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-1 2.1 - Regional setting: the Southwest Pacific 2-1 2.1.1 - Present plate boundaries 2-1 2.1.2 - Subduction of the Pacific Plate 2-1 2.1.3 - Subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate 2-7 2.1.4 - The active marginal basins .....................................................•........................... 2-8 2.2 - The New Hebrides Island Arc 2-9 2.3 - Geological setting of Solomon Islands 2-14 2.3.1 - The Solomon Islands Arc 2-14 2.3.1.1 _ Plates Reconstruction and the Solomon Islands Arc 2-14 2.3.1.2 - Morphology 2-15 2.3.1.3 - Seismicity 2-15 2.3.1.4 - Crustal structure 2-17 2.3.1.5 - Geodynamic evolution 2-18 2.3.1.6 - Sedimentary deposition and vertical evolution 2-19 2.3.1.7 - Plio-Pleistocene volcanism 2-20 2.32 - The Melanesian Arc Gap (MAG) 2-21 2.3.3 - The North New Hebrides Back Arc Area (NNHBAA) ...............•........................ 2-23 2.3.3.1 - Regional Geography 2-23 2.3.3.2 - Geological framework/Previous works 2-23 2.3.3.3 - Petrology and age 2-26 2.4 - Tectonic setting of the Melanesian Borderland 2-28 2.4.1 - The North Fiji Basin 2-28 2.4.2 - The Fiji Platform, The Fiji Fracture Zone and the northern part of the Lau Basin 2-31 2.4.3 - The Vitias Trench lineament 2-33 2.4.4 - The Melanesian Border Plateau 2-36 ~ Final Report - ACBA - SOPACMAPS . page 1 (SDPRC) CHAPTER 3 - DATA ANALYSIS 3-1 3.1 - Previous work 3-1 3.2 - Bathymetry 3-2 3.3 - Imagery 3-6 3.4 - Seismic reflection profiles 3-7 3.5 - Magnetism 3-13 3.6 - Gravimetry 3-15 CHAPTER 4 - GEOLOGICAL SyNTHESiS 4-1 CHAPTER 5 - POTENTIAL RESOURCES 5-1 5.1 - Uving Resources 5-1 5.1.1 - Preliminary considerations ...................................................................•............. 5-1 5.1.2 - SOPACMAPS results 5-4 5.2 - Mineral Resources 5-4 5.2.1 - Polymetallic nodules 5-4 5.2.2 - Polymetallic crusts ., 5-6 5.2.3 - Hydrothermal sulfides 5-7 5.3 - Oil Potential 5-7 CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSIONS 6-1 CHAPTER 7 - SURVEY EQUIPMENT 7-1 7.1 - Data processing on board AN L'Atalante .......................................................................•. 7-2 7.2 - Bathymetry and imagery processing 7-4 7.2.1 - Bathymetry 7-4 7.2.2 - Post-processing navigation ...........•..................................................................... 7-5 7.2.3 - Post-processing EM 12 Dual bathymetric data 7-5 7.2.4 _ EM12 Dual image processing .............................................................•............... 7-6 7.2.5 - Setting up of the celerity files 7-6 7.3 - Seismic reflection 7-8 7.3.1 - Seismic Reflection on AN LAtalante .7-9 7.3.2 - G.!. Gun - Model 150 7-9 7.3.3 - Air gun principle 7-11 7.3.4 - Compressor 7-12 7.3.5 - Streamer Specifications 7-13 7.3.6 - Recording data 7-13 7.4 - Instrumentation 7-14 a) Barringer magnetometer 7-15 b) Bodenseewerk seagravimeter system KSS 30 7-16 c) 3.5 kHz hull-mounted sub-bottom profiler 7-20 ~ Final Report - ACBA - SOPACMAPS .. page 11 (SDPRC) d) Ocean-meteorology station 7-22 e) Acoustic Doppler current profiler (VM-ADCP) 7-27 f) Thermo-salinometer - CTD+ 100 7-29 CHAPTER 8 - ENCLOSURES 8-1 ENCLOSURE 1 - Staff 8-2 ENCLOSURE 2 - Cruise chronology 8-6 ENCLOSURE 3 - Logbook 8-19 ENCLOSURE 4 - Environmental conditions 8-32 ENCLOSURE 5 - Document table 8-41 ENCLOSURE 6 - Profile table 8-46 ENCLOSURE 7 - Bibliography 8-58 ~ FinaIRepon-ACBA-SOPACMAPS ... page in (SDPRC) LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1 - General navigation map of SOPACMAPS - Leg 1 1-6 Fig.1.2 - General navigation map of SOPACMAPS - Leg 2 1-7 Fig.1.3 - General navigation map of SOPACMAPS - Leg 3 1-8 Fig.1.4 - General sheet assemblage (11250,000) 1-9 Fig. 1.5 - General sheet assemblage (1/500,000 and details) 1-10 Fig. 2.1 - General map of the Southwest Pacific region 2-2 Fig. 2.2 - Morphotectonic map of the Southwest Pacific 2-3 Fig. 2.3a - Shallow seismicity of the Southwest Pacific 2-4 Fig.2.3b - Intermediate and deep seismicity of the Southwest Pacific 2-5 Fig.2.4 - Proposed quantitative model for present-day relative motions in the Southwest Pacific 2-6 Fig. 2.5 - Bathymetric map of the New Hebrides Arc and location of the NHIAB sheet 2-10 Fig. 2.6 - Sedimentary basins and faults in the central and northern New Hebrides Arc 2-11 Fig.2.7 - Place names, tectonic features and bathymetry of the central and western Solomon Islands area 2-16 Fig. 2.8 - Bathymetry of the Melanesian Arc Gap 2-22 Fig.2.9 - Islands forming the Eastern Outer Islands Group, Solomon Islands 2-24 Fig. 2.10 - Sketch map of the Northern New Hebrides Back Arc Area 2-25 Fig. 2.11 - Structural sketch 2-27 Fig. 2.12 - Tectonic setting of the South West Pacific 2-29 Fig. 2.13 - Evolution of the North Fiji Basin ...........................................•.............................. 2-30 Fig. 2.14 - Petrologic provinces of the South West Pacific 2-35 Fig. 3.1 - Survey location and profiles identification ................................................•............ 3-3 Fig.3.2 - Bathymetry in Alexa/Charlotte Banks Area 3-4 Fig.3.3 - Magnetism in ACBA (computer contouring) - Contour interval 100 nT 3-14 Fig.3.4 - Gravity in ACBA (computer contouring) - Contour interval 10 mGal 3-16 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 - Interpreted seismic profiles in ACBA (PR 284, 285 and 286) 3-8 Plate 2 - Interpreted seismic profiles in ACBA (PR 278, 280, 282, 283) 3-9 Plate 3 - Interpreted seismic profiles in ACBA (PR 289, 290, 291,292) ..•............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Petit Spot Rejuvenated Volcanism Superimposed on Plume-Derived
    RESEARCH ARTICLE “Petit Spot” Rejuvenated Volcanism Superimposed 10.1029/2018GC007985 on Plume‐Derived Samoan Shield Volcanoes: Key Points: ‐ • Within the 645‐m Tutuila drill core Evidence From a 645 m Drill Core From we find isotopically heterogeneous lavas as well as several abrupt Tutuila Island, American Samoa temporal and geochemical Andrew A. Reinhard1 , Matthew G. Jackson1 , Jerzy Blusztajn2 , Anthony A. P. Koppers3 , boundaries 1 4 • The proximity of Samoan volcanoes Alexander R. Simms , and Jasper G. Konter to the Tonga Trench and 1 2 geochronology are consistent with a Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, tectonic influence on rejuvenated Woods Hole, MA, USA, 3College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, volcanism 4Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA • The tectonic setting and isotopic signatures of the Samoan rejuvenated lavas link them to “petit spots” outboard of the Japan Trench Abstract In 2015 a geothermal exploration well was drilled on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa. The sample suite from the drill core provides 645 m of volcanic stratigraphy from a Samoan volcano, Supporting Information: spanning 1.45 million years of volcanic history. In the Tutuila drill core, shield lavas with an EM2 (enriched • Supporting Information S1 mantle 2) signature are observed at depth, spanning 1.46 to 1.44 Ma. These are overlain by younger (1.35 to • Table S1 “ ” • Table S2 1.17 Ma) shield lavas with a primordial common (focus zone) component interlayered with lavas that • Table S3 sample a depleted mantle component.
    [Show full text]
  • SOPACMAPS Project, Leg 3
    CONTENTS CONTENTS i CHAPTER 1 - SOPACMAPS PROJECT PRESENTATION •••...•.•••••.....•••••••...•••••....•••••••...••••1 CHAPTER 2 - CRUISE CHRONOLOGY 3 CHAPTER 3 .. GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 9 3.1 - Tectonic setting of the southwest Pacific 9 3.2 - The North Fiji Basin 9 3.3 _ The Fiji Platform, The Fiji Fracture Zone and the northern part 14 of the Lau Basin 14 3.4 - The Vityaz Trench Lineament 16 3.5 - The Melanesian Border Plateau 18 CHAPTER 4 - DATA ANAL ySIS 21 4.1 - DATA ACQUISmON AND PROCESSING 21 4.1.1 - Bathymetry 21 4.1.2 - Acoustic Imagery 22 4.1.3 - Magnetism 23 4.1.4 - Gravimetry 23 4.2 - OFFSHORE SUVA HARBOUR 24 4.2.1 - Bathymetry 24 4.2.2 - Acoustic imagery 24 4.3 - THE SOUTHERN TUVALU BANKS AREA 28 4.3.1 - Location and previous data 28 4.3.2 - Sopacmaps cruise data 29 4.3.3 - Bathymetry 31 4.3.3.1 - The Hera-Bayonnaise Bank (HBB) 31 4.3.3.2 - The Kosciusko-Martha Bank (KMB) 34 4.3.3.3 - The Luao Seamount Chain (LUAO SC) 34 4.3.3.4 - The Northern Seamount Chain (NSC) 35 4.3.3.5 - The Central Seamount Chain (CSC) 35 4.3.3.6 - The Eaglestone Plateau (EP) 36 4.3.3.7 - The Basins between the Banks and Seamount Chains 36 4.3.3.8 - The Vityaz Trench Lineament (VTL) and its northern wall.. 37 4.3.4 - Acoustic imagery 38 4.3.5 - Seismic reflection .41 4.3.6 - Magnetism .43 4.3.7 - Gravimetry .43 4.3.7.1 - Luao-Northern and Central Seamount Chains .43 4.3.7.2 - Hera-Bayonnaise Bank .46 4.3.7.3 - Eaglestone Plateau .46 4.3.7.4 - Kosciusko-Martha Bank .46 4.3.7.5 - The Basins .46 4.3.7.6 - The Vityaz area .47 4.3.7.7 - Conclusion .47 4.4 -
    [Show full text]
  • Shipboard Report, Capricorn Expedition 26 September 1952-21
    University of California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Shipboard Report, Capricorn Expedition 26 September 1952 – 21 February 1953 Sponsored by Office of Naval Research and Bureau of Ships SIO Reference 53-15 25 February 1953 ― ii ― ― iii ― ― iv ― PREFACE CAPRICORN was the fourth of a series of oceanographic expeditions into the deep Pacific sponsored by the Navy Department and the University of California. In 1950, the MID-PACIFIC Expedition was devoted largely to exploration of the sea floor in the area between Cape Mendocino, the Marshall Islands, and the Equator. In 1951, NORTHERN HOLIDAY conducted hydrographic and geologic studies in the eastern North Pacific between San Diego and the Aleutian Islands. Hydrographic exploration of the eastern Central Pacific was the principal objective of SHELLBACK, in 1952. On the present expedition we ventured farther south than on any of our previous cruises, and most of the work was done between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. Hence the name, CAPRICORN. CAPRICORN, like the preceding expeditions, was generously supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Bureau of Ships of the Navy Department. The meteorological program was supported by the Air Force Cambridge Research Center. FIGURE 1 CAPRICORN station chart. The chart shows BAIRD's position on seismic stations and also stations for both HORIZON and BAIRD where a temperature probe, hydrographic series, core, or dredge haul was taken or where a dive was made. BT lowerings, GEK observations, echo soundings and magnetometer surveys, net hauls, SOFAR bomb drops, and meteorological observations are not indicated. The stations in the Tonga area are shown on chart in Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Diving During Capricorn Expedition. Willard N. Bascom, Robert F
    UNIVERSI'l'Y OF CALIFORNIA SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF QCEANOGRAP!lY DIVING DURING CAPRICORIi EXPEDITION willard N. Bascom Robert F. Dill .... Philip E. Jackson Robert B. Livingston .... John B. MacFall -alter H. ~ Sponsored by Office of Naval Research and Bureau of ships 510 Reference 53- .. 'L Approved. for distribution.• Koger ltevelle, • Director -J.- I CONTENTS Abstract•.•........•••.••....•.•••••••••••• Introduction . j Ocean Island•••••••••••.••••••••.••••..•.••• Alexa Bank••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Diving in the Cannibal Islands••••••••••••• ~l!~, ]~~..............•.......•• .;~!O "i~C1~ii;;~..~ . Diving in the Tonga Archipel~go ••••.••••••• ~Ob1J"1hr and _ ...ra, -n>;!B""'bu••••••..•• ~~fa, Tongatabu•••••••••••••••••••••••• Ui.Y.ing l' Sutx!le)rg~te-au--,"'PongL •••••• DiVi,...,-"",,>!qlIccoQnO'Ba8Oinknk',~Tr;o~nsW.~.~.~.~•••••••••• Sunrnary 0.£ Conclu .ons, Falcon -Bank •••••••• n<--±tl"_I!r,'~•. "0""......-"••'.·.'"ra.,'...,~:r.>tl~",••••••••••••••••••• Neia/trHarbor, ava1u•••••••••••••••••••••• ~n Slmllow's Cave,-- ,va.vatu-;, ••••••••.• Diving at pago-Pago Harbor, Tutuila•••••••• ~iti, T> I Society Islands•••••.••••••••••.••• tTakaroa, in the Tu~otus'- ••••••••••••••••••• Marquesas 1H:¥eo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Experiments to Deteroine Deterrent Ra e ••• 'PllMI!4'";;:;ii..•...I:JII..t.~ ••••••••••..•••.....•••••• AppendiX A• .riioJogish Report Alva iznk.. Appendix B..~.i:i!:. Hqu:iJ&lSil. Oil it: pli:Uion iCilHliiEliitl•••• Diving, Capricorn -1- SIO Ref. 53- ABSTRACT \ This report is an informal account of aqualung diving carried out by a team of six divers between December 1952 and February 1953 in order to apply underwater man as an oceanographic tool during Capricorn Expedition of the University of California1s Scripps Institution of Oceanography to the South Pacific Ocean. Dives were performed at Ocean Island, Alexa Bank, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti, Takaroa in the Tuamotus)and Nuk.(N Aiva in the Marqueeas. The account deals principally with the geological findings around coral atolls with minor comments on sharks.
    [Show full text]
  • [Thesis Title]
    ABSTRACT Transgressive reef morphology evolution: A qualitative and quantitative comparison of Uppermost Pleistocene and Upper Cambrian reefs in offshore and Central Texas (USA) by Pankaj Khanna A better understanding of the morphological evolution of modern coralgal reefs can potentially help to decipher the forcing mechanisms that influence the evolution of ancient carbonate reefs. In this study, a comparison is made between the characteristics and interpreted evolution of Uppermost Pleistocene drowned coralgal reefs stretching along the south Texas shelf edge and Upper Cambrian microbial reefs outcropping in Central Texas. The similarities and differences between the two settings make an interesting comparison, and the description of their morphology provides “models” that can be used to better understand other reef examples. Among the major similarities, both settings represent low-latitude, shallow water settings within the photic zone and near the shelf edge, and are mixed carbonate siliciclastic systems, whereas the nature of the reef builders in each case is a main difference. A primary forcing mechanism for the modern example - sea level fluctuation – is well constrained, as the most recent transgression following the Last Glacial Maximum can be directly tied to the morphological evolution of the Uppermost Pleistocene coralgal reefs. The initial transgression triggered a clear switch from shallow coastal siliciclastics to neritic coralgal reefs on the south Texas shelf edge banks. A similar switch is also observed at the base of the Upper Cambrian microbial reefs where the system changes from mixed carbonate-clastic to pure carbonate system. Based on these comparisons, it is demonstrated that an Upper Cambrian transgression led to the establishment of microbial reefs upon a broad ramp-like setting by providing enough accommodation and sufficient water quality (minimal turbidity, good circulation) for buildup growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Loren W. Kroenke 1994.Pdf
    Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series Volume 15 Basin Formation, Ridge Crest Processes, and Metallogenesis in the North Fiji Basin Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources H. Gary Greene, Editor-in-Chief Earth Science Series Florence L. Wong, Executive Editor Volume 1 Volume 8 Teetonostratigraphie Terranes of the Cireum­ Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacifie Island Ares-­ Pacifie Region Vanuatu Region Edited by D.G. Howell Edited by H.G. Greene and F.L. Wong Volume 2 Volume 9 Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacitie Island Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacifie Island Ares-­ Ares--Tonga Region New Ireland and Manus Region, Papua New Guinea Edited and Compiled by D.W. Scholl and Edited by M.S. Mariow, S.V. Dadisman, and N.F. Exon T.L. Vallier Volume 10 Volume 3 Petroleum Resourees of China and Related Subjeets Investigations of the Northern Melanesian Edited by H.C. Wagner, L.c. Wagner, F.F.H. Wang, and ßorderland F.L. Wong Edited by T.M. Brocher Volume 11 Volume 4 Geology of the Andes and Its Relation to Hydroearbon and Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacifie Island Mineral Resourees Ares-Central and Western Solomon Islands Edited by G.E. Ericksen, M.T. Caiias Pinochet, and Edited by I.G. Vedder, K.S. Pound, and I.A Reinemund S.Q. Boundy Volume 12 Volume 5A Geology and OfTshore Resources of Pacifie Island Ares-­ The Antaretie Continental Margin: Geology Solomon Islands and ßougainville, Papua New Guinea and Geophysics of OfTshore Wilkes Land Regions Edited by S.L.
    [Show full text]
  • 1Jazewzanjauseum
    1JazeWzan]oxfitateJAuseum PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10024 NUMBER 2465 SEPTEMBER 2I, I971 An Outline History of Tropical Organic Reefs' BY NORMAN D. NEWELL2 ABSTRACT Organic reefs, especially shallow-water coral reefs of warm seas, are built by stable communities of organisms in a narrow adaptive zone of low stress. They have an extraordinarily good fossil record that may be applied to broad problems of evolution of the tropical marine biota and ancillary questions about past climates and changing distributions of land and sea over more than one-half billion years of earth history. This essay is an attempt at a synopsis through the eyes of a paleobiologist of some of the exciting episodes in the history of the world's oceans and their organisms. The reef community is well suited for a leading role in this history. THE REEF ECOSYSTEM Living tropical coral-algal reefs and rain forests epitomize segregated, highly independent communities and distinctive ecosystems. Intricately organized and immensely diverse, they evoke an image of exceptional fer- tility and exuberant biomass. This aspect results, however, not so much from high productivity as from relative environmental uniformity, freedom 1 I am indebted to John W. Wells, Cornell University, for sharing with me some of his great knowledge of scleractinian systematics. Several of my colleagues at the American Museum of Natural History, as well as Robert S. Dietz, Atlantic Oceano- graphic and Meteorological Laboratories, Miami, and Ernst Mayr, Harvard University, have critically read and discussed with me many of the ideas here set forth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Glacial-Control Theory of Coral Reefs Author(S): Reginald A
    The Glacial-Control Theory of Coral Reefs Author(s): Reginald A. Daly Source: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Nov., 1915), pp. 157-251 Published by: American Academy of Arts & Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025572 Accessed: 29-04-2017 18:05 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Academy of Arts & Sciences is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences This content downloaded from 71.226.34.126 on Sat, 29 Apr 2017 18:05:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE GLACIAL-CONTROL THEORY OF CORAL REEFS. By Reginald A. Daly. CONTENTS Page. Outline of theory. 158 Earlier statements of elements of the theory. 162 Pleistocene temperatures of the tropical ocean. i66 Lowering of sea-level by Pleistocene glaciation. 171 Diminished volume of ocean water. 171 Gravitative influence of ice-caps. 173 Conclusion. 174 Islands and continental shores during the Glacial period. 174 Character of the shore rocks. 174 Heights of the Pleistocene islands . 177 Conclusions. 177 Origin of the coral-reef platforms.
    [Show full text]
  • July 15, 1965 an ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY of RECENT PAPERS ON
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 111 An annotated bibliography of recent papers on corals and coral reefs by John D. Milliman Issued by THE PACIFIC SCIENCE BOARD National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Washington, D.C. July 15, 1965 AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENT PAPERS ON CORALS AND CORAL REEFS* by John D. Milliman*" INTRODUCTION The articles and books concerned with corals and coral reefs number well into the thousands. In order to bring these works to the attention of the scientific community, many bibliographies have been attempted. The most recent and most complete was compiled by Gilbert Ranson (1958. Coraux et r&ifs coralliens: Bull. Inst. Monaco, No. 1121: 80 pp.), largely bor- rowed from bibliographies published in papers by J. W. Wells. Ranson has cited over 1500 articles published prior to 1958. References to other bibliographies are made at the end of this paper. The increasing number of recent articles published on corals and coral reefs requires the issuing of a new bibliography, which takes up where Ranson left off. Because the study of carbonate and carbonate-secreting organisms has reached a high degree of research effort, another compilation will undoubtedly be required in a few years. A bibliography on corals and coral reefs might include everything written on the subject, but this compilation is prejudiced toward the geological aspects of the subject, dealing mostly with Madreporarian ;? ;? Contribution No. 586 from The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami. +& Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida corals and modem reefs. Articles concerning other organisms are referred to only when the organisms afzect the corals, their ecology, or their rel.ated sedhents.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis of the Western Samoa Seamount Province: Age, Geochemical Fingerprint and Tectonics
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227 (2004) 37–56 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Genesis of the Western Samoa seamount province: age, geochemical fingerprint and tectonics S.R. Harta,*, M. Coetzeeb, R.K. Workmana, J. Blusztajna, K.T.M. Johnsonc, J.M. Sintonc, B. Steinbergerd, J.W. Hawkinse aWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA bUniversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa cUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA dJapan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan eScripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Received 11 March 2004; received in revised form 2 August 2004; accepted 5 August 2004 Editor: K. Farley Abstract The Samoan volcanic lineament has many features that are consistent with a plume-driven hotspot model, including the currently active submarine volcano Vailulu’u that anchors the eastern extremity. Proximity to the northern end of the Tonga trench, and the presence of voluminous young volcanism on what should be the oldest (~5 my) western island (Savai’i) has induced controversy regarding a simple plume/hotspot model. In an effort to further constrain this debate, we have carried out geochronological, geochemical and isotopic studies of dredge basalts from four seamounts and submarine banks that extend the Samoan lineament 1300 km further west from Savai’i. 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages from Combe and Alexa Banks (11.1 my—940 km, and 23.4 my—1690 km from Vailulu’u, respectively) fit a Pacific age progression very well. The oldest volcanism (9.8 my) on Lalla Rookh (725 km from Vailulu’u) also fits this age progression, but a new age is much younger (1.6 my).
    [Show full text]
  • Geodynamic Implications for Zonal and Meridional Isotopic Patterns
    PUBLICATIONS Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems RESEARCH ARTICLE Geodynamic implications for zonal and meridional isotopic 10.1002/2016GC006651 patterns across the northern Lau and North Fiji Basins Key Points: Allison A. Price1 , Matthew G. Jackson1, Janne Blichert-Toft2 , Mark D. Kurz3, Jim Gill4, North-south and east-west Jerzy Blusztajn3 , Frances Jenner5, Raul Brens6, and Richard Arculus7 geochemical gradients exist in the Lau and North Fiji Basins Underplated Samoan material has 1Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 2Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, been entrained into the North Fiji CNRS UMR 5276, Ecole Normale Superiere de Lyon and Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France, 3Woods Hole and Lau Basins over the past 4Ma 4 by toroidal flow Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, 5 Addition of subducted Cook-Austral Santa Cruz, California, USA, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, Volcanic Lineament material also 6Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 7Research contributes to the extreme School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia geochemical signatures in the Lau Basin Abstract We present new Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-He isotopic data for 65 volcanic samples from the northern Lau Supporting Information: and North Fiji Basins. This includes 47 lavas obtained from 40 dredge sites spanning an east-west transect Supporting Information S1 Data Set S1 across the Lau and North Fiji basins, 10 ocean island basalt (OIB)-type lavas collected from seven Fijian Data Set S2 islands, and eight OIB lavas sampled on Rotuma.
    [Show full text]
  • Geophysical Abstracts 184 January-March 1961
    Geophysical Abstracts 184 January-March 1961 By JAMES W. CLARKE, DOROTHY B. VITALIANO, VIRGINIA S. NEUSCHEL, and others GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1146-A Abstracts of current literature pertaining to the physics of the solid earth and to geophysical exploration UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printin~ Office, Washin~ton 25, D.C. Price 40 cents (sin~e copy). Subscription price: $1.75 a year; 50 cents additional for foreign mailin~. Use of funds for printin~ this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Bud~et (June 23, 1960). CONTENTS Page Introduction --------------------------------------------------- 1 Extent of coverage------------------------------------------ 1 List of journals -------------------------------------------- 1 Form of citation-------------------------------------------- 2 Abstracters------------------------------------------------ 2 Age determinations -------------------------------------------- 2 Cosmogony---------------------------------------------------- 23 Earth currents ------------------------------------------------ 34 Earthquakes and earthquake waves------------------------------- 37 Elasticity----------------------------------------------------- 59 Electrical exploration ------------------------------------------ 71 Electrical logging---------------------------------------------- 79
    [Show full text]