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National Park of American Samoa Geologic Resource Evaluation Report

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National Park of American Samoa Geologic Resource Evaluation Report National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center National Park of American Samoa Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2008/025 THIS PAGE: Surgeonfish and butterflyfish on coral reefs at National Park of American Samoa ON THE COVER: Fringing coral reefs at Ofu Island in American Samoa Photos by: Peter Craig, National Park of American Samoa National Park of American Samoa Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2008/025 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 February 2008 U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer- reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly- published newsletters. Views and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect policies of the National Park Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program website (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications) on the internet, or by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Please cite this publication as: Thornberry- Ehrlich, T. 2008. National Park of American Samoa Geologic Resource Evaluation Report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2008/025. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. NPS D- 21, February 2008 Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose of the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program ............................................................................................2 Geographic Setting.....................................................................................................................................................2 Geologic Setting .........................................................................................................................................................2 Ancient Samoan History .............................................................................................................................................3 Geologic Issues........................................................................................................... 11 Reef and Ecosystem Health .....................................................................................................................................11 Water and Energy Resources...................................................................................................................................12 Geologic Hazards .....................................................................................................................................................13 Coastal Erosion and Beach Loss..............................................................................................................................14 Geologic Features and Processes............................................................................. 16 Volcanoes and Volcanism ........................................................................................................................................16 Coral Reefs and Sea Level Change .........................................................................................................................16 Weathering and Erosion ...........................................................................................................................................17 Map Unit Properties .................................................................................................... 23 Map Unit Properties Table - Tutuila Map Units.........................................................................................................24 Map Unit Properties Table - Tau Map Units .............................................................................................................25 Map Unit Properties Table - Ofu and Olosega Map Units.........................................................................................26 Geologic History.......................................................................................................... 27 Glossary....................................................................................................................... 37 References................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix A: Geologic Map Graphic .......................................................................... 42 Attachment 1: Geologic Resource Evaluation Products CD NPSA Geologic Resource Evaluation Report iii List of Figures Figure 1. Location of American Samoa. .........................................................................................................................4 Figure 2. Location of Samoa Islands in the South Pacific ..............................................................................................5 Figure 3. Features within the Melanesian Borderland. ...................................................................................................6 Figure 4A. Bathymetry surrounding the island of Tutuila................................................................................................7 Figure 4B. Bathymetry surrounding the islands of Ofu-Olosega. ...................................................................................8 Figure 4C. Bathymetry surrounding the island of T’au ...................................................................................................9 Figure 5. Shallow water areas around American Samoa .............................................................................................10 Figure 6: Map showing features mentioned in the text.................................................................................................18 Figure 7: Development of a volcanic island chain over a stationary hotspot ................................................................19 Figure 8: Simplified stages of hotspot island volcanism ...............................................................................................20 Figure 9: Pocillopora eydouxi Antler Coral ...................................................................................................................21 Figure 10: Acropora abrobanoides...............................................................................................................................21 Figure 11: Goniopora fruiticosa....................................................................................................................................22 Figure 12: Gardineroseris planulata.............................................................................................................................22 Figure 13. Geologic time scale.....................................................................................................................................30 Figure 14. Generalized location of plates in the Pacific basin ......................................................................................31 Figure 15. Geographic map of the current tectonic plates............................................................................................32 Figure 16. Location of hotspots across the South Pacific.............................................................................................33 Figure 17. Bathymetry of the Samoan seamounts .......................................................................................................34 Figure 18. Samoa Islands atop the Pacific plate in the vicinity of the Tonga trench.....................................................35 Figure 19. Evolution of the positions of the Tonga trench, seamounts, and Vitiaz lineament.......................................36
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