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Loren W. Kroenke 1994.Pdf Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series Volume 15 Basin Formation, Ridge Crest Processes, and Metallogenesis in the North Fiji Basin Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources H. Gary Greene, Editor-in-Chief Earth Science Series Florence L. Wong, Executive Editor Volume 1 Volume 8 Teetonostratigraphie Terranes of the Cireum­ Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacifie Island Ares-­ Pacifie Region Vanuatu Region Edited by D.G. Howell Edited by H.G. Greene and F.L. Wong Volume 2 Volume 9 Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacitie Island Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacifie Island Ares-­ Ares--Tonga Region New Ireland and Manus Region, Papua New Guinea Edited and Compiled by D.W. Scholl and Edited by M.S. Mariow, S.V. Dadisman, and N.F. Exon T.L. Vallier Volume 10 Volume 3 Petroleum Resourees of China and Related Subjeets Investigations of the Northern Melanesian Edited by H.C. Wagner, L.c. Wagner, F.F.H. Wang, and ßorderland F.L. Wong Edited by T.M. Brocher Volume 11 Volume 4 Geology of the Andes and Its Relation to Hydroearbon and Geology and OfTshore Resourees of Pacifie Island Mineral Resourees Ares-Central and Western Solomon Islands Edited by G.E. Ericksen, M.T. Caiias Pinochet, and Edited by I.G. Vedder, K.S. Pound, and I.A Reinemund S.Q. Boundy Volume 12 Volume 5A Geology and OfTshore Resources of Pacifie Island Ares-­ The Antaretie Continental Margin: Geology Solomon Islands and ßougainville, Papua New Guinea and Geophysics of OfTshore Wilkes Land Regions Edited by S.L. Eittreim and M.A Hampton Edited by I.G. Vedder and T.R. Bmns Volume 5B Volume 13 The Antaretic Continental Margin: Geology Terrane Analysis of China and the Pacific Rim and Geophysics of the Western Ross Sea Edited by TJ. Wiley, D.G. Howell, and F.L. Wong Edited by AK. Cooper and FJ. Davey Volume 14 Volume 6 Gcology and OfTshorc Mineral Rcsources of the Central Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Pacific ßasin Margin of Wcstern North America and AJjacent Edited by B.H. Keating and B.R. Bol ton Ocean ßasins--ßcaufort Sea to Baja California Edited by D.W. Scholl, A Grantz, and Volume 15 I.G. Vedder ßasin Formation, Ridgc Crcst Pro ces ses, and Mctallogcnesis in thc North Fiji ßasin Volume 7 Edited by L.w. Kroenke and lY. Eade Marine Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry of thc Woodlark ßasin-Solomon Islands Edited by B. Taylor and N.F. Exon Volumes I, 3, and 5A through 13 available from AAPG, P.O. Box 979, Tulsa, OK 74101-0979. Loren W. Kroenke James V. Eade Editors Basin Formation, Ridge Crest Processes, and Metallogenesis in the North Fiji Basin Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, Volume 15 With 107 Figures and 31 Tables Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Loren W. Kroenke Hawaii Institute of Geophysics School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaü Honolulu, HI 96822-3188, USA James V. Eade Technical Secretariat South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission PrivateMail Bag GPO, Suva, Fiji Cover Illustration: Fresh pillow lava lobes photographed with a bottom camera at Station 25. ISBN-13 :978-3-540-57372-2 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-85043-1 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-85043-1 CIP data applied for This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of tanslation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © 1994 Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera ready by editors 32/3145 - 5 4 3 210 - Printed on acid-free paper Foreword The Earth Science Series of the Circum-Pacific Funding for ship time was made available through Council for Energy and Mineral Resources (CPCEMR) the U.S. Agency for International Development, the is designed to convey the results of geologie research in USGS, the U.S. Office of Naval Research (for HIG's and around the Pacific Basin. Topies of interest include 1982 work), the Australian Development Assistance framework geology, petroleum geology, hard minerals, Bureau, the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources geothermal energy, environmental geology, volcanology, (BMR), the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs, oceanography, tectonics, geophysies, geochemistry, and the New Zealand Departrnent of Scientific and Industrial applications of renewable energy. The CPCEMR sup­ Research (DSIR), the New Zealand Geological Survey, ports and publishes results of scientific research that will and the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (NZOI). advance the knowledge of energy and mineral resource Coordination of the program was provided by the U.S. potential in the circum-Pacific region. The Earth Sci­ Departrnent of State and the South Pacific Applied Geo­ ence Series is specifically designed to publish papers that science Commission (SOPAC, formerly the United include new data and new maps, report on CPCEMR­ Nations-sponsored Committee for the Coordination of sponsored symposia and workshops, and describe the Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific results of onshore and marine geological and geophysieal Offshore Areas CCOP/SOP AC) in Fiji. Over 150 scien­ explorations. tists and technieians participated in the cruises and This volume reports the results of one of fourteen represented the South Pacific island nations and funding internationally sponsored surveys to investigate the countries mentioned above, as weH as SOP AC, New energy and mineral resources in the Southwest Pacific. Caledonia, the United Kingdom and France. The 1982, 1984 and 1986-1987 surveys were fostered by the Australia-New Zealand-United States Tripartite Agreement. Geophysieal and geologieal data were col­ lected aboard the U.S. Geologieal Survey's (USGS) RN S.P. Lee and the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics' (HIG) RN Kana Keoki and RN Moana Wave in the waters of Michel T. Halbouty Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Western Samoa, and Vanuatu. Chairman Preface This volume summarizes the scientific results of one of six investigations conducted in the southwest Pacific under the terms of the 1982 Tripartite Agreement among Austraia, New Zealand, and the United States in association with the United Nations-sponsored Committee for the Co ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific Offshore Areas (CCOP/SOPAC). Major funding for this part of the investigations was provided by the U.S. Office of Naval Research and by the governments of Australia and New Zealand. Eight shipboard scientists from four nations participated in the program, which was coordinated by CCOP/SOPAC in Fiji. Loren W. Kroenke, Co-Chief Scientist Hawaii Institute of Geophysics School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaii James V. Eade, Co-Chief Scientist* New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Alan Carter U niversity of N ew South Wales Norman Cherkis Naval Research Laboratory Murray Gregory Auckland University Walter Jahns Naval Ocean Research Development Agency Gary McMurtry Hawaii Institute of Geophysics School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaii Robert Smith Mineral Resources Department, Suva Captain R. Hayes, his crew and the scientific technicians on the R/V Kana Keoki, together with F. Campbell, Captain W. Harkness, and C. Matos, who provided shore-based logistical support, made first -order contributions to the success of this program. We thank the governments of Fiji and Vanuatu for waiving all port charges and their geological surveys for logistical support. We acknowledge support from the Australian Bureau ofMineral Resources and the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics for the production of this volume. We are grateful to those who critically reviewed chapters and to SOEST Publication Services for production. Loren Kroenke and Jim Eade* *Now at South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) Contents Overview and Principal Results of the Second Leg of the First Joint CCOP/SOPAC- ................. 1 Tripartite Cruise of the RN Kana Keoki: North Fiji Basin Survey (KK820316 Leg 03) Loren W. Kroenke, fames V. Eade, and Scientific Party Morphology and Structure of the Seafloor in the Northern Part of . 11 the North Fiji Basin Loren W. Kroenke, Robert Smith, and Kenji Nemoto Shallow Seismicity in the North Fiji Basin .. 21 Michael W. Hamburger and Bryan L. Isacks Deep Seismicity in the North Fiji Basin .... 33 Patricia Cooper and Loren W. Kroenke Gravity Field of the North Fiji Basin . .. ..................................... 41 fames N. Kellogg and Dibya R. Kansakar Magnetic and Tectonic Fabric of the North Fiji Basin and Lau Basin ......................... 49 Alexander Malahoff, Loren W. Kroenke, Nonnan Cherkis, and lohn Brozena Sediment Distribution in the North-Central North Fiji Basin .......... ................ 63 Loren W. Kroenke, fames V. Eade, Chun Yeung Yan, and Robert Smith Sediments of the North Fiji Basin ....... ................... 75 fames V. Eade and Mu"ay R. Gregory Lithified Sediments Dredged from the Central North Fiji Basin ............................ 105 Mu"ay R. Gregory and fames V. Eade Fission Track Dates of Basalts from the North Fiji Basin ............................... .117 Diane Seward Petrology and Geochemistry of Submarine Lavas from the Lau and .......................... 119 North Fiji Back-Are Basins lohn M. Sinton, Richard C.
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