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Tesisdoctoral Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Tesis Doctoral “Mancha Gris de la Hoja del Tomate: Identificación, Biología y Genómica del Agente Etiológico” Doctorando: Lic. Mario Emilio Ernesto Franco Director: Ph. D. Pedro Alberto Balatti Director: Dr. Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat 2019 El presente trabajo de tesis, para optar por el título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, fue realizado en el Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología, dependiente de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata y de la Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, bajo la dirección del Ph. D. Pedro Alberto Balatti y del Dr. Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat. Agradecimientos A la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, a la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata y al Instituto San Patricio, por la formación. A mis directores, por haberme guiado en el desarrollo de este trabajo; por los conocimientos transmitidos y la confianza depositada. A mis compañeros del Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología y de la Cátedra de Microbiología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, por la inmensa y desinteresada colaboración. A mis amigos, porque siempre están. Especialmente, a mi familia, por su amor y respaldo. ÍNDICE Resumen .............................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 9 Capítulo I: Introducción General .................................................................................... 11 I. I. Tomate ....................................................................................................................... 12 I. I. I. Origen y Distribución ........................................................................................... 12 I. I. II. Sistemática .......................................................................................................... 12 I. I. II. I. Revisión Sistemática .................................................................................... 12 I. I. III. Características Morfológicas .............................................................................. 13 I. I. IV. Propiedades Nutricionales y Organolépticas ...................................................... 14 I. I. V. Cultivo ................................................................................................................. 16 I. I. VI. Producción ......................................................................................................... 17 I. I. VII. Enfermedades ................................................................................................... 21 I. I. VII. I. Enfermedades de Origen Abiótico ............................................................ 22 I. I. VII. II. Enfermedades de Origen Biótico ............................................................. 23 I. I. VII. II. III. Enfermedades de Tomate Causadas por Hongos y Oomicetes ..... 24 I. II. Mancha Gris de la Hoja del Tomate ....................................................................... 25 I. II. I. Distribución y Alcance del Daño ........................................................................ 25 I. II. II. Agentes Causales ............................................................................................... 25 I. II. III. Sintomatología ................................................................................................. 25 I. II. III. Ciclo de la Enfermedad y Epidemiología ........................................................ 27 I. II. IV. Condiciones Predisponentes ............................................................................ 28 I. II. V. Manejo de la Enfermedad .................................................................................. 28 I. II. V. I. Prácticas de Cultivo .................................................................................... 28 I. II. V. II. Cultivares Resistentes ................................................................................ 29 I. II. V. III. Control Químico ...................................................................................... 29 I. II. V. IV. Control Biológico ..................................................................................... 30 I. III. El Género Stemphylium ......................................................................................... 31 I. III. I. Sistemática ......................................................................................................... 31 I. III. I. II. Revisión Sistemática ................................................................................. 31 I. III. II. Características Morfológicas ............................................................................. 32 I. III. III. Hábitos y Rango de Hospedadores ................................................................. 35 I. IV. Interacción Planta-Hongo Fitopatógeno ............................................................... 36 I. IV. I. Infección y Colonización ................................................................................... 36 I. IV. II. Interacción Molecular ....................................................................................... 39 I. V. Hipótesis y Objetivos ................................................................................................ 41 I. V. I. Hipótesis General ................................................................................................. 41 I. V. II. Objetivos ............................................................................................................. 41 I. V. II. I. Objetivo General .......................................................................................... 41 I. V. II. II. Objetivos Específicos ................................................................................. 41 Capítulo II: Identificación y Caracterización de Aislados de Stemphylium Causantes de la Mancha Gris de la Hoja del Tomate en Argentina ................................................ 42 II. I. Introducción ............................................................................................................. 43 II. I. I. Hipótesis del Capítulo ......................................................................................... 47 II. I. II. Objetivos del Capítulo ....................................................................................... 47 II. II. Materiales y Métodos .............................................................................................. 48 II. II. I. Material Fúngico ................................................................................................ 48 II. II. I. I. Material Fúngico de Partida ....................................................................... 48 II. II. I. II. Material Fúngico Complementario ........................................................... 48 II. II. II. Caracterización Morfológica ............................................................................. 50 II. II. III. Análisis Molecular ........................................................................................... 51 II. II. III. I. Extracción de ADN Genómico ................................................................ 51 II. II. III. II. Amplificación y Secuenciación del ITS y Gpd ....................................... 51 II. II. III. III. Análisis Taxonómico ............................................................................. 53 II. II. III. IV. Análisis de Diversidad Genética ........................................................... 54 II. II. IV. Evaluación de la Agresividad .......................................................................... 56 II. II. V. Aislados CIDEFI-234 y CIDEFI-235 ................................................................ 56 II. II. VI. Inoculación Cruzada de Asilados Provenientes de Pimiento en Tomate ...... 57 II. III. Resultados ............................................................................................................. 58 II. III. I. Caracterización Morfológica ............................................................................. 58 II. III. II. Identificación Molecular ................................................................................ 68 II. III. III. Análisis de Diversidad Genética ................................................................... 73 II. III. IV. Agresividad .................................................................................................... 74 II. III. V. Material Fúngico Adicional ............................................................................. 77 II. III. VII. Aislados CIDEFI-234 y CIDEFI-235 ............................................................ 79 II. III. VI. Aislados Provenientes de Pimiento ............................................................... 83 II. IV. Discusión ............................................................................................................... 88 Capítulo III: Genoma Borrador de Stemphylium lycopersici CIDEFI-216 .................. 93 III. I. Introducción ..........................................................................................................
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