Molecular Phylogeny of Phoma and Allied Anamorph Genera: Towards a Reclassification of the Phoma Complex
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Chapter 11 Marine Fungi Associated with Antarctic Macroalgae
Chapter 11 Marine Fungi Associated with Antarctic Macroalgae Mayara B. Ogaki, Maria T. de Paula, Daniele Ruas, Franciane M. Pellizzari, César X. García-Laviña, and Luiz H. Rosa Abstract Fungi are well known for their important roles in terrestrial ecosystems, but filamentous and yeast forms are also active components of microbial communi- ties from marine ecosystems. Marine fungi are particularly abundant and relevant in coastal systems where they can be found in association with large organic substrata, like seaweeds. Antarctica is a rather unexplored region of the planet that is being influenced by strong and rapid climate change. In the past decade, several efforts have been made to get a thorough inventory of marine fungi from different environ- ments, with a particular emphasis on those associated with the large communities of seaweeds that abound in littoral and infralittoral ecosystems. The algicolous fungal communities obtained were characterized by a few dominant species and a large number of singletons, as well as a balance among endemic, indigenous, and cold- adapted cosmopolitan species. The long-term monitoring of this balance and the dynamics of richness, dominance, and distributional patterns of these algicolous fungal communities is proposed to understand and model the influence of climate change on the maritime Antarctic biota. In addition, several fungal isolates from marine Antarctic environments have shown great potential as producers of bioactive natural products and enzymes and may represent attractive sources of biotechno- logical products. M. B. Ogaki · M. T. de Paula · D. Ruas · L. H. Rosa (*) Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] F. -
Swim Bladder Mycosis in Farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss Caused by Phoma Herbarum and Experimental Verification of Pathogenicity
Vol. 138: 237–246, 2020 DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published online April 9 https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03464 Dis Aquat Org Swim bladder mycosis in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss caused by Phoma herbarum and experimental verification of pathogenicity Jirˇí Rˇ ehulka1, Alena Kubátová2, Vit Hubka2,3,* 1Department of Zoology, Silesian Museum, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic 3Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic ABSTRACT: In this study, spontaneous swim bladder mycosis was documented in a farmed finger- ling rainbow trout from a raceway culture system. At necropsy, the gross lesions included a thick- ened swim bladder wall, and the posterior portion of the swim bladder was enlarged due to mas- sive hyperplasia of muscle. A microscopic wet mount examination of the swim bladder contents revealed abundant septate hyphae, and histopathological examination showed periodic acid- Schiff-positive mycelia in the lumen and wall of the swim bladder. Histopathological examination of the thickened posterior swim bladder revealed muscle hyperplasia with expansion by inflam- matory cells. The causative agent was identified as Phoma herbarum through morphological an - alysis and DNA sequencing. The disease was reproduced in rainbow trout fingerlings using intra - peritoneal injection of a spore suspension. Necropsy in dead and moribund fish revealed ex tensive congestion and haemorrhages in the serosa of visceral organs and in liver and abdominal serosan- guinous fluid. Histopathological examination showed severe hepatic congestion, sinusoidal dilata- tion, Kupffer cell reactivity, leukostasis and degenerative changes. -
Analysis of Fungal Diversity of the Rotten Wooden Pillars of a Historic Building
Analysis of fungal diversity of the rotten wooden pillars of a historic building Xingxia Ma ( [email protected] ) Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut fur Landliche Raume Wald und Fischerei Bin Zhang Chinese Academy of Forestry Research Institute of Wood Industry Bo Liu Chinese Academy of Forestry Research Institute of Wood Industry Research article Keywords: historical building, building mycology, rotten wooden pillar, fungal diversity, decayed ring Posted Date: February 13th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23473/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/18 Abstract High-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the fungal community structure and its association with the cause of decay on the wooden pillars of an ancient archway in Beijing. The dominant fungi on the rotten pillars belonged to Ascomycetes regardless of the sampling position. Compared with the fungal community composition of discolored wood previously studied, the proportion of Basidiomycetes in rotten wood pillars increased at the highest value of 37.9%. High-throughput sequencing showed that the main fungi in the rst pillar were Ascomycetes ( Phoma , Lecythophora , and Scedosporium ) and Basidiomycetes (Sporidiobolales). Ascomycetes Lecythophora and Basidiomycetes Cryptcoccus and Postia were the main fungi in pillar 2. Phoma , Trichoderma, and Entoloma were isolated from pillar 1, whereas Alternaria and Phaeosphaeriaceae were obtained from pillar 2 using culture isolation. Traditional isolation failed to obtain all dominant fungi. The importance of high-throughput sequencing technology in ancient wooden structure building biodeterioration analysis was further explained. At the three sampling sites, the contact-ground fungal community composition was similar to that of in-ground wood, whereas above-ground fungal community composition was signicantly different from the other two sites. -
Biology and Recent Developments in the Systematics of Phoma, a Complex Genus of Major Quarantine Significance Reviews, Critiques
Fungal Diversity Reviews, Critiques and New Technologies Reviews, Critiques and New Technologies Biology and recent developments in the systematics of Phoma, a complex genus of major quarantine significance Aveskamp, M.M.1*, De Gruyter, J.1, 2 and Crous, P.W.1 1CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands 2Plant Protection Service (PD), P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands Aveskamp, M.M., De Gruyter, J. and Crous, P.W. (2008). Biology and recent developments in the systematics of Phoma, a complex genus of major quarantine significance. Fungal Diversity 31: 1-18. Species of the coelomycetous genus Phoma are ubiquitously present in the environment, and occupy numerous ecological niches. More than 220 species are currently recognised, but the actual number of taxa within this genus is probably much higher, as only a fraction of the thousands of species described in literature have been verified in vitro. For as long as the genus exists, identification has posed problems to taxonomists due to the asexual nature of most species, the high morphological variability in vivo, and the vague generic circumscription according to the Saccardoan system. In recent years the genus was revised in a series of papers by Gerhard Boerema and co-workers, using culturing techniques and morphological data. This resulted in an extensive handbook, the “Phoma Identification Manual” which was published in 2004. The present review discusses the taxonomic revision of Phoma and its teleomorphs, with a special focus on its molecular biology and papers published in the post-Boerema era. Key words: coelomycetes, Phoma, systematics, taxonomy. -
Watermelon Fruit Disorders
Watermelon Fruit Disorders Donald N. Maynard1 and Donald L. Hopkins2 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Citrullus lanatus, disease, physiological disorder SUMMARY. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsum & Nakai) fruit are affected by a number of preharvest disorders that may limit their marketability and thereby restrict eco- nomic returns to growers. Pathogenic diseases discussed include bacterial rind necrosis (Erwinia sp.), bacterial fruit blotch [Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Schaad et al.) Willems et al.], anthracnose [Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk & Mont.) Arx. syn. C. legenarium (Pass.) Ellis & Halst], gummy stem blight/black rot [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm], and phytophthora fruit rot (Phytophthora capsici Leonian). One insect-mediated disorder, rindworm damage is discussed. Physiological disorders considered are blossom-end rot, bottleneck, and sunburn. Additionally, cross stitch, greasy spot, and target cluster, disorders of unknown origin are discussed. Each defect is shown in color for easy identification. rowers and advisory personnel are often confronted with field problems that are difficult to diagnose. One such case in point Gare the many preharvest maladies affecting watermelon fruit. Although watermelon fields are frequently scouted for pest management purposes, fruit are not examined carefully until harvest begins. Accord- ingly, rapid diagnosis with accurate prediction of consumer acceptability is essential for marketing purposes. It is also important to know if there is likelihood of spread to unaffected fruit in transit. Where possible, we have included suggestions for amelioration of the problem, but have not in- cluded pesticide recommendations because of the advantage of current, local recommendations. Pathogenic diseases BACTERIAL RIND NECROSIS. Rind necrosis was first reported in Hawaii (Ishii and Aragaki, 1960). Typical rind necrosis is characterized by a light brown, dry, and hard discoloration interspersed with lighter areas (Fig. -
(US) 38E.85. a 38E SEE", A
USOO957398OB2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,573,980 B2 Thompson et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 21, 2017 (54) FUSION PROTEINS AND METHODS FOR 7.919,678 B2 4/2011 Mironov STIMULATING PLANT GROWTH, 88: R: g: Ei. al. 1 PROTECTING PLANTS FROM PATHOGENS, 3:42: ... g3 is et al. A61K 39.00 AND MMOBILIZING BACILLUS SPORES 2003/0228679 A1 12.2003 Smith et al." ON PLANT ROOTS 2004/OO77090 A1 4/2004 Short 2010/0205690 A1 8/2010 Blä sing et al. (71) Applicant: Spogen Biotech Inc., Columbia, MO 2010/0233.124 Al 9, 2010 Stewart et al. (US) 38E.85. A 38E SEE",teWart et aal. (72) Inventors: Brian Thompson, Columbia, MO (US); 5,3542011/0321197 AllA. '55.12/2011 SE",Schön et al.i. Katie Thompson, Columbia, MO (US) 2012fO259101 A1 10, 2012 Tan et al. 2012fO266327 A1 10, 2012 Sanz Molinero et al. (73) Assignee: Spogen Biotech Inc., Columbia, MO 2014/0259225 A1 9, 2014 Frank et al. US (US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this CA 2146822 A1 10, 1995 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 EP O 792 363 B1 12/2003 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. EP 1590466 B1 9, 2010 EP 2069504 B1 6, 2015 (21) Appl. No.: 14/213,525 WO O2/OO232 A2 1/2002 WO O306684.6 A1 8, 2003 1-1. WO 2005/028654 A1 3/2005 (22) Filed: Mar. 14, 2014 WO 2006/O12366 A2 2/2006 O O WO 2007/078127 A1 7/2007 (65) Prior Publication Data WO 2007/086898 A2 8, 2007 WO 2009037329 A2 3, 2009 US 2014/0274707 A1 Sep. -
Patents on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Metabolites and Biotransformation Applications
Journal of Fungi Review Patents on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Metabolites and Biotransformation Applications Daniel Torres-Mendoza 1,2 , Humberto E. Ortega 1,3 and Luis Cubilla-Rios 1,* 1 Laboratory of Tropical Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama; [email protected] (D.T.-M.); [email protected] (H.E.O.) 2 Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama 3 Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama 0824, Panama * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +507-6676-5824 Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 29 April 2020; Published: 1 May 2020 Abstract: Endophytic fungi are an important group of microorganisms and one of the least studied. They enhance their host’s resistance against abiotic stress, disease, insects, pathogens and mammalian herbivores by producing secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of biological activity. Therefore, they could be an alternative source of secondary metabolites for applications in medicine, pharmacy and agriculture. In this review, we analyzed patents related to the production of secondary metabolites and biotransformation processes through endophytic fungi and their fields of application. Weexamined 245 patents (224 related to secondary metabolite production and 21 for biotransformation). The most patented fungi in the development of these applications belong to the Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Phomopsis genera and cover uses in the biomedicine, agriculture, food, and biotechnology industries. Keywords: endophytic fungi; patents; secondary metabolites; biotransformation; biological activity 1. Introduction The term endophyte refers to any organism (bacteria or fungi) that lives in the internal tissues of a host. -
Taxonomy and Multigene Phylogenetic Evaluation of Novel Species in Boeremia and Epicoccum with New Records of Ascochyta and Didymella (Didymellaceae)
Mycosphere 8(8): 1080–1101 (2017) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/8/8/9 Copyright © Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Taxonomy and multigene phylogenetic evaluation of novel species in Boeremia and Epicoccum with new records of Ascochyta and Didymella (Didymellaceae) Jayasiri SC1,2, Hyde KD2,3, Jones EBG4, Jeewon R5, Ariyawansa HA6, Bhat JD7, Camporesi E8 and Kang JC1 1 Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, P.R. China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3World Agro forestry Centre East and Central Asia Office, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, P. R. China 4Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia 5Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius 6Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of BioResources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC. 7No. 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, P.O. Goa Velha, 403108, India 89A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy; A.M.B. CircoloMicologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy; Società per gliStudiNaturalisticidella Romagna, C.P. 144, Bagnacavallo (RA), Italy *Correspondence: [email protected] Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Jeewon R, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat JD, Camporesi E, Kang JC 2017 – Taxonomy and multigene phylogenetic evaluation of novel species in Boeremia and Epicoccum with new records of Ascochyta and Didymella (Didymellaceae). -
The Emergence of Cereal Fungal Diseases and the Incidence of Leaf Spot Diseases in Finland
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Vol. 20 (2011): 62–73. Vol. 20(2011): 62–73. The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland Marja Jalli, Pauliina Laitinen and Satu Latvala MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland, email: [email protected] Fungal plant pathogens causing cereal diseases in Finland have been studied by a literature survey, and a field survey of cereal leaf spot diseases conducted in 2009. Fifty-seven cereal fungal diseases have been identified in Finland. The first available references on different cereal fungal pathogens were published in 1868 and the most recent reports are on the emergence of Ramularia collo-cygni and Fusarium langsethiae in 2001. The incidence of cereal leaf spot diseases has increased during the last 40 years. Based on the field survey done in 2009 in Finland, Pyrenophora teres was present in 86%, Cochliobolus sativus in 90% and Rhynchosporium secalis in 52% of the investigated barley fields.Mycosphaerella graminicola was identi- fied for the first time in Finnish spring wheat fields, being present in 6% of the studied fields.Stagonospora nodorum was present in 98% and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in 94% of spring wheat fields. Oat fields had the fewest fungal diseases. Pyrenophora chaetomioides was present in 63% and Cochliobolus sativus in 25% of the oat fields studied. Key-words: Plant disease, leaf spot disease, emergence, cereal, barley, wheat, oat Introduction nbrock and McDonald 2009). Changes in cropping systems and in climate are likely to maintain the plant-pathogen interactions (Gregory et al. -
Approaches to Species Delineation in Anamorphic (Mitosporic) Fungi: a Study on Two Extreme Cases
Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 917 Approaches to Species Delineation in Anamorphic (mitosporic) Fungi: A Study on Two Extreme Cases BY OLGA VINNERE ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2004 ! ""# $"%"" & ' & & ( ) * + ') , -) ""#) . / . 0 1 2 '% . / *+ ) . ) 3$4) 4 ) ) 5/6 3$788#78!9 74 / ' ' & ' & & ' ' & ' & ) ' + +& & & & ' ) : ' & ' ' ' & + & & & 0 1 & ') 5 5 & & & + ' & ' ) - & ; + + ' & ' + ' ' & ' & ) * & ' ' & < & & ) * + ; & ' & & ' + & & & < & < ' ' & & ' ' & ' + ) ' + < ' & ') 5 + < 5 & ' 0 1 0 1 ) 2 & ' + + & 6. = ' & = ' ) . 7 & & 0 1 + + + ) 2 & ' & + & ' ' ' ) - ' & + ' + ' + & ' + ) . & & & & ' + ' ' & ) /= ' & ' & 6. ' ' ' + 7 ' + & ' ' ' ! ) > + ' ' ' + ) * & & ' & & ' = ' & & ' ' & < +') " # $ & ' ? / ( ' & ' % & ' ( -
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SENSITIVITY OF DIDYMELLA BRYONIAE TO DMI AND SDHI FUNGICIDES AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNGICIDE SENSITIVITY AND CONTROL OF GUMMY STEM BLIGHT IN WATERMELON by ANNA THOMAS (Under the Direction of KATHERINE L. STEVENSON and DAVID B. LANGSTON, JR) ABSTRACT Baseline isolates of Didymella bryoniae were tested for sensitivity to penthiopyrad, tebuconazole and difenoconazole using mycelia growth assay. Based on the sensitivity distribution, a discriminatory concentration of 3.0 µg/ml was selected for future monitoring of shifts in sensitivity. Cross-resistance between boscalid and penthiopyrad was identified in field isolates of D. bryoniae and a potential for cross-resistance between DMIs is observed based on baseline sensitivity profile. Field experiments were conducted to establish a relationship between frequency of resistance and fungicide efficacy in managing gummy stem blight (GSB). Tebuconazole and chlorothalonil were proved to be most effective in managing GSB. A consistent negative association was observed between the frequency of resistance and disease control in the field. Isolation of D. bryoniae resistant to thiophanate-methyl from commercial seedlots helped explain the unpredictable development of fungicide resistance in watermelon fields. Results from this study will help manage GSB with efficient use of fungicides. INDEX WORDS: Cross-resistance, Didymella bryoniae, Difenoconazole, DMIs, Frequency of resistance, Fungicide resistance, Gummy stem blight, Penthiopyrad, Tebuconazole, Thiophanate-methyl, Watermelon. SENSITIVITY -
Agricultural and Food Science, Vol. 20 (2011): 117 S
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD A gricultural A N D F O O D S ci ence Vol. 20, No. 1, 2011 Contents Hyvönen, T. 1 Preface Agricultural anD food science Hakala, K., Hannukkala, A., Huusela-Veistola, E., Jalli, M. and Peltonen-Sainio, P. 3 Pests and diseases in a changing climate: a major challenge for Finnish crop production Heikkilä, J. 15 A review of risk prioritisation schemes of pathogens, pests and weeds: principles and practices Lemmetty, A., Laamanen J., Soukainen, M. and Tegel, J. 29 SC Emerging virus and viroid pathogen species identified for the first time in horticultural plants in Finland in IENCE 1997–2010 V o l . 2 0 , N o . 1 , 2 0 1 1 Hannukkala, A.O. 42 Examples of alien pathogens in Finnish potato production – their introduction, establishment and conse- quences Special Issue Jalli, M., Laitinen, P. and Latvala, S. 62 The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland Alien pest species in agriculture and Lilja, A., Rytkönen, A., Hantula, J., Müller, M., Parikka, P. and Kurkela, T. 74 horticulture in Finland Introduced pathogens found on ornamentals, strawberry and trees in Finland over the past 20 years Hyvönen, T. and Jalli, H. 86 Alien species in the Finnish weed flora Vänninen, I., Worner, S., Huusela-Veistola, E., Tuovinen, T., Nissinen, A. and Saikkonen, K. 96 Recorded and potential alien invertebrate pests in Finnish agriculture and horticulture Saxe, A. 115 Letter to Editor. Third sector organizations in rural development: – A Comment. Valentinov, V. 117 Letter to Editor. Third sector organizations in rural development: – Reply.