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Cochliobolus Heterostrophus May 20Pathogen of the month – May 2020 a b c 50 mm d Fig. (a) Germinating conidium with appressoria (red arrows); (b) formation of an extracellular matrix around the appressorium and early formation of subcuticular hyphae; (c) subcuticular hyphal growth from a stomate (red arrowheads) and; (d) hyphal growth within the leaf ,(1934) ,(1934) mesophyll layer. Maize leaf lesions infected with C. heterostrophus were hand cut and cleared overnight in glacial acetic acid: ethanol solution. They were rinsed in water and then treated with Calcofluor White stain in (a) or Lactophenol Blue solution in (b) ,(c) and (d). Images were acquired with an Olympus BX50 and a Nikon Eclipse Ti microscopes on the Bioimaging platform, La Trobe University. Common Name: Maydis leaf blight, southern leaf blotch Disease: Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) or leaf spot; leaf blotch Classification: K: Fungi P: Ascomycota C: Dothideomycetes O: Pleosporales F: Pleosporaceae Cochliobolus heterostrophus (anamorph, Bipolaris maydis) is a necrotophic, hetrothallic fungus which infects the leaves of Drechsler maize. The species is subdivided into three races: race O, race T and race C. Race T is the most virulent to maize plants ) carrying the Texas cytoplasmic male sterile trait due to presence of approx. 1.2 Mb of DNA encoding genes for T-toxin production. Other members of the genus include the necrotrophic corn pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum, the oat pathogen, Cochliobolus victoriae, the rice pathogen, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, the sorghum pathogen, Bipolaris sorghicola, the sugarcane pathogen, Bipolaris sacchari, and the hemibiotrophic generalized cereal and grass pathogen, Cochliobolus sativus. All species mentioned above produce host selective toxins. Biology and Ecology: Impact: Corn is the third most produced crop worldwide after The asexual C. heterostrophus conidium is curved, fusiform, wheat and rice and the crop is highly important for the livestock Drechsler pale to golden brown, smooth and 5–11-distoseptate. If sector providing feed and forage. SCLB impacts the livelihoods ( pairing compatible isolates are present, they can form of farmers, food and feed sectors, and trade in countries where ascomata but they are rarely observed in the field. Moisture maize is a staple. triggers a very rapid adhesion mechanism allowing conidia to stick tightly to the surface of maize leaves and within 4hr Distribution: It is found in maize planting regions worldwide. conidia germinate from both ends. Germ tubes grow along the Race O occurs worldwide while race C is restricted to China. leaf surface until they reach depressions formed at the Race T is no longer considered a threat. junctions between epidermal cells. At the ends of germ tubes, appressoria form. At such sites, extracelluar matrix Host Range: Apart from maize, it has a wide host range which contain cuticle-eroding enzymes and cell wall degrading including sugar cane, sorghum, Triticum sp. and grasses. enzymes, aid in the direct penetration of corn leaves below the appressoria. Stomata are alternative sites of entry. By Management options: Resistance is available in most 12hr, the fungus produces visible lesions. Optimal leaf commercially available materials and are highly effective in wetness duration and high humidity favor spore germination managing this pathogen. In the US, fungicides including heterostrophus and disease development. Spore suspension between 105 to strobilurins (FRAC group 11), SDHI's (FRAC group 7) and 106 spores/ml on maize seedlings at the 3 leaf formation stage DMI's (FRAC group 3) are effective for managing this disease. developed symptoms 4 days after inoculation. Small chlorotic Applications must follow label guidelines. The most effective spots that enlarge to elongated, brown to grey necrotic lesions disease control is achieved when fungicides are applied 2-6 mm wide by 3-22 mm long (Race O). Under conducive immediately prior to disease onset, at or near the tasseling conditions and heavy infections, lesions can coalesce. Under stage of crop development. ideal growth conditions, the disease cycles in about 60-70hrs Crop rotations and the planting of diseased-free seeds are and multiple disease cycles can occur during the growing some of the other practices used. Seeds from fields where season under conducive conditions. Bipolaris maydis has been observed should not be used. Yield loss is due to reduction of photosynthetic area and Diagnostic procedures include PCR and microscopy for fungal carbohydrates available for grain fill. Increased lodging can morphology as symptoms caused by C. heterostrophus and C. also occur when canopy infections are severe. The fungus carbonum are very similar on maize leaves at the early stages Cochliobolus Cochliobolus overwinters as conidia or mycelia on debris of dead corn of infection. plants. Further Reading: Alabi and Isakeit (2015) https://agrilife.org/texasrowcrops/2015/10/05/southern-corn-leaf-blight-in-fall-corn/; Aregbesola et al. (2020) Eur J Plant Pathol 156, 133–145; Condon et al., (2013) PLoS Genet. 9(1): e1003233. Drechsler C (1934) Phytopathology. 24:953-983; Horwitz et al. (2013) In: Horwitz B., Mukherjee P., Mukherjee M., Kubicek C. (eds) Genomics of Soil- and Plant-Associated Fungi. Soil Biology, vol 36. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; Inderbitzin et al. (2010) Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 23(4):458-72; Kang et al. (2018) The Plant Pathology Journal, 34(4), 327–334; D.S. Manamgoda et al. (2014) Studies in Mycology 79: 221-288; Manamgoda et al. (2011) Fungal Diversity 51:3–42; Turgeon BG & Baker SE (2007), Advances in Genetics 57 :219-261, Tskiboshi et al. (1996) JARQ 30, 91-96; Wang et al. (2017) J Phytopathol. 2017;165:681–691; Wei et al (1988) Phytopathol 78:550-554; Wheeler H (1977) Physiological Plant Pathology (1977) 11, 171-178; Zhu et al. (1998)Genome, 41: 111–119. Refer to Crop Protection Network: https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/resources/articles/diseases/southern- corn-leaf-blight-of-corn Key Contacts: Dr Nathan Kleczewski, email: [email protected]; Dr Francine Perrine-Walker, email: [email protected];.
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