481 a Acid Mine Drainage, 22, 297 Adaptation, 4, 71, 202, 205, 206

Index

A B Acid mine drainage, 22, 297 Bacteria, 124–126, 128, 146, 149, 212, 213, Adaptation, 4, 71, 202, 205, 206, 210, 214, 226, 227, 232, 234, 256, 258, 278, 286, 221, 286, 297 290, 388 Adsorbed contaminants, 116 Bahamas, 299, 442, 445, 446, 448, 450 Agricultural contaminants, 114–116 Bahamian archipelago, 369 Agricultural impacts on soil, 110–111 Banksula melons, 209 Agricultural point sources, 108, 110, 128 Bärenschacht Cave, Switzerland, 290 Agriculture, 103–132, 207, 264, 295, 362, 366, Base flow stage, 268, 296 369–370, 374, 381, 403, 439, 442, 444, Bathynellacea, 286 453, 455, 475 Bay of Halong World Heritage site, Vietnam, Akkőprű Reservoir, Turkey, 51, 59, 60, 65 464, 474, 479 Allochthonous energy, 206–219 Beetles, 212, 214, 217, 229, 286, 290 Allogenic recharge, 265, 290, 296 Belize, 105, 111, 170, 171, 174–176, 179–180, Allogenic streams, 473, 479 190–198, 393, 442, 444–446, 448, 449, Allowable karst risk level, 97, 98 452–454 Altamira Cave, Spain, 145 Ben En National Park, Vietnam, 451 Amblyopsis spelaea, 297 Bentonite, 39, 61 Amblysoma spelaea, 300 Best management practices (BMP), 42, 43, Amphipod crustaceans, 213 125, 128, 132, 385 Amphipoda, 286, 302 Big Spring Basin, Iowa, U.S.A., 116, 119, 121 Anchialine systems, 287, 288, 299 Bileća Reservoir, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 51, 52, Annex-to-drain systems (ADS), 267, 54, 56 272, 273 Biodiversity, 104, 155, 161, 162, 209, 227, Antibiotics, 124, 227, 236 229, 237, 284, 291, 293, 305, 306, 308, Antikarst protection program, 75 309, 334, 364, 370, 381, 392, 394, 439, Antrolana lira, 218 453, 455, 462, 469, 475 Ao Phangnga National Park, Thailand, 450 Biofilm, 149, 211, 213, 220, 235, 296, 298, 301 Apulia, Italy, 107, 160, 161, 166, 369, 382 Biofuels industry, 370 Apuseni Nature Park, Romania, 371 Blue Mountains-John Crow Mountains Aquifer exploitation, 263 National Park, Jamaica, 450 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Bogovina Dam, Serbia, 56 Environment Program Bohol, the Philippines, 113 (ASEAN), 444 Boreholes, 14, 22, 26, 29, 30, 36, 52, 53, 55, Atrazine, 121, 123, 124, 129, 299 62, 63, 65–68, 70, 120, 246–248, 250, Autogenic recharge, 111, 265, 290 258, 273, 290, 292, 294 Autogenic streams, 473 Boundary definition, 404–406

P.E. van Beynen (ed.), Karst Management, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1207-2, 481 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 482 Index

Bratsk Reservoir, Russia, 68, 70 Clarinbridge Catchment, Galway, Ireland, Breccia, 13, 21, 174, 180, 191–193, 195–197 108, 113 Brionne Basin, Normandy, France, Classic Maya society, 175 117–118, 129 Clean Air Act, 362 Brundtland Commission, 362, 363 Clean Water Act, 362 Buffer strips, 128 Climatic change, 403, 441, 455 Building stone, 180, 191, 193–197 Closed depressions, 15, 126, 131, 425 Burma, 443, 445–448, 451, 452, 454 Cockpit Country, Jamaica, 371, 399–411, 445, Burren karst plateau, Ireland, 106, 108, 110, 453, 462 130, 131 Cockpit karst, 4, 399, 405, 453 Collapse risk assessment, 75–100 Compaction grouting, 33, 36, 37 C Comprehensive plans, 352–354 C-Bus technology, 147, 153 Con Dao National Park, Vietnam, 451 Caecidotea isopods, 298, 300 Conservation tillage, 104, 112, 128 Caecidotea macropropoda, 215 Contaminant plumes, 121, 256, 260 Calakmul Biological Reserve, Contaminant transport, 252, 257 Guatemala, 448 Copepod crustaceans, 213 Camarasa Dam, Spain, 49 Copepoda, 286 Cambodia, 443, 445, 447, 448, 452 Cordilleran Ice Sheet, Canada, 416 Campur Limestone, 174 Costa Rica, 442, 445, 446, 448, 449, 453, 454 Cap and trade carbon credit programs, 373 Cover collapse sinkholes, 22–24 Cap grouting, 34, 37 Cover subsidence sinkholes, 22–24 Caprock sinkhole, 15, 20–22 Cretaceous Chalk, England, 116, 118, 123, 254 Carbon dioxide levels, 111, 147 Crop rotation, 128 Carbon storage in deep aquifers, 372, 373 Cryptosporidium parvum, 125 Carbonate aquifers, 4, 113, 118, 243–260 Cuba, 324, 325, 328, 385, 442, 444–446, 448, Carbonate covered karst, 76 449, 452, 453 Carboniferous limestone, 106, 113, 118, 253 Cuban Speleological Society (CSS), 323–325, Caribbean Conservation Association, 444 328, 329, 342 Caribbean karst, 450 Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam, 451, 453 Castelcivita Cave, Campania, Italy, 160, 163 Cut-off (diaphragm) walls, 59–61, 64–65 Castellana Caves, Apulia, Italy, 160, 161, 165 Cutters, 13, 27, 174 Cave crickets, 203–207, 209, 210, 214, Cylindrical dams, 48, 58, 59, 61 216, 217 Cave entrance modification, 143, 145 Cave inventories and classification, 154–155 D Cave lighting, 146, 148, 152, 476 Dam construction, 3, 48, 49, 54, 71, 781 Cave management, 152, 155–156, 159–166, Danum Valley Conservation Area, 325, 327, 475, 476 Malaysia, 444 Cave monitoring, 151, 165, 166 Darcy’s law, 252 Cave of Letters (COL), Israel, 170–173, Darlingtonea kentuckensis, 217 176–178, 180–186, 196, 197 Data archive, 338–339 Cave restoration, 229, 234–236 Data availability, 391–393 Cave surveying, 176, 327, 474 Decapoda, 286, 308 Cavity treatment, 26 Decomposers, 217, 218 Central America karst, 2, 4, 384, 441–443, Deforestation, 3, 104–106, 111–114, 127, 297, 447, 452 349, 381, 388, 403 Ceuthophilus secretus, 203, 204, 210 Dendrocoelopsis Americana, 215 Charged body method, 55 Dene aboriginal people, Canada, 416 Chekka Spring, Lebanon, 276 Dense non-aqueous phase liquids, 382 Chemoautotrophic energy, 208 Dental filling, 28, 34 Chiquibul National Park, Belize, 448 Desertification, 111–113, 127, 325, 326, 333, Cicurina baronia, 203 381, 403, 455, 475 Index 483

Desethylatrazine (DEA), 121, 124 Epikarst, 10, 12, 24, 26, 28–29, 38, 104, 111, Devils Icebox cave system, Missouri, 113, 114, 212–214, 220, 246, 264, 265, USA, 300 279, 289–291, 294, 296, 385, 389, 390, Differential foundation settlement subsidence, 427, 473, 476 82, 84 Equilibrium solubility effects, 244–245 Diffuse fissure flow, 116 Escherichia coli, 125, 126, 234, 256, 388 Dimensions of sinkholes, 82, 83 European Action COST 620, 278 Dinaric Karst, 61, 111, 297, 460, 465, 475 European Cave Protection Commission Dissolution rates, 21, 69, 81, 245 (ECPC), 330 Dissolutional enhancement, 259 European Commission LIFE Nature fund, 131 Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 211 European PASCALIS project, 285 Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), 121 European Union Nitrates Directive, 118, DNA, 302, 308 127–129, 132 Dominican Republic, 370, 445, 449, 452 European Water Framework Directive, 354 Dorvan-Cleyzieu karst drainage, France, 294 Eurycea troglodytes, 300 DRASTIC aquifer vulnerability method, Eutrophication, 120, 295, 307 278, 389 Evaporates, 48, 49, 54, 68–70, 245, 369 Drilled piles, 31 Dynamic storage, 268–270, 273 Dzerzhinsk, Russia, 81, 86, 88–90, 93, 94 F Faecal coliforms, 124–126, 128, 232 Faecal streptococci, 124 E Fallout material, 218 E.U. Water Framework Directive, 118, 121, Farm wastes, 104, 108, 118, 132 127, 132, 354 Fauna management, 293, 305 Ecotourism, 372, 373, 411, 453, 454 Federal Cave Resources Protection Act, 384 Educational programs, 236, 306, 323, 327, Ferromanganese deposits, 227, 228 337, 345 Fertilizers, 3, 104, 106, 108, 118, 119, 121, Edwards Aquifer, USA, 119, 126, 254–255, 126, 129, 131, 132, 142, 355, 392 288, 292, 299, 337, 351, 354 Flatworms, 215, 286 El Cajon Dam, Honduras, 67 Flooding, 12, 40–42, 104, 106, 113, 114, 144, El Salvador, 442, 446, 448, 452 208, 289, 295, 297, 300, 307, 333, 352, Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), 170, 354, 359, 368, 381, 386, 387, 473 173, 177, 178, 183–186, 190, 191, 197 Florentine Valley, Tasmania, 112 Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology (ERIS), Florida, USA, 1, 14, 252, 350, 365, 367, 370, 324, 325, 328, 333, 335, 336, 341, 343 386, 388, 392 Endangered Species Act, 362 Flow paths, 13, 21, 245, 247, 251, 289, 295 Energy flows, 4, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 210, Fluometuron, 123, 124 221, 473 Fluorescein, 54 Enforcement, 209, 351, 355, 384, 386, 387, Fluviokarst, 2, 461, 463 403, 405, 408, 445, 454, 474 Fontaine de Vaucluse, France, 268, 269, Engineering karstology, 75–77 271, 272 Entre-deux-Mers karst plateau, France, 112 Food web, 203, 207, 208, 213, 220, 288 Environmental equity, 362 Forest reserves, 400, 403–405, 407, 408, 411, Environmental impact assessments (EIAs), 444, 448, 450, 451 160, 303, 385 Environmental index, 385 Environmental Performance Index (EPI), G 364, 365 Gammarus minus, 213, 288 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 41, Genetic variation, 290 43, 118, 120, 303, 308, 354 Geoarchaeology, 169–198 Environmental tracers, 251, 252 Geodiversity, 155, 462, 475 EPIK aquifer vulnerability method, 127, 278, Geographic Information System (GIS) 389, 391 databases, 303, 385 484 Index

Geomorphological analysis, 54 High permeability, 4, 244–246, 253, 257–259 Geomyces destructans, 216, 232 Hin Namno Karst Reserve Laos, 451 Geophysics, 48, 170, 176, 178, 180, 182, Hispaniola, 442, 449 197, 327 Hoffman Environment Research Institute Geosynthetics, 48 (HERI), 324, 325, 331–335, 340–342 Geotextile filter fabric, 38 Huoshipo Reservoir, Guizhou Province, China, Geothermal cooling or heating, 368 68, 69 Glaciokarst, 461 Hutovo Reservoir, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 51, Glowworm, 301 59, 60 Gorin Mill Spring, Kentucky, USA, 251, Hydraulic conductivity, 246, 247, 249, 250, 256–257 252, 258, 273, 278, 292, 389 Gotvand Dam, Iran, 69 Hydraulic gradients, 246, 253, 257, 258, 295, Gran Parque Sierra Maestra, Cuba, 444, 449 425, 427, 428, 461 Great Falls Dam, USA, 49 Hydraulic head, 54, 276 Greater Antilles, 441, 442, 452 Hydrofracturing, 24, 37 Green building, 365, 368 Hydrogeological and hydrological Green River, Kentucky, USA, 256, 257, 300 investigations, 54, 71 Greenhouse gas management, 362, 366, Hydroids, 286 372–374 Hypogenic caves, 461 Ground penetrating radar (GPR), 173, 177–179, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190, 197 Groundwater ecosystems, 284, 298, 302 I Groundwater extraction, 273, 299, 309 Illegal dumping, 207, 369, 381, 392 Groundwater source protection zones, 131 Impacts of agriculture, 104, 132 Groundwater vulnerability models Impacts of visitors, 145–151 (GVMs), 389 Impermeabilization, 48, 49, 51, 56, 58, Groundwater withdrawals, 263, 370 59, 71 Grout curtain, 48–50, 53–56, 61–67, 69, 71 Imported exotic microorganisms, 232–234 Grout plug, 36 Inagua National Park, Bahamas, 450 Grouting, 11, 12, 25, 26, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, Indicators, 124, 151, 306, 356, 364, 366, 385, 42, 48, 49, 54, 57, 61, 62, 64–67, 386, 388, 393, 406, 474, 476, 477 69–71, 89 Infrastructure on show caves, 145–151 Guano, 142, 203, 208, 212, 214–217, 220 Inorganic salts, 54 Guatemala, 105, 190, 442, 444–446, 448, 449, Institute of Karst Geology (IKG), 324, 325, 452, 453 328, 333, 334, 341 Guizhou Province, Guangxi Zhuang Instituto do Carste (IC), 324–326, 330, 331 Autonomous Region, China, 69, 111, Integrated water resource management 126, 274 (IWRM), 264 Gypsum, 9, 21, 22, 68–70, 85, 89, 173, 327, Intensity of sinkhole development, 82, 83, 416, 460, 465 92, 96 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 363 H International Research Center on Karst, 324, Hadenoecus subterraneus, 217 326, 328, 333, 341 Hales Bar Dam, USA, 49, 53 International Union for the Conservation of Halong Bay UNESCO World Heritage Site, Nature (IUCN), 5, 142, 306, 309, 384, Vietnam, 451 440, 443, 444, 447, 452, 453, 460–462, Happy Planet Index, 364 464, 467, 479 Henri Pitot, 264 Irrigation, 24, 48, 104, 106–108, 131, 277, Herbicides, 121, 123, 124, 370, 382, 386 295, 309, 370 Hessigheim Dam, Germany, 70 Isochrone method, 278 Hidden River Cave, Kentucky, USA, 145, 256, Isopoda, 286 257, 298 Italian Institute of Speleology (IIS), 324, 326, High energy passages, 144 328, 338 Index 485

IUCN Guidelines for Cave and Karst Landfills, 41, 79, 81, 295, 354, 369 Protection, 142 Landspreading of manure, 108, 124, 129 IUCN Working Group on Cave and Karst Langkawi UNESCO Geopark, Malaysia, Protection, 443 445, 451 IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Laos, 443–448, 451, 452, 454 (WCPA), 384, 440, 444 Lar Dam, Iran, 49, 51, 67 Ix Chel Archaeological Site, Belize, 194 Larzac Plateau, France, 119, 127, 129 Lascaux Cave, France, 148, 236 Laurentide Continental Ice Sheet, 416 J Leadership in Energy and Environmental Jamaica, 5, 370, 371, 388, 399–411, 442, 445, Design (LEED), 365, 368 446, 448, 450, 452–454, 462 Leakage prevention, 58–68 Jet grouting, 37 Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USA, Jura-type karst aquifers, 267, 273 149, 234 Lesser Antilles, 442 Lez Spring, France, 264, 272, 276–278 K Libo World Heritage property, China, 474 Kamskaya Dam and Reservoir, Russia, 68, 69 Light Emitted Diode (LED) lamps, 163 Karst aquifers, 1–4, 42, 43, 50, 54, 104, 106, Limits to Acceptable Change, 154 108, 111, 113–118, 120, 121, 123–129, Lindane, 123, 124 132, 243–246, 250, 263–269, 271, Linlangdong River, Yunnan Province, 273–278, 280, 293, 299, 333, 335, 337, China, 53 338, 343, 368, 369, 382, 384, 389, 390, Local endemism, 289, 308 392, 434, 436, 449 Lorentz National Park, Indonesia, 450, 453, 462 Karst conduits, 54, 55, 62, 69, 114, 117, 125, Los Haitises National Park, Dominican 129, 270, 274 Republic, 449 Karst Disturbance Index (KDI), 4, 385–388, Low-energy cave passages, 144 393, 399–411 Lucayan National Park, Bahamas, 450 Karst Dynamics Laboratory, 328 Lumped or rainfall-runoff models, 271 Karst hazard types, 78–85 Lycopodium spores, 54 Karst hazards, 76–85, 89, 90, 95, 96, 99, 100 Karst Information Portal (KIP), 339, 344 Karst institutes, 4, 321, 322, 324, 332, 333, M 335, 338, 340, 342–346 Mackenzie Mountains, Canada, 416 Karst porosity, 50, 65 Macrocotyla glandulosa, 300 Karst regulations, 350, 354–359 Macrokarstic development, 246 Karst Research Institute, 4, 321–346 Maillet’s formula, 269 Karst submarine springs (KSS), 275, 276 Malaysia, 443–448, 451, 452, 454 Karst Waters Institute (KWI), 285, 324–326, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA, 145, 214, 329, 340, 341, 388 217, 300, 366, 384, 474 Karst-related land use regulations, 353–359 Managed aquifer recharge (MAR), 275 Keban Dam, Turkey, 49, 51, 56, 66 Management of groundwater species, 283–309 Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, 451 Management plan, 29, 30, 40–43, 127, 203, 220, Khammoune National Park, Laos, 451 264, 268, 276, 337, 338, 371, 372, 471 Khao Leam Dam, Thailand, 65 Manganese oxides, 225 Kinematic porosity, 258 Mangin’s method, 269, 270 Kinetic solubility effects, 244, 245 Manure, 41, 108, 120, 121, 124, 125, 128, Kyoto Protocol, 363 129, 258 Marine tower karst, 451 Maroon Wars, Jamaica, 402 L Massif del a Hotte karst aquifer, Haiti, 449 Lampenflora, 147, 160, 207, 235, 236, 476 Matrix permeability, 250 Land management strategies, 128 May Dam, Turkey, 49 Land preservation, 362, 371–372 Maya cultural landscape, 179, 191 486 Index

Mayan culture, 370 Ombla Dam and Reservoir, Croatia, 53, 55, 56 McMilan Dam, USA, 49 One-dimensional models, 246 Medium-energy cave passages, 144 Orconectes crayfish, 298 Meiofauna, 286, 288, 294, 299 Orconectes pellucidus, 300 Melanised fungi, 149 Organic carbon enrichment, 229–232 Micrite, 180, 192, 193, 195–197 Ostracoda, 286 Microbial communities, 225–238 Outstanding universal value, 155, 461, 462, Microbial conservation, 229, 236 464, 466–470, 474 Microbial mats, 226, 227, 232 Ox Bel Ha Cave System, Yucatán Peninsula, Microbial pathogens, 108, 124–126, 129 Mexico, 289 Microkarstic development, 246 Microorganisms, 108, 110, 126, 129, 149, 226, 227, 229–238 P Micropiles, 31 Palaemonias ganteri, 300 Minimal Impact Code for Caving, 145, 146 Panama, 442, 446, 448, 453 Mites, 286 Papua New Guinea, 447, 451, 452 MODFLOW, 246, 258, 271 Particulate organic matter, 211, 212, 216 Mona Island Nature Reserve, Puerto Rico, 449 Pasture tillage, 106, 131 Montpellier, France, 263, 276, 277, 279 Patuca National Park, Honduras, 449 Mosul Dam, Iraq, 57, 68, 70 Pendant acidic microbial structures, 228 Mulu National Park, Malaysia, 451 Pennsylvania, USA, 14, 41, 119, 350, 358 Murgia, Italy, 106, 113 Periglacial, 416, 427, 428, 430, 453, 464 Muzhu Dong Dam, China, 274 Permafrost, 421, 422, 427, 429, 434, 436, 461 Myotis grisescens, 215 Pertosa Cave, Campania, Italy, 160, 162–164 Pesticides, 3, 106, 108, 114, 116, 117, 121–124, 129, 131, 132, 207, 295, 370, N 382, 386 Nahanni Labyrinth, Canada, 425–427 Petrographic analysis, 174, 180, 192 Namakiers, 465 Phosphorus, 108, 116, 120–122, 127 Nardò, Italy, 300 Photomonitoring, 145 National Cave and Karst Research Institute Phreatic zone, 265, 267–271, 273, 275, 473 (NCKRI), 4, 322–325, 327, 328, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, 444 331–333, 335–342, 345, 346 Phylogenetic divergence, 308 National parks, 155, 384, 434, 439, 444, 445, Physiological adaptation, 297 448, 450, 451, 477 Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 449 Natural World Heritage List, 468 Pinnacles, 12, 13, 27, 29–31, 206, 441 Neaphaenops tellkampfi, 217 Plugging, 36, 43, 48, 49, 58, 61, 62, 64–68, Nematodes, 286, 299 71, 113, 272, 300 Netherlands Antilles, 442 Point recharge, 104, 108, 113, 114, Newman, Western Australia, 308 118–120, 129 Niah National Park. Malaysia, 451 Policy-based solutions, 351 Nicaragua, 442, 446, 448, 452, 454 Preferential flow, 21, 246, 247, 278 Niphargus virei, 288 Probabilistic assessment of karst hazard, 78, 99 Nitrate, 108, 109, 118–120, 127–129, 297 Probabilistic properties of sinkhole diameters, Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), 296, 298 90–92 Non-linearities, 271 Probability of damage, 96 Non-profit institutes, 328–332 Protected Area Resource Conservation Northwest Territories, Canada, 415–436 (PARC), Jamaica, 403 Nullarbor Plain, Australia, 112 Protected karst, 5, 98, 439–455 Numerical models, 246, 259 Protective legislation, 445, 454 Proteus anguinus, 205, 283, 300 Protozoan parasites, 124, 125 O Pseudokarst, 2, 290, 461 OECD phosphorus threshold, 120 Public education, 321, 326, 327, 335–337, Oligotrophic habitats, 229 343–344, 356, 386, 393 Index 487

Puerto Princessa National Park, the Sanctuaries, 444, 451 Philippines, 451 Santo Tomas Wildlife Refuge, Cuba, 444 Puerto Rico, 107, 442, 444–446, 448, 449, 454 Sarawak, Malaysia, 114, 445, 453 Pyrite, 21, 22, 434 Scale effects, 248–253 Scarisoara Ice Cave or Bear Cave, Romania, 371 Q Seepage, 23, 25, 27, 28, 40, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, Quarrying, 179, 196, 208–210, 295, 380–382, 65, 68, 69, 84, 247, 381, 393 386, 388, 403, 404, 408, 442, 454, 455 Segmented worms, 286 Quartzite fluvio-karst, 461 Setbacks, 40, 41, 352, 353, 356, 358, 392 Qumran Cemeteries, Israel, 178 Sewage leakage, 232 Shallow overburden strata, 26–28 Shimeon Bar Kokhba, 171, 176 R Shotcrete, 48, 49, 58, 59 Radioactive salts, 54 Show caves, 4, 142, 145–152, 159–166, 203, Rajah Sikatuna National Park, 235, 256, 257, 334, 385 the Philippines, 451 Shwe u Daung Game Reserve, Burma Ram Plateau, Canada, 420, 421, 424, 427–429, (Myanmar), 451 431–433, 435, 436 Shwesettaw Game Reserve, Burma Ram River, Canada, 416–418, 421, 424, 425, (Myanmar), 451 427, 430, 431, 434, 436 Sinkhole caps, 35, 39–40 Raveling, 23, 24 Sinkhole development, 3, 26, 40, 76, 82, 83, Recharge area, 127, 220, 265, 266, 278, 337 89–97, 100, 113, 298, 353 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum and Visitor Sinkhole insurance, 78 Impact Management, 154 Sinkhole management plans, 40–43 Recreational caving, 142–145 Sinkhole treatment, 32–40 Redox gradients, 289 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 384 Reduced input agriculture, 128 Sklope Dam, Croatia, 56, 63 Reforestation, 112, 127, 374 Skocjan Cave World Heritage property, Refuges, 444 Slovenia, 474 Renewable storage of karst aquifers, 268 Slano Reservoir, Montenegro, 57, 62 Reservoir abutments, 52 Slump zone, 27, 28 Reservoirs, 2, 3, 24, 39, 47–71, 79, 111, 268, Slumps, 36, 82, 84, 85, 434, 436 269, 271–274, 278, 300 Slurry grouting, 37 Residence time, 114, 118, 124, 250, 252, Snails, 211, 286, 307, 478 269–271, 278, 289, 295, 473 Social justice, 362, 369, 374 Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), Socketed caissons, 30–32 126 Soil collapse, 22, 23, 27, 37, 82 Rhadine subterranea, 217 Soil compaction, 229, 388 Rhodamin B, 54 Soil conservation measures, 105 Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Soil erosion, 22, 26, 42, 103–106, 110–112, Area, Belize, 448 114, 116, 126, 131, 333, 382, 385, Risk assessment, 75–100, 126–127 407, 469 RISKE aquifer vulnerability method, 278, 279 Soil load-bearing capacity, 81–84 Robber Baron Cave, Texas, USA, 203–210, Soil water content, 106 214, 217 Source-pathway-receptor model of risk Rural point sources, 108–110 assessment, 126 South China Karst, 454, 465, 474, 475 South Nahanni National Park Reserve, S Canada, 415–436 Salinisation, 106, 107 Southeast Asia karst, 441–443, 447, 450–452 Salman Farsi Dam, Iran, 51, 55, 62–64, 66, 67 Sparite, 180, 192, 193, 195, 196 Salt water intrusion, 264, 295, 299, 369, Species richness (a-diversity, b-diversity, 374, 382 g-diversity), 284 San Juan Earth Dam, Spain, 68, 70 Specific discharge, 247 488 Index

Spelaeogriphacea, 286 Threshold effects, 271 Spelaeomysis bottazzii, 300 Thungyai-Huai Wildlife Sanctuary, Speleothem records, 373 Thailand, 451 Spelobia tenebrarum, 205 Tikal National Park, Guatemala, 449 Sponges, 61, 286 Tobago, 442, 446, 448 Spring hydrograph analysis, 268 Total dissolved phosphorus, 120 St-Clement Spring, France, 264 Total organic carbon, 129 Steel piles, 30 Tower karst, 405, 449, 451, 453, 464 Stochastic properties of sinkhole diameters, Tracer tests, 54, 57, 247, 249, 252, 253, 90–92 256–259 Stormwater management, 42, 352–353 Transmissivity, 246, 254, 273 Stormwater management ordinances, 352–354 Trebišnjica River, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 59 Stormwater runoff regulations, 358 Trends in cave management, 155–156 Stress-strain analysis, 22 Trinidad, 442, 445, 446, 448, 450 Stygal species, 288, 289 Troglobionts, 203, 205, 206 Stygobionts, 283–287, 290, 292, 294, 297, Troglobites, 205, 206, 381 299, 300, 308 Troglomorphic phenotype, 205 Stygobromus emarginatus, 213 Troglomorphy, 205, 215 Stygobromus stegerorum, 219 Troglophiles, 205, 206 Subdivision and land development ordinances Trogloxenes, 205, 206 (SALDOs), 352, 355 Turbidity, 116–119, 126, 129, 381, 435 Submarine overflow springs, 276 Types of disturbance, 380–384 Subsidence, 10, 15, 20–22, 25, 28, 36, 43, 48, Typhlichthys cavefish, 298 80–89, 343, 345, 351, 353, 355–358, Typhlomolge rathbuni, 299 461, 464 Subterranean habitats, 202, 203, 205–207, 284, 287, 291 U Subterranean species, 202, 205, 210, 212, 217, Ukrainian Institute of Speleology and 286, 307, 470, 473 Karstology (UISK), 324, 325, 327, 328, Suffusion, 69, 112 339, 341, 345 Sulfuric acid dissolution, 226 UN Convention for the Protection of World Sulphate covered karst, 75 Natural and Cultural Heritage, 444 Surface-subsurface connections, 202 UN World Heritage sites, 439 Suspended sediment, 11, 104, 105, 111, 114, Underground dams, 53, 55, 56, 274 116–118, 123 Underwater cave systems, 450 Sustainability measurement tools, 364 UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Sustainable karst systems, 362 Programme, 444 Sustainable use of karst, 4, 276, 454 Union Internationale de Spéléologie, 323 Swallowholes, 48, 58–60 United Nations List of Protected Areas, 440 Swiss Institute of Speleology and Karstology (SISK), 324, 325, 327, 330, 331, 333, 336, 337, 339, 341 V Vaca Plateau, Belize, 105, 170, 171, 174–176, 179–180, 190–197, 453 T Vaucluse-type karst aquifers, 267, 273 Tardarida brasiliensis, 215 Venetian Fore-Alps, 111 Tasmanian karst, 105 Vibro-compaction, 37 Technical education, 335, 343 Vietnam, 67, 144, 384, 443, 445–448, Texella cokendolpheri, 203 451–453, 464, 474 Thailand, 61, 65, 443–448, 450, 452, 454 Viruses, 116, 124, 125 Thermal logging, 55 Visitor capacity, 160 Thermokarst, 2, 461 Višegrad Dam, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 53, 57 Thermosbaenacea, 286 Volatile organic compounds, 382 Thin section analysis, 179, 180, 193, 195 Vrtac Reservoir, Montenegro, 49, 53, 57 Index 489

Vuggy porosity, 50 World Conservation Monitoring Centre Vulcanokarst, 2, 461 (WCMC), 440, 444, 447 World Heritage Convention (WHC), 459–462, 468, 469 W World Heritage designation, 453 Wadi Jilo, South Lebanon, 273 Wujiangdu Dam, China, 51, 66, 68 Waitomo Caves, New Zealand, 301 Walkerton Inquiry, 258 Walkerton, Ontario, Canada, 125, 248, X 258–259 Xiaojiang Catchment, Yunnan Province, Water pollution, 368, 370, 393, 473 China, 106 Water quality, 39, 42, 43, 69, 104–106, 108, 114–126, 128, 131, 151, 255, 257, 264, 292, 297, 304–307, 326, Y 357, 359, 364, 382, 385, 386, 470, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, 105, 289, 299, 370 473, 474, 476, 479 Yucatan, Mexico, 442, 445, 446, 448, 452 Water quality monitoring, 477, 478 Yunnan Province, China, 53, 106, 111 Western karst lowlands of Ireland, 120 Yverdon, Switzerland, 117 White-nose syndrome (WNS), 216 Wild caves, 142, 143, 145, 477 Wildlife reserves, 444, 451 Z Wolf Creek Dam, USA, 57, 65 Zoning ordinances, 352, 354, 355