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The Dark Side of the Coin

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The Dark Side of the Coin i [ The Dark Side of the Coin: Working Families in Urban Rome A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Classics By Frances Cox Classics Department University of Canterbury 2016-2017 i Abstract: Roman Economics is a subject area that is fast gaining momentum in the classical world. Although there are numerous studies regarding workers, economics and families, the scholarship is thin when combining all of these aspects to analyse family survival as a whole. With this in mind, we can begin to answer the question, how did urban families survive in the Roman Empire? The thesis revolves around skilled labourers and addresses not only men‘s financial contributions but women‘s contribution as well. To discuss these issues, we use material from an array of locations and periods. Any gaps in the evidence are approached using comparative studies. The discussion begins with an assessment of the costs of living in an urban setting, food, necessities and housing all come into play with these expenses. We then move on to an investigation into the income and daily realities of ordinary Romans, primarily men. After the competition of this section, it is clear that a single income was not enough to support a family. Thus we move on to an investigation on women‘s contribution to the family income. This discussion focuses on craftswomen and assesses their contribution through a life stages approach. The overall conclusion of this thesis is that families survived through a combination of two incomes, and networks that facilitated their lives, both socially and financially. ii Acknowledgements: I would first like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Gary Morrison, for his guidance during this project. Thank you for keeping me on track, being a critical eye and making sure I had high spirits throughout this thesis. Also, thanks are due to my associate supervisor, Dr. Enrica Sciarrino, for her guidance during the editing process. I would also like to thank the Department of Classics at Canterbury, particularly Ass. Prof. Robin Bond, for generously furthering my Greek education and always offering support. Many thanks also go to my co-workers at Avonhead physio, and friends Nicole, Maria and Ethan, who listened to hours of stressed ramblings. I would like to thank my fellow postgrads. Amanda, thank you for helping me through some of the more difficult scholarship, Cicero‘s confusing words, and the emotional rollercoaster that has been this thesis. And Katie, my ‗twin‘, thank you for all of the support over the last four years of my studies. You never got tired of hearing my frustrations and were always there to offer comforting words, amazing laughs, telepathy and a place to live—without the two of you, this thesis may have got the better of me. I would also like to thank all of my family, specifically my mother Mary, who always supported me, and never asked: ‗what are you going to do with your degree?‘ Mum, without your unwavering support, none of this would be possible. Finally, my fiancé Connor. You have not only supported me through my ups, downs and sleepless nights, but you have also been my assistant editor, my mathematical advisor, and my ‗life administrator‘. Your love, support and amazing humour have gotten me through this thesis with my sanity. iii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... ii Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: The Cost of Family Living in an Urban Setting .................................................. 10 Cost of food ....................................................................................................................... 14 Necessities ......................................................................................................................... 18 Housing Costs ................................................................................................................... 20 Family Expenses ................................................................................................................ 24 Chapter Two: Urban Craftsmen ................................................................................................... 27 Craftsmen: No Better than Slaves? ................................................................................. 27 Who were Craftsmen? ...................................................................................................... 29 Daily Reality: Apprenticeships ......................................................................................... 33 Craftsmen: The Baker ....................................................................................................... 36 Craftsmen: The Builder ..................................................................................................... 44 Craftsmen and Society ..................................................................................................... 50 Craftsmen: Income............................................................................................................ 55 Chapter Three: Skilled Women .................................................................................................... 60 Craftswomen: Difficulties with Reading Epitaphs and Lack of Information .............. 61 Jobs for Women ................................................................................................................ 65 Life Stages and Income .................................................................................................... 70 Women‘s Income .............................................................................................................. 83 Family Income ................................................................................................................... 84 Conclusion: ..................................................................................................................................... 88 Appendix one: ................................................................................................................................ 92 Appendix two: ................................................................................................................................ 93 Appendix three: ............................................................................................................................. 98 Appendix four: ............................................................................................................................... 99 Bibliography: ................................................................................................................................ 101 1 Introduction:1 The study of ancient economics has seen a rise in popularity in recent years. As a result, there have been numerous publications that have progressed the subject significantly. Some of these studies, such as the ‗Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy‘ have made use of multi-disciplinary approaches to offer a fresh approach to Roman economic life. ‗The Oxford Studies‘ was what inspired the use economics as a way to provide insights into social history. There are aspects of Roman daily life that have little to no evidence. The use of incomes and costs could be used to understand not just financial needs, but personal motivations that influence economic participation. By understanding these motives, we can begin to build a picture of the daily lives of otherwise under-represented groups in our evidence. This thesis aims to explore economic realities faced by a sector of urban society, best thought of as ‗ordinary Romans‘—labourers, skilled craftsmen who worked hard in the city to build a life for themselves and their families. Families are an essential aspect of this group. While much of the analysis will concern men and their income, it quickly becomes apparent that we need to consider the economic realities of individuals in the context of working families, paying close attention to the buying power of their wages and the cost of living in urban centres around the empire. In other words, a comprehensive view of the Roman family as an economic unit will be presented to understand how families survived. This involves more than economic analysis; we have to consider society, community and social norms that are an integral part of the financial realities that craftsmen and their families faced. This approach will provide a unique perspective on the Roman family as well as further insight into what it meant to be a skilled labourer in the Roman Empire. 1 Translations are my own unless otherwise stated 2 The use of ancient economic theory will enhance the overall assessment, but does not come without difficulties and much scholarly debate. Ancient economic discourse began in the 1890‘s and focused on individual performance. On one side of the argument, the ‗primitivists‘ believed that the economy was small scale and households were self-sufficient. On the other side, the ‗modernists‘ suggested Greco-Roman economies were similar to fourteenth and fifteenth-century European economies.2 The ancient economic debate was revived between 1950 and 1970 when historians saw
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