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Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activities Against Anopheles Gambiae

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Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activities Against Anopheles Gambiae Vol 6 | Issue 1 | 2016 | 68-75. ISSN 2249 - 7641 Print ISSN 2249 - 765X International Journal of Pharmacology Research www.ijprjournal.org OVICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES AGAINST ANOPHELES GAMBIAE, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPRIETIES OF AUCOUMEA KLAINEANA PIERRE, CANARIUM SCHWEINFURTHII ENGL AND DACRYODES EDULIS (G. DON) H. J. LAM ESSENTIAL OILS FROM GABON Louis-Clément Obame-Engonga1,2,4*, Joseph-Privat Ondo1,2, Guy-Stéphane Padzys2,3, Timoléon Andzi-Barhé1, Télérance Kounga1,2, Jean-Bernard Bongui1, Thierry Ndong Mba2,3, Cheikna Zongo4and Alfred S. Traoré4 1Laboratoires de Substances Naturelles et de Synthèses Organométalliques (LASNSOM), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku B.P. 943, Franceville, Gabon. 2Laboratoire de Recherche en Biochimie (LAREBIO), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon. 3Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale: Electrophysiologie-Pharmacologie-URAB, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, BP 913, Franceville Gabon. 4Centre de Recherche en sciences Biologiques, Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN); UFR / SVT; Université de Ouagadougou ; 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. ABSTRACT As part of ongoing research on the ovicidal and larvicidal activities against Anopheles gambiae, antioxidant and antimicrobial proprieties of a mixture of essential oils extracted from Aucoumea klaineana Pierre, Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. and Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam with an aim regard in contributing to the search for beneficial uses of the previous mentioned medicinal plants of Gabon, antioxidant activities were evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The essential oils were tested against 4 bacteria by using disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. Based on the ovicidal efficacy and larvicidal activity tested by WHO in (2005), the standard protocol against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of field-collected mosquitoes vectors of human disease members of the Anopheles gambiae was revealed. The Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) of essential oils ranged from 0.82 to 2.07 and could now be compared to AAI of vitamin C (11.32) and BHT (7.85) while those of combination ranged from 0.48 to 1.93. The essential oils exhibited a strong DPPH free radical scavenging action, IC50 values ranged from 48 to 78 µg/mL for essential oils and 20.37 to 82.61 µg/mL for the combined essential oils. Essential oils of A. klaineana, C. schweinfurthii and D. edulis, showed antimicrobial effects against all microorganisms tested. The FIC indices ranged from 0.11 to 7.13 for paired combinations of A. klaineana, C. schweinfurthii and D. edulis essential oils. All the paired combinations showed synergistic effects against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Combinations of A. klaineana with D. edulis or C. schweinfurthii had showed some antagonism effects on the inhibition of Bacillus cereus and E. coli. Only the combinations of A. klaineana with C. schweinfurthii had revealed some indifferent effects against Bacillus cereus. Somewhat, ovicidal and larvicidal activities were demonstrated. The A. klaineana, C. schweinfurthii and D. edulis essential oils exhibited also larvicidal activity. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of Anopheles gambiae larvae ranged between 9.94-22.98 µg/mL. The LC50 value of Anopheles gambiae eggs ranged between 22.08-67.64 µg/mL. Dacryodes edulis showed the highest activity against the Anopheles gambiae eggs and larvae. Over all the three plants, essential oils of Aucoumea klaineana had showed the lowest activity of Anopheles gambiae eggs and larvae. Larvae were more susceptible than eggs. The present study reveals the potential of ovicidal efficiency and larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae using the combination of Aucoumea klaineana, Canarium schweinfurthii and Dacryodesedulis essential oils to increase antioxidant and antimicrobial proprieties. Keywords: Ovicidal efficacy, larvicidal activity, Anopheles gambiae, antioxidant and antimicrobial proprieties, combination of essential oils. Corresponding Author:- Louis-Clément Obame-Engonga EMail Id: [email protected] 68 | P a g e Vol 6 | Issue 1 | 2016 | 68-75. INTRODUCTION Guinea [14]. Bark from the young trees is used in Malaria in Tropical area kills about 3 million each traditional medicine for rectal injections. It produces a year, including 1 child every 30 sec [1]. Mosquito vectored greenish/white resin, with an odour similar to that of pathogens infect more than 700 million people annually turpentine and the fruit is ovoid, purplish in colour, at around the word through diseases such as malaria, maturity [4]. The oil is used in the manufacturing of filariosia, dengue, yellow fever, rift valley fever and shampoo, waxes or as a biocarburant [13, 15]. In Gabon, Japanese encephalitis [2]. An alternative approach for the resin is used to make torches or to make smoke to repel mosquito control is the use of natural product of plant mosquitoes [16]. The resin is used for the treatment of origin. The vast majority of essential oils are pleasant smell various diseases such as wounds and microbial infections. and its metabolic and evolutionary significance lies in the It is also valued for its emollient, stimulate and diuretic role they play as attractor of pollinating agents for its properties [17]. pleasant aroma, constitute elements of defense against the The present work reports results of ovicidal and attack of parasites, herbivorous animals and insects. larvicidal activities against Anopheles gambiae, antioxidant Aucoumea klaineana, Canarium schweinfurthii and and antimicrobial proprieties of Gabonese essential oils Dacryodes edulis, belong to the Family Burseraceae, which extracted from Aucoumea klaineana Pierre, Canarium has about 660 genera and 9000 species [3]. Aucoumea schweinfurthii Engl. and Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. klaineana or “Okoumé”, is largely distributed in equatorial Lam medicinal plants. Such a study may help in the forest from Gabon to Equatorial Guinea. It is an important contribution of the ongoing search for beneficial uses of medicinal plant, widely used as a home remedy for several those plants to eradicate various infections and dry-skin diseases in Gabon. The roots and leaves are used to treat resistance of African diseases. fever, constipation, malaria, diarrhea and jaundice. The resin of the plant is used to purify water and as disinfectant MATERIALS AND METHODS [4]. Previous works have shown that A. klaineana contained Plant material triterpenoid compounds and its resin was used in the The resins of Aucoumea klaineana, Canarium cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields [5]. The essential oil schweinfurthii and Dacryodes edulis were collected in isolated from the resin of A. klaineana were contained August 2014 from Mebane Endama Minkong 7, Oyem, mainly monoterpenoids (96.06%) in which p-acetyl anisole Gabon. Plants were identified at the Herbarium is the single benzenic compound (0.18%). The predominant IPHAMETRA. Voucher specimens were deposited under constituent in the essential oil was δ-3-carene (72.31%) numbers 132, 133 and 135 related to Dacryodes edulis, [6].Aucoumea klaineana resin essential oil could be a Aucoumea klaineana and Canarium schweinfurthii at the natural antimicrobial and antifungal agent [7]. Laboratory of Natural Substances and Organometallic Dacryodes edulis or “Safou”, is a tropical tree synthesis (LASNSOM), the University of Sciences and producing a consumable fruit. The native area of Safou Technology of Masuku, Franceville, Gabon, respectively. extends from Sierra Leone to the east of Uganda until the The resins were hydro-distilled during 3 h in a clevenger- south of Angola border. The wounded bark exudes a limpid type apparatus. The essential oils were dried after resin that becomes opaque while solidifying. The burning decantation using anhydrous sodium sulfate and then resin releases a strong odour [4]. Traditional healers in filtered and stored in the dark at 4°C of the scaled vial prior Nigeria and in Democratic Republic of Congo use the plant to the analysis. The essential oil yield was calculated on the to treat various infections as a remedy for parasitic skin basis of report/ratio (mass of dry oil extracted to the mass diseases, jigger, mouthwash, tonsillitis and drepanocytosis of the resin). [8]. Essential oil of untreated, boiled and roasted fruits contains many constituents among which α-pinene, β- Microbial strains pinene, myrcene, limonene and sabinene were found to be The resin essential oils from Aucoumea klaineana, the main compounds [9]. The stem bark essential oil Canarium schweinfurthii and Dacryodes edulis were tested contains predominantly terpinen-4-ol, α-thujene and α- against a panel of resistant microorganisms, including pinene, whilst aphellandrene is the major component of the clinical strains of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, root bark oil. β-caryophyllene is a dominant constituent of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes which the leaf oil [10]. The resin has been reported to yield a were isolated at the Laboratory of Medical Biology Saint peppery essential oil that is rich in sabinene, β-phellandrene Camille, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. and limonene. Information concerning in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Gabonese essential oil Mosquito eggs and larvae from the resin of D. edulis has been reported by Obame et Anopheles gambiae larvae and eggs were collected al., (2008) [11]. in various sites in Franceville Gabon, and they
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