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Dimers of Trichogin ACTAACTA UNIVERSITATISUNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSISCIBINIENSIS 10.2478/aucft-2018-0007 SeriesSeries E:E: FoodFood technology technology NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF OILS FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THREE VARIETIES OF PEARS CONSUMED IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA – Research paper – Emmanuel AGOMUO*, Peter AMADI**1 *Department of Biochemistry, Imo State University Owerri **Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State Abstract: This study evaluated the nutrient properties of parts of Dacryodes edulis (DE), Persea americana (PA) and Canarium schweinfurthii (CS) oils using standard methods. Pulp oils of DE and PA had the least moisture, melting point, acid, and saponification values. Occurrence of C10-12 fatty acids was between 0 and 1.46%, and C22-26 between 0 and 4.3%. Anthocyanins, epicatechin, and ribalinidine were undetected in CS seed oils, while oils from the pulp and peels of PA showed the highest amounts for catechins (57.73µg/ml) and kaempferol (57.91µg/ml) respectively. The pulp oils contained higher amounts of Na, K, Zn, Ca, vit A and D. This study has shown that the seed oils suits industrial needs, and the pulp oils for therapeutic purposes. Keywords: Physicochemical properties, phytochemicals, fatty acids, micronutrients, oil INTRODUCTION investigated for their nutritional properties (Ajayi and Adesanwo, 2009; Ogunka-Nnoka et Mineral oils have been characterized with low al., 2017). Its seeds have been shown to possess biodegradability, and high ecotoxicity about 18.70% oil, comprising majorly of (Ramchandra and Paramjyothi, 2008). arachidonic acids, among other fatty acids Consequent to this, and the attendant increase (Ajayi and Adesanwo, 2009), whereas no in nutritional and industrial processes, the need information has been presented in literature for to exploit underutilized and neglected vegetable the properties of its seed coat oils. The avocado sources of oils readily comes to mind (Agomuo tree is a fruit bearing plant, which belongs to et al., 2017). Vegetable oils are regarded as the genus persea and family lauraceae. The biological mixtures from plants, made up of avocado plant is regarded as one of the most esters of glycerol and fatty acid chains (Eqbql et productive plants per unit of the cultivated area, al., 2011). An important characteristic of these which makes the management of its waste, very plant sources of oils is the high degree of necessary. Also, with its high lipid content, unsaturation in their constituent fatty acids avocado is regarded as an important fruit for oil which directly relates to their higher extraction (Turatti, 1992). Tucunduva, (2002) susceptibility to oxidative deterioration showed the usefulness of avocado in human (Roxana and Ovidiu, 2016). It is therefore nutrition, serving mainly as a source of important to determine the constituent fatty monounsaturated fatty acid. Tango et al., (2004) acids in an oil, as well as measure its stability, have as well, shown that the pulp of avocado physical and chemical properties (Agomuo and could be used to produce commercially Amadi, 2018). Dacryodes edulis is a species valuable oils, capable of serving as substitutes that belongs to Burseraceae family, reaching a to olive oil, as well as comparing positively in height of 18-42m, found in countries like terms of physicochemical properties. Cameroon, Nigeria, and Liberia (Ogunka- Notwithstanding the extensive interest in the Nnoka et al., 2017). The fruit contains a pulpy pulp of avocado, there is paucity of information pericarp that encloses a seed coat which on the seeds and peels. The Canarium contains the seed. The pulp is usually consumed schweinfurthii belongs to the family of either cooked, raw or grilled alongside maize. Bursaraceae commonly found in Nigeria, Several parts of D. edulis fruits have been especially the Plateau state (Amoo et al., 2017) 1 Corresponding author. E-Mail address:[email protected] Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis Series E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 3 Vol. XXII (2018), no. 2 and produces its fruits between the months of there is paucity of information on properties April and September. The pulpy pericarp such as the physicochemical and fatty acid encloses a triangle shaped single seed that has content of the kernel and pulp oil. Hence, it was projections at the edges. The pulp of C. on these premises, that this study examined the schweinfurthii can be processed into its characteristics of the oils from D. edulis pulp, constituent oils as well as the kernel oil. Several seed and seed coat, P. americana seed, pulp and researchers have investigated both the pulp and peels, and C. schweinfurthii pulp and seed, with kernel oils, especially for their potential focus on their physicochemical properties, fatty industrial applications in the production of both acid contents, phytochemical and micronutrient personal and pharmaceutical products (Ajiwe et analysis. al., 1998; Eromosele et al., 1998). However, MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis of fatty acids: This analysis was carried out following the guidelines of Agomuo Sample collection and identification: et al., (2017). FAMES (Fatty acid methyl esters Dacryodes edulis, Persea americana, and were obtained by refluxing the extracted oils in 0 Canarium schweinfurthii fruits were purchased 2% H2SO4 in CH3COH at a temperature of 70 C from Relief Market in Owerri Imo State for three hours before being subjected to Nigeria, and taken to the Department of Plant chromatographic analysis under the following Science and Biotechnology, Imo State gas chromatography conditions:Type: GC-FID University, Owerri for identification by the (Agilent 6890N) ; Column: DB-225 silica botanist. capillary (30 x 0.32m) Injector: split (1 ml); Temp: Injector (2300C), Sample preparation and oil extraction: detector (2500C), and oven (start: 1600C, final: The fruits were washed in clean water, and the 2300C, increment 40C/min); Carrier gas: separate parts were harvested. D. edulis pulp, Nitrogen (1.5ml/min flow rate). seed coat, and seeds were separately harvested. The peaks were resolved by comparison of Also, the peel, pulp, and seed of P. americana standard methyl esters, whereas a standard were obtained, while the pulp and seed of C. Chem Station system was applied for the schweinfurthii were separated and collected. All determination of percentage area. the collected samples were separately sundried and pulverized into powders, and subjected to Phytochemical analysis: Phytochemicals were Soxhlet extraction. analyzed as described by Agomuo et al., (2017) The oils were extracted following the method of using a gas chromatography machine (Buck Agomuo et al., (2017). Briefly, the pulverized Scientific Chromatography machine) coupled to samples (100g) were put in a thimble, stuffed flame ionization detector under the following with a cotton wool, and soaked in 500ml conditions:Column: Hp-88 capillary column isopropyl alcohol/n-hexane (2:3) for 24 hrs. (100m x 0.25mm); Injector: split (1 ml); Temp: Then, the solution was filtered and the residues 2200C for injector, 2500C for detector, and subjected to Soxhlet extraction. The extract 1800C for oven; Carrier gas: Hydrogen (24 obtained was concentrated using a rotary PSI). evaporator, at 450C under low pressure and Determination of the amount of the components stored in a refrigerator at 40C. was achieved by comparing with internal standards. Physicochemical analysis: Following the procedures of AOAC (2000), the moisture Determination of minerals and vitamins content, melting point, acid value, specific content: To determine the concentrations of gravity, peroxide value, iodine value, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron saponification value, and oil yield of the (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), samples were analyzed. A pH meter was manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), applied for the analysis of pH, while a Brix the method of Amadi et al. (2018), was refractometer was used for the analysis of the employed. Briefly, the oil samples (5ml) were 0 refractive index at 30 C of the samples. digested using concentrated HNO3 and 60% (v/v) HClO4 mixed together, and made up 25 ml with deionized distilled water and Nnabugwu and Uchenna, Nutritional properties of oils from various partsof three varieties of pears 4 consumed in South East Nigeria afterwards, analyzed using a Buck Scientific Statistical analysis 210 VGP model of an atomic absorption The data obtained were analyzed and reported spectrophotometer and flame photometer as Mean ± Standard deviation. One way (Jenway model). The sulphate contents of the ANOVA was used to test for significance food samples were determined turbidimetrically among the triplicate data using Statistical and the chloride level was determined Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 titrimetrically according to AOAC (1984). and were considered significant at 95% Determination of vitamin A was by the method confidence interval (p < 0.05). of kirk and sawyer (1991) while the vitamin E was determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (3.50 and 4.87% respectively). The moisture content of a product determines its storage The physicochemical properties of oils from D. value and shelf life, hence, the lower the edulis seed, pulp, and seed coat, P. americana moisture content, the higher the storage value. seed, pulp, and peels, and C. schweinfurthii The results shown in Table 1, presents the CS seed and pulp were shown in Table 1. The seed oil with best storage value while PA seed moisture contents ranged from 2.08 % in the
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