ACTAACTA UNIVERSITATISUNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSISCIBINIENSIS 10.2478/aucft-2018-0007 SeriesSeries E: E: Food Food technology technology

NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF OILS FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THREE VARIETIES OF PEARS CONSUMED IN SOUTH EAST

– Research paper –

Emmanuel AGOMUO*, Peter AMADI**1

*Department of Biochemistry, Imo State University Owerri **Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State

Abstract: This study evaluated the nutrient properties of parts of edulis (DE), Persea americana (PA) and schweinfurthii (CS) oils using standard methods. Pulp oils of DE and PA had the least moisture, melting point, acid, and saponification values. Occurrence of C10-12 fatty acids was between 0 and 1.46%, and C22-26 between 0 and 4.3%. Anthocyanins, epicatechin, and ribalinidine were undetected in CS oils, while oils from the pulp and peels of PA showed the highest amounts for catechins (57.73µg/ml) and kaempferol (57.91µg/ml) respectively. The pulp oils contained higher amounts of Na, K, Zn, Ca, vit A and D. This study has shown that the seed oils suits industrial needs, and the pulp oils for therapeutic purposes.

Keywords: Physicochemical properties, phytochemicals, fatty acids, micronutrients, oil

INTRODUCTION investigated for their nutritional properties (Ajayi and Adesanwo, 2009; Ogunka-Nnoka et Mineral oils have been characterized with low al., 2017). Its have been shown to possess biodegradability, and high ecotoxicity about 18.70% oil, comprising majorly of (Ramchandra and Paramjyothi, 2008). arachidonic acids, among other fatty acids Consequent to this, and the attendant increase (Ajayi and Adesanwo, 2009), whereas no in nutritional and industrial processes, the need information has been presented in literature for to exploit underutilized and neglected vegetable the properties of its seed coat oils. The avocado sources of oils readily comes to mind (Agomuo is a bearing , which belongs to et al., 2017). Vegetable oils are regarded as the persea and family lauraceae. The biological mixtures from , made up of avocado plant is regarded as one of the most esters of glycerol and chains (Eqbql et productive plants per unit of the cultivated area, al., 2011). An important characteristic of these which makes the management of its waste, very plant sources of oils is the high degree of necessary. Also, with its high lipid content, unsaturation in their constituent fatty acids avocado is regarded as an important fruit for oil which directly relates to their higher extraction (Turatti, 1992). Tucunduva, (2002) susceptibility to oxidative deterioration showed the usefulness of avocado in human (Roxana and Ovidiu, 2016). It is therefore nutrition, serving mainly as a source of important to determine the constituent fatty monounsaturated fatty acid. Tango et al., (2004) acids in an oil, as well as measure its stability, have as well, shown that the pulp of avocado physical and chemical properties (Agomuo and could be used to produce commercially Amadi, 2018). is a species valuable oils, capable of serving as substitutes that belongs to family, reaching a to olive oil, as well as comparing positively in height of 18-42m, found in countries like terms of physicochemical properties. , Nigeria, and Liberia (Ogunka- Notwithstanding the extensive interest in the Nnoka et al., 2017). The fruit contains a pulpy pulp of avocado, there is paucity of information pericarp that encloses a seed coat which on the seeds and peels. The Canarium contains the seed. The pulp is usually consumed schweinfurthii belongs to the family of either cooked, raw or grilled alongside maize. Bursaraceae commonly found in Nigeria, Several parts of D. edulis have been especially the Plateau state (Amoo et al., 2017) 1 Corresponding author. E-Mail address:[email protected] Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis Series E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 3 Vol. XXII (2018), no. 2

and produces its fruits between the months of there is paucity of information on properties April and September. The pulpy pericarp such as the physicochemical and fatty acid encloses a triangle shaped single seed that has content of the kernel and pulp oil. Hence, it was projections at the edges. The pulp of C. on these premises, that this study examined the schweinfurthii can be processed into its characteristics of the oils from D. edulis pulp, constituent oils as well as the kernel oil. Several seed and seed coat, P. americana seed, pulp and researchers have investigated both the pulp and peels, and C. schweinfurthii pulp and seed, with kernel oils, especially for their potential focus on their physicochemical properties, fatty industrial applications in the production of both acid contents, phytochemical and micronutrient personal and pharmaceutical products (Ajiwe et analysis. al., 1998; Eromosele et al., 1998). However,

MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis of fatty acids: This analysis was carried out following the guidelines of Agomuo Sample collection and identification: et al., (2017). FAMES (Fatty acid methyl esters Dacryodes edulis, Persea americana, and were obtained by refluxing the extracted oils in 0 fruits were purchased 2% H2SO4 in CH3COH at a temperature of 70 C from Relief Market in Owerri Imo State for three hours before being subjected to Nigeria, and taken to the Department of Plant chromatographic analysis under the following Science and Biotechnology, Imo State gas chromatography conditions:Type: GC-FID University, Owerri for identification by the (Agilent 6890N) ; Column: DB-225 silica botanist. capillary (30 x 0.32m) Injector: split (1 ml); Temp: Injector (2300C), Sample preparation and oil extraction: detector (2500C), and oven (start: 1600C, final: The fruits were washed in clean water, and the 2300C, increment 40C/min); Carrier gas: separate parts were harvested. D. edulis pulp, Nitrogen (1.5ml/min flow rate). seed coat, and seeds were separately harvested. The peaks were resolved by comparison of Also, the peel, pulp, and seed of P. americana standard methyl esters, whereas a standard were obtained, while the pulp and seed of C. Chem Station system was applied for the schweinfurthii were separated and collected. All determination of percentage area. the collected samples were separately sundried and pulverized into powders, and subjected to Phytochemical analysis: Phytochemicals were Soxhlet extraction. analyzed as described by Agomuo et al., (2017) The oils were extracted following the method of using a gas chromatography machine (Buck Agomuo et al., (2017). Briefly, the pulverized Scientific Chromatography machine) coupled to samples (100g) were put in a thimble, stuffed flame ionization detector under the following with a cotton wool, and soaked in 500ml conditions:Column: Hp-88 capillary column isopropyl alcohol/n-hexane (2:3) for 24 hrs. (100m x 0.25mm); Injector: split (1 ml); Temp: Then, the solution was filtered and the residues 2200C for injector, 2500C for detector, and subjected to Soxhlet extraction. The extract 1800C for oven; Carrier gas: Hydrogen (24 obtained was concentrated using a rotary PSI). evaporator, at 450C under low pressure and Determination of the amount of the components stored in a refrigerator at 40C. was achieved by comparing with internal standards. Physicochemical analysis: Following the procedures of AOAC (2000), the moisture Determination of minerals and vitamins content, melting point, acid value, specific content: To determine the concentrations of gravity, peroxide value, iodine value, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron saponification value, and oil yield of the (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), samples were analyzed. A pH meter was manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), applied for the analysis of pH, while a Brix the method of Amadi et al. (2018), was refractometer was used for the analysis of the employed. Briefly, the oil samples (5ml) were 0 refractive index at 30 C of the samples. digested using concentrated HNO3 and 60% (v/v) HClO4 mixed together, and made up 25 ml with deionized distilled water and

Nnabugwu and Uchenna, Nutritional properties of oils from various partsof three varieties of pears 4 consumed in South East Nigeria

afterwards, analyzed using a Buck Scientific Statistical analysis 210 VGP model of an atomic absorption The data obtained were analyzed and reported spectrophotometer and flame photometer as Mean ± Standard deviation. One way (Jenway model). The sulphate contents of the ANOVA was used to test for significance food samples were determined turbidimetrically among the triplicate data using Statistical and the chloride level was determined Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 titrimetrically according to AOAC (1984). and were considered significant at 95% Determination of vitamin A was by the method confidence interval (p < 0.05). of kirk and sawyer (1991) while the vitamin E was determined spectrophotometrically.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (3.50 and 4.87% respectively). The moisture content of a product determines its storage The physicochemical properties of oils from D. value and shelf life, hence, the lower the edulis seed, pulp, and seed coat, P. americana moisture content, the higher the storage value. seed, pulp, and peels, and C. schweinfurthii The results shown in Table 1, presents the CS seed and pulp were shown in Table 1. The seed oil with best storage value while PA seed moisture contents ranged from 2.08 % in the CS oil is most susceptible to deterioration. The seed oil to 8.22% in the pulp oil of PA. The melting points of DE seed, and seed coat oil, moisture content of the PA seed oil was and CS seed oil were comparable. Similarly no comparable to that of Neem Seed Kernel oil significant difference was recorded between the (Orhevba et al., 2013), but however higher than melting points of the pulp oils. those for castor seed and palm kernel seed oil

Table 1. Physicochemical properties of oils from different parts of D. edulis, P. americana, and C. schweinfurthii DES DEP DESC PAS PAP PAPE CSS CSP Mo 4.29± 2.87± 3.02± 8.22± 3.16± 4.24± 2.08± 7.80± 0.31a 0.17b 0.31b 1.93c 0.14b 0.51a 0.11d 1.01c MP 25.62± 13.14± 20.27± 30.86± 11.27± 28.13± 21.62± 9.17± 5.21ac 1.11b 4.02a 3.40c 0.93bd 3.39c 0.77a 0.62d pH 5.04± 6.21± 5.72± 5.18± 6.06± 5.41± 5.91± 5.99± 0.44a 0.23b 0.74cd 0.76a 0.29bd 0.31ac 0.33bd 0.74d AV 4.92± 4.14± 11.24± 4.40± 3.99± 7.32± 9.14± 4.88± 0.17a 0.09b 0.72d 0.06c 0.09b 0.20e 0.30f 0.11a SG 0.77± 0.86± 0.62± 0.92± 0.72± 0.88± 1.02± 0.93± 0.04a 0.01b 0.02c 0.09d 0.04a 0.03b 0.08d 0.03d RI 1.44± 1.46± 1.38± 1.49± 1.47± 1.69± 1.40± 1.61± 0.02a 0.01ab 0.03c 0.13b 0.04b 0.08d 0.09a 0.11d PV 6.02± 8.47± 4.31± 3.21± 4.77± 4.65± 2.24± 7.14± 0.38a 0.11b 0.06c 0.23d 0.52e 0.33e 0.09f 0.23g IV 38.21± 118.31± 23.70± 25.30± 106.41± 24.11± 20.62± 104.51± 0.70a 9.64d 1.25ce 2.34e 6.26d 0.87c 1.68e 1.01d SV 190.15 132.44± 174.54± 177.71± 127.66± 101.39± 183.76± 150.49± ± 3.86a 2.19b 2.03c 2.99c 1.44b 4.62d 2.20e 3.18f OY 20.29± 44.36± 10.14± 16.62± 12.80± 19.27± 9.20± 16.21± 2.31a 4.62b 0.20c 2.01d 2.10e 3.44a 1.55c 1.08d Values represent mean±S.D of triplicate determinations. Values bearing dissimilar superscript letters across the row (a-f) are significantly different (p < 0.05). Mo-Moisture, MP-Melting point (0C), AV-Acid value (mg/KOH/g), SG-Specific gravity, RI-Refractive index (@ 300C), PV-Peroxide value (meq/kg), IV-Iodine Value (gI2/100g), SV-Saponification Value (mg/KOH/g), OY- Oil Yield (%.)DES-Dacryodes edulis seed, DEP- Dacryodes edulis pulp, DESC-Dacryodes edulis seed coat, PAS-Persea americana seed, PAP-Persea americana pulp, PAPE-Persea americana peels, CSS-Canarium schweinfurthii seeds, CSP-Canarium schweinfurthii pulp

The melting points of the DE seeds presented in behavior of an oil is assessed from its melting Table 1 were not in agreement with the reports point, and indicates suitability for deep frying. of Arisa and Lazarus, (2008). The thermal For this study, oils from the seeds were shown

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to be most suitable for deep frying. DE seed comparable to those found for DE and CS seed coat and CS seed oils produced the highest oils. DE pulp provided the highest oil yield, amount of acid values. These values are higher followed by its seeds and PA peels. The oil than those for oils from almond nuts and castor yield for DE pulp compared well with palm seeds (Afolabi, 2008). Oils from the pulps of kernel oil and groundnut seed oil (Eze, 2012), the three fruits had comparable acid values to while coconut seed oil and bambara groundnut those of melon (Olaofe et al., 2012) and oil produced similar oil yields to DE seed oils groundnut oil (Amos-Tauta and Onigbinde, and PA peel oils. 2003). With the disparities in acid values of the The fatty acid content of the various parts of D. parts of the fruit oils, the pulp oils appears more edulis, P. americana, and C. Schweinfurthii are preferred for cooking, against those from peels summarised in Table 2. The carbon chain length and seeds that could be poisonous to livestock. ranged from C10-C26 including unsaturated fatty The specific gravity of the oils ranged from acids. Capric acid (C10) and lauric acid (C12) 0.62-1.02 while the refractive index was 1.38- were highest in DE seed and CS pulp 169. Oils from DE pulp, and PA peels respectively, while the DE seed coat produced compared with that of melon seed oil in terms the highest amount of myristic acid (C14). of specific gravity (Eze, 2012), whereas only Coconut oils contained higher amounts of these DE and PA pulp oil values met the ASTM above mentioned fatty acids (Orsavova et al., standard values (1.45-1.47) for refractive index. 2015) than those recorded for the oils The specific gravities of the oils indicates that investigated in this study. Myristoleic acid was CS seed and pulp oils possess the highest only found in oils from DE, which were higher thermal stability, while for their refractive than those for cucumber and soy oils index, the DE and PA pulp oils showed more (Agnieszka et al., 2017). DE seed coat purity while the PA peels and CS pulp contained the highest amount of contained higher hydrogenation and and palmitoleic acid. The values recorded for isomerization (Agomuo et al., 2017). Further, DE seeds were comparable to those presented the results of the peroxide value showed that by Ajayi, (2009) for palmitic acid. However, none of the samples evaluated exceeded the high palmitic acid is indicative of stronger 10meq/kg benchmark of Adebisi and Olagunju, potency of eliciting cardiovascular diseases (2011), indicating that the oils were not prone which according to Nestel et al., (1994) to trace element or moisture-induced auto- produces similar cholesterolemic effect to oxidation. The peroxide values for the fruits palmitoleic acid. Only oils from C. parts were all higher than those from oils of schweinfurthii contained comparable palmitic commercial importance; corn oil and mustard acid levels to those of edible medicinal seed oil (Zahir et al., 2014), but that of DE and CS oils like sunflower oil (6.2%), grape oil (6.6%) pulp oils compared with that of sesame oil and rape seed oil (4.6%) as shown by (Mohammed and Hamza, 2008), while the oils Orsavovaet al., (2015), but showed higher from PA and CS seeds compared with that of palmitoleic acid contents. The result of Table 2 almond seed oils (Ogunsuyi and Daramola, also showed higher amounts of 2013) in terms of peroxide value. The iodine when compared to popularly consumed seed value describes the degree of unsaturation in the oils analysed by Orsavova et al., (2015) except oil as well as its susceptibility to oxidation. All those for DE and PA seeds, and CS pulp. CS the pulp oils had significantly comparable and DE pulp produced the highest amount of iodine values and were similar to those of the oleic and linoleic acids respectively which were pumpkin and cashew seed oils (Aletor et al., all higher than those for soybean, coconut, and 2007; Bello et al., 2012) but higher than those groundnut oil (Sodamade et al., 2013). Seed of Opuntia dillenii stem oil (Njoku et al., 2017). oils of DE and CS were shown to contain The lower iodine values of the seeds, peels and significantly higher amounts of arachidic acid seed coat oils indicate a possible predominance than other evaluated parts whereas none of saturated fatty acids. The saponification contained eicosanoic acid. These values for values of the DE and CS seeds oil were arachidic acid were much higher than those comparable to those of palm kernel and recorded for both apricot and olive oil sunflower seed (Afolabi, 2008). Similarly, the (Agnieszka et al., 2016) while the eicosanoic saponification values of processed commercial acid contents of the pulps were higher than oils sold in Nigeria such as power oil and those shown for sunflower, soy bean, and mamador (Angaye and Maduelosi, 2015), were walnut oil. Furthermore, the DE seed showed

Nnabugwu and Uchenna, Nutritional properties of oils from various partsof three varieties of pears 6 consumed in South East Nigeria

the highest amount of eicosadienoic acid which Docosadienoic and lignoceric acid were found were comparable to that of underutilized oils most abundant in PA pulp and peel oils from Myristica fragrans, and Brachystegia respectively while only DE seed oil contained eurycoma (Ajayi, 2009), while only the DE hexacosanoic acid. Oils from walnut, hemp, and seed contains eicosatrienoic acid. The behenic watermelon contained much lower amounts of acid (C22:0) contents of the fruit parts ranged docosadienoic and lignoceric acid. These fatty from 0.90-4.33%, while the erucic acid (C22:1) acids are yet to have any extensive industrial contents of the evaluated samples ranged from application or used for any reported health 0.03-0.60%. None of oils from rape seed, benefits. coconut, and almond contained erucic acid.

Table 2. Fatty acid contents (%) of oils from different parts of D. edulis, P. americana, and C. schweinfurthii Fatty DES DEP DESC PAS PAP PAPE CSS CSP acids C10 1.46± 0.27± 0.08± 0.61± ND 1.33± ND ND 0.11a 0.01b 0.02c 0.03d 0.05a C12 0.13± 0.83± ND ND 0.55± ND ND 0.64± 0.04a 0.14b 0.04c 0.06c C14 0.84± 0.12± 6.77± 0.90± 0.30± 1.40± 1.10± 0.31± 0.07a 0.02b 0.32c 0.11af 0.01d 0.10e 0.04f 0.02d C14:1 1.34± 0.68± 1.41± ND ND ND ND ND 0.06a 0.13b 0.09a C16 40.04± 19.1± 59.23± 25.30± 20.60± 40.10± 10.62± 6.80± 0.9a 1.88b 3.25c 1.71d 0.83b 2.21a 1.21e 0.94f C16:1 2.29± 5.42± 10.70± 5.90± 6.40± 3.30± 1.80± 1.50± 0.31a 1.12b 1.10c 0.62b 0.62d 0.21e 0.02f 0.07f C18 4.82± 10.24± 10.86± 0.80± ND 24.10± 56.40± 5.20± 0.17a 0.54b 2.12b 0.12c 1.49d 2.82e 1.05a C18:1 17.41± 43.06± 10.44± 20.04± 50.55± 11.40± 6.30± 69.36± 1.41a 3.74b 0.94c 0.99d 1.83e 1.01c 0.09f 3.89g C18:2 13.10± 18.41± 0.40± 9.80± 15.50± 6.40± 4.70± 8.10± 0.29a 1.71b 0.06c 0.42d 1.07a 0.43e 0.31f 1.16d C20 11.17± 0.08± 0.21± ND 0.60± 5.16± 14.24± 4.40± 1.31a 0.00b 0.03c 0.05d 0.52e 0.77f 0.71e C20:1 ND 0.57± 0.02± 0.62± 1.20± ND ND 0.80± 0.08a 0.00b 0.13ad 0.02c 0.03d C20:2 4.62± 1.21± ND 0.41± 2.86± 1.95± ND ND 0.27a 0.12b 0.05c 0.09d 0.07e C20:3 1.15± ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.07 C22 0.91± ND ND 0.90± ND 2.10± 4.33± 2.10± 0.02a 1.04a 0.05b 0.39c 0.44b C22:1 0.60± 0.03± ND ND ND ND 0.58± 0.20± 0.04a 0.00b 0.08a 0.01c C22;2 0.15± ND 0.04± 0.13± 0.60± ND 0.20± ND 0.01a 0.00b 0.01a 0.03c 0.01d C24:0 ND 0.02± 0.01± 2.30± 1.41± 2.80± 0.80± 2.60± 0.00a 0.00a 0.06b 0.07a 0.03c 0.11d 0.64ac C26 ND ND 0.21±0.0 ND ND ND ND ND 1 Values represent mean±S.D of triplicate determinations. Values bearing dissimilar superscript letters across the row (a-g) are significantly different (p < 0.05). DES-Dacryodes edulis seed, DEP-Dacryodes edulis pulp, DESC- Dacryodes edulis seed coat, PAS-Persea americana seed, PAP-Persea americana pulp, PAPE-Persea americana peels, CSS-Canarium schweinfurthii seeds, CSP-Canarium schweinfurthii pulp

The phytochemical composition of oils from were most abundant in oils from DE different parts of D. edulis, P. americana, and seed coat, PA peels, and seeds, and DE seeds C. Schweinfurthii are presented in Table 3. The respectively. This raises concerns over their antinutrients; oxalate, phytates, and suitability for consumption, with the attendant

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adverse effects associated with the intake of found evaluated in this study can sufficiently high amounts of anti-nutrients. DE pulp showed protect against ER stress-induced inflammation the highest amounts of anthocyanin while oils and insulin resistance in the liver, as reported from PA peels, C.S seed and pulp lacked by Ok-Kyung et al., (2016). This may be the anthocyanins. Anthocyanins have been found to reason behind the reported induce apoptosis in cells (Srivastava et al., properties of DE (Omonhinmin and Agbara, 2007), showing that about 400g of DE pulp 2013). Also, the pulp oil of DE produced the would be sufficient to induce apoptotic effects. highest amount of epicatechin and catechin, The pulp oils of CS and PA showed more whereas lunamarine and ribalinidine were most enrichment of rutin, which in addition to DE abundant in PA seed and pulp respectively. pulp was the same case for kaempferol. Rutin is These values were higher than those found from widely recognized as a potent antioxidant oils from Duranta repens (Agomuo et al., 2017) (Perwez et al., 2017) while for the kaempferols used for various ethnomedicinal purposes. in the oils it is envisaged that the quantities

Table 3. Phytochemical composition (µg/ml) of oils from different parts of D. edulis, P. americana, and C. schweinfurthii Phytochemica DES DEP DESC PAS PAP PAPE CSS CSP ls Oxalate 1.18± 0.36± 9.47± 4.61± 0.10± 0.31± 8.64± 0.80± 0.02a 0.01b 0.55c 0.21d 0.00e 0.02b 0.47c 0.12f Phytate 0.29± 0.08± 1.26± 8.24± 1.97± 18.44± 4.31± 2.26± 0.00a 0.00b 0.04c 0.83d 0.31f 1.22g 0.62h 0.62f 19.54± 7.44± 12.71± 38.39± 18.25± 21.03± 6.52± 24.40± 1.4a 0.48b 0.77c 1.92d 0.94a 1.19ae 0.92b 1.44e 55.53± 36.31± 50.84± 15.31± 40.60± 33.81± 41.74± 48.69± 3.64a 1.21b 2.68ae 1.20c 2.71d 2.04b 1.84d 2.70e Anthocyanin 2.41± 15.20± 10.31± 0.22± 10.08± ND ND ND 0.15a 0.86b 0.89c 0.01d 0.83c Rutin 32.34± 27.48± 15.15± 28.16± 46.81± 40.04± 10.09± 54.82± 1.72a 0.97b 1.01c 1.03b 2.54d 2.52e 0.71f 2.31g Kaempferol 32.22± 51.09± 47.68± 1.31± 57.91± 15.50± 30.41± 41.09± 1.09a 1.81b 2.13c 0.06d 2.18b 0.80e 1.26a 2.59c Epicatechins 2.61± 8.62± 6.31± ND 0.13± 3.15± ND 6.28± 0.13a 0.53b 0.46c 0.00d 0.11f 0.40c Catechin 52.96± 60.90± 39.20± 15.11± 45.08± 57.73± 24.13± 12.77± 2.91a 2.74b 1.33c 1.64d 3.06e 3.29ab 1.84e 1.52d Lunamarine 23.41± 11.21± 41.67± 30.22± 15.40± 0.31± 15.36± 20.41± 1.25a 0.38b 2.25c 1.99d 0.88e 0.04f 1.09e 1.36a Ribalinidine 3.11± 3.91± 2.04± 1.21± 8.11± 0.73± ND ND 0.22a 0.32b 0.09c 0.03d 0.80e 0.13f Values represent mean ± S.D of triplicate determinations. Values bearing dissimilar superscript letters across the row (a-g) are significantly different (p < 0.05). DES-Dacryodes edulis seed, DEP-Dacryodes edulis pulp, DESC- Dacryodes edulis seed coat, PAS-Persea americana seed, PAP-Persea americana pulp, PAPE-Persea americana peels, CSS-Canarium schweinfurthii seeds, CSP-Canarium schweinfurthii pulp

The micronutrient composition of oils from proper functioning of the bone (Amadi et al., parts of DE, PA, and CS are represented in 2017). CS seed oil contained the highest Table 4. The result indicated that among the amount of magnesium while its pulp oil was fruit parts, pulp oils from CS and PA provided most abundant in phosphorus and manganese. the highest amounts of sodium and calcium, At these levels of magnesium and phosphorus, and potassium respectively. Only the amounts the CS seed and pulp oil is sufficient for found for calcium and potassium were children between 4-8 years, and infants from 0- equivalent to the adequate intake (AI) for 0.5 years respectively (USDA, 2005). The oils infants, but below those for adults (USDA, from all the parts of CS can provide for the AI 2005). Sodium and potassium are the major of manganese for children between 0.5-1 years cation in extracellular and intracellular fluids but insufficient for pregnant and lactating respectively whereas calcium is required for the women. Magnesium and manganese are

Nnabugwu and Uchenna, Nutritional properties of oils from various partsof three varieties of pears 8 consumed in South East Nigeria

cofactors for many enzymes and supports nerve recommendable for adequate zinc source for functions, and antioxidant activities, while infants. Cadmium and lead were undetected in phosphorus is crucial to the formation of teeth the extracted oils, while CS oils showed more and bones. Oils from PA pulp and peels, and abundance of iron and were commensurate with CS seeds had the significantly highest copper the RDA for children and adult males. Further, levels, however, all oils evaluated can the pulp oils of DE, and PA and CS contained sufficiently provide the AI for children between the highest amounts of vitamin A and E, 0-8 years, while only oils from PA pulp and however, none were sufficient enough to peels, and CS seeds are adequate for adults provide for their recommended daily allowance between 14 years above, and pregnant women at the sample amounts analyzed. Hence at these from 18-50 yrs. Zinc was contained most in DE levels, the oils may require supplementation for pulp oil which was comparable to the RDA for the prevention of both vitamin A and E related children between 0-8 years, while aside from deficiency diseases. the CS pulp oil, none of the oil sources is

Table 4. Micronutrient contents of oils from different parts of D. edulis, P. americana, and C. schweinfurthii Micronutrients DES DEP DESC PAS PAP PAPE CSS CSP Minerals (mg/100g) Na 1.34± 8.31± 2.21± 0.31± 8.14± 0.93± 5.31± 15.32± 0.08a 0.24b 0.54c 0.02d 0.80b 0.06a 0.97f 2.44g K 202.44± 351.77± 110.19± 108.20± 397.24± 155.6.38e 64.51± 262.90± 8.83a 4.62b 5.04c 3.15c 7.31d 6.11f 10.40g Ca 49.72± 104.56± 101.93± 9.21± 174.48± 28.62± 21.08± 228.80± 3.60a 2.70b 6.01c 1.40d 7.81e 3.15f 2.45f 5.04g Mg 59.75± 48.98± 51.42± 62.01± 29.65± 17.40± 134.88± 28.22± 6.43ac 4.92b 3.77ab 5.50c 1.91d 3.36e 4.29f 1.46d P 34.60± 46.08± 61.93± 40.20± 72.80± 68.99± 60.04± 83.44± 2.50a 1.08b 4.06c 0.77d 3.89e 3.53e 4.13c 2.90f Mn 0.26± 0.14± ND 0.36± 0.33± ND 0.64± 0.85± 0.02a 0.01b 0.07c 0.02c 0.09f 0.05g Cu 0.60± 0.48± 0.77± 0.47± 0.90± 1.02± 0.93± 0.65± 0.03a 0.05b 0.03c 0.02b 0.04d 0.03d 0.06d 0.01ac Zn 0.15± 4.22± 0.84± 0.19± 1.06± 1.52± 1.66± 1.94± 0.03a 0.70b 0.12d 0.02a 0.00d 0.30e 0.27ef 0.03f Cd ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Pb ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Fe 1.06± 3.11± 1.84± 0.25± 0.89± 0.61± 2.41± 7.58± 0.04a 0.37b 0.06c 0.05d 0.11a 0.07e 0.03f 0.80g Vitamins Vitamin A 104.77± 238.64± 44.90± 193.1± 210.51± 254.48± 71.95± 174.22± (µg/100g) 4.62a 6.05b 3.14c 4.01d 8.20e 7.16f 2.83g 5.40h Vitamin E 0.33± 1.34± 2.07± 0.71± 2.11± 0.23± 0.66± 2.09± (mg/100g) 0.02a 0.28b 0.09c 0.01d 0.13c 0.03 0.01d 0.07c Values represent mean ± S.D of triplicate determinations. Values bearing dissimilar superscript letters across the row (a-g) are significantly different (p < 0.05). DES-Dacryodes edulis seed, DEP-Dacryodes edulis pulp, DESC- Dacryodes edulis seed coat, PAS-Persea americana seed, PAP-Persea americana pulp, PAPE-Persea americana peels, CSS-Canarium schweinfurthii seeds, CSP-Canarium schweinfurthii pulp

CONCLUSIONS fatty acids, while those from other parts could suit more for industrial purposes. The oils also showed The physicochemical and fatty acid analysis of the rich supplies of phytochemicals, as well as indicated oils found in the various parts of the different pears the prevalence of dietary minerals in CS oils showed the suitability of the pulp oils for equivalent to regulatory levels. consumption, with higher amounts of unsaturated

Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis Series E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 9 Vol. XXII (2018), no. 2

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