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Control Strategies of MMC-HVDC Connected to Large Offshore Wind

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Control Strategies of MMC-HVDC Connected to Large Offshore Wind Control strategies of MMC-HVDC connected to large offshore wind farms for improving fault ride-through capability A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Woojung Choi IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Ned Mohan July, 2020 c Woojung Choi 2020 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to the many people who helped me complete my studies during my graduate school days. Most of all, I am extremely grateful to Professor Mohan, whose perceptive criticism, kind encouragement, and willing assistance helped bring my research to a successful conclusion. I would also like to thank Professor Jungwon Choi and Peter Kang for reviewing my thesis. i Dedication I dedicate my thesis to my family and many friends. Above all, I would like to dedicate my thesis to my beloved parents, whom I respect the most. I also dedicate this to my wife, Jisuk, my two daughters, Yubeen and Bogyeong, who have endured sometimes hard and difficult times for two years. In addition, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Pastor Baik's couple for their great help to our family in the United States. ii Abstract This paper proposes strategies to improve fault ride-through (FRT) capability of the modular multi-level converter (MMC) - high voltage direct current (HVDC) system connected to large offshore wind farms and performs simulations. In offshore wind power plants, HVDC system is indispensable for long-distance high-capacity transmission. The voltage rise of HVDC-link happens inevitably due to energy accumulation to satisfy low voltage ride-through (LVRT) regulation when a main grid fault occurs. This paper presents strategies for controlling HVDC-link voltages while minimizing the application of DC choppers and the mechanical and electrical stress of wind turbines through fast fault detection and current limit control of the master controller and wind turbine converter. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation is performed to verify the control strategies, and the results show that the FRT capability is enhanced by controlling HVDC-link voltage properly. iii Contents Acknowledgements i Dedication ii Abstract iii List of Tables vii List of Figures viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation . 1 1.2 Thesis organization . 3 2 Offshore Wind Power Systems 4 2.1 General trend of Offshore wind energy . 4 2.2 The Configuration of Offshore wind power systems . 7 2.2.1 The reason for applying HVDC system to offshore wind farms . 7 2.3 Wind turbines . 8 2.3.1 Type-1 : The fixed speed turbine systems . 9 2.3.2 Type-2 : The limited variable speed turbine systems . 9 2.3.3 Type-3 : variable speed with partial-scale turbine . 10 2.3.4 Type-4 : variable speed with full-scale turbine . 11 2.3.5 Wind turbine control system . 11 2.3.6 Offshore AC grid . 14 iv 2.3.7 VSC-HVDC converters : offshore and onshore station . 14 2.3.8 HVDC Cable . 15 3 HVDC system for offshore wind farms 16 3.1 Voltage sourced converter for HVDC . 16 3.2 VSC converter configurations . 17 3.2.1 2{Level converter . 17 3.2.2 3{Level converter . 17 3.2.3 Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) . 18 3.2.3.1 Operation principle of MMC . 19 3.3 MMC-HVDC controls . 22 3.3.1 Current controller . 22 3.3.2 DC-link voltage control of MMC-HVDC . 23 3.3.3 Concept of HVDC system controls connected to wind farms . 25 3.3.3.1 Onshore Grid Side Converter . 26 3.3.3.2 Offshore Grid Side Converter . 26 4 Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) 28 4.1 The Overview of grid codes . 28 4.2 LVRT requirements during grid faults . 29 5 HVDC-link over-voltage control strategies 32 5.1 The reason for over-voltage of the HVDC-link . 32 5.2 The Existing over-voltage control methods . 33 5.2.1 The application of a DC chopper . 33 5.2.2 The wind power output control based on communication lines . 35 5.3 The proposed control method . 37 5.3.1 Fast fault detection . 37 5.3.2 DC-link current control in the main controller . 39 5.3.3 Wind power control by current droop . 41 5.3.4 Cooperative control with existing method . 43 v 6 Simulation 45 6.1 Simulation study . 45 6.2 Validation of case studies . 46 6.2.1 Normal Operation . 47 6.2.2 Case Studies . 47 6.3 Simulation Results . 49 6.3.1 Case 1: Natural response(without any control method) . 49 6.3.2 Case 2: Existing Wind Power Output control . 53 6.3.3 Case 3: Application of a DC chopper . 56 6.3.4 Case 4: Proposed method . 58 7 Conclusions and Future Work 64 7.1 Conclusions . 64 7.2 Future Work . 65 References 66 vi List of Tables 4.1 Fault ride-through capability for wind turbines in various grid codes . 31 6.1 Parameters of MMC{HVDC System Model . 46 6.2 Simulation cases . 48 6.3 Transient simulation scenario . 48 vii List of Figures 2.1 Renewable energy share of global electricity production 2018 . 4 2.2 Share of electricity generation from variable renewable energy 2018 . 5 2.3 Levelized Cost of Electricity(LCOE) of Onshore and Offshore . 6 2.4 Capacity of Offshore Wind Power . 6 2.5 The typical configuration diagram of offshore wind farm . 7 2.6 The configuration of HVDC connection . 8 2.7 Type1-SCIG a fixed-speed wind turbine . 9 2.8 Type2-WRIG variable speed wind turbine . 10 2.9 Type3- DFIG wind turbine . 11 2.10 Type4-PMSG a fully rated converter-connected wind turbine . 12 2.11 Wind turbines connected to grid via HVDC . 13 2.12 Control diagram of offshore wind farms . 13 2.13 Control structure for point to point HVDC connecting an offshore wind farm . 15 3.1 Scheme of a 2-level VSC . 18 3.2 Scheme of a 3-level VSC . 19 3.3 Structure of MMC HVDC . 20 3.4 Output waveform generated from 11-level converter with 5 DC sources . 21 3.5 Output waveform of MMC . 21 3.6 Control block diagram of MMC-HVDC . 23 3.7 Control block diagram of a current-controller . 24 3.8 Electric equivalent circuit of DC-link . 24 3.9 The control conceptual diagram of Onshore grid side converter . 27 3.10 The control conceptual diagram of Offshore grid side converter . 27 viii 4.1 Main parameters of FRT requirement . 30 4.2 LVRT requirements of various grid codes . 31 5.1 The power flow at the DC-link dynamics during a AC main grid fault . 34 5.2 Basic diagram of DC Chopper . 34 5.3 Block diagram of control scheme . 35 5.4 The diagram of the offshore wind power output control . 36 5.5 The flowchart of the wind power output control . 36 5.6 The control scheme of proposed method . 37 5.7 AC main grid voltage during a fault . 38 5.8 Offshore grid AC voltage during a fault . 39 5.9 New fault detection algorithm . 39 5.10 The current control scheme in main controller . 40 5.11 The structure of current limiting function . 41 5.12 The basic overview of MMC control system . 41 5.13 Analysis of d-axis current during 1-phase fault . 41 5.14 Control scheme on wind farm side converter . 42 5.15 Analysis of d-axis current during 1-phase fault at the wind farm side . 43 5.16 Flowchart of the proposed control method . 44 6.1 The physical simulation model . 45 6.2 The simulation model in PSCAD/EMTDC . 46 6.3 Simulation Result during Normal operation . 47 6.4 Simulation model-single phase fault . 48 6.5 AC main grid voltage during transient analysis . 49 6.6 HVDC-link DC voltage during transient analysis . 50 6.7 Wind power status during transient analysis . 51 6.8 AC main grid Power during transient analysis . 51 6.9 Physical Model of Wind Turbine Side . 52 6.10 Comparison of in&output power in wind turbine converter during 1φ fault . 52 6.11 Machine speed and electric torque in wind generator during 1φ fault . 52 6.12 The HVDC-link voltage via wind power reduction - 1φ fault . 53 6.13 The HVDC-link voltage via wind power reduction - 3φ fault . 54 6.14 Wind generator side output power-Case 1 and Case 2 during 1-phase fault . 54 ix 6.15 Grid side output power - Case 1 and Case 2 during 1-phase fault . 55 6.16 Machine speed in wind generator - Case 1 and Case 2 during 1-phase fault . 55 6.17 Electrical torque in wind generator - Case 1 and Case 2 during 1-phase fault . 56 6.18 The HVDC-link voltage via DC Chopper - 1-phase fault . 57 6.19 The HVDC-link voltage via DC Chopper - 3-phase fault . 57 6.20 Chopper circuit to dissipate excessive power . 58 6.21 The DC-link voltage via Proposed method - 1-phase fault . 59 6.23 The DC-link voltage via Proposed method - 3-phase fault . 59 6.22 The comprehensive analysis of DC-link voltage in 4 cases - 1-phase fault 60 6.24 The comprehensive analysis of DC-link voltage in 4 cases - 3-phase fault 60 6.25 Comparison of output power in wind turbine during 1-phase fault . 61 6.26 Machine speed and Electric torque in wind generator during 1-phase fault .
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