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Low-Voltage Ride-Through Techniques in DFIG-Based Wind Turbines: a Review

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Low-Voltage Ride-Through Techniques in DFIG-Based Wind Turbines: a Review applied sciences Review Low-Voltage Ride-Through Techniques in DFIG-Based Wind Turbines: A Review Boyu Qin 1,* , Hengyi Li 1 , Xingyue Zhou 1, Jing Li 2 and Wansong Liu 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, and the school of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi Province, China; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (W.L.) 2 Jiangsu Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, Jiangsu Province, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-5925-0017 Received: 15 February 2020; Accepted: 15 March 2020; Published: 22 March 2020 Abstract: In recent years, considerable advances were made in wind power generation. The growing penetration of wind power makes it necessary for wind turbines to maintain continuous operation during voltage dips, which is stated as the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability. Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines (DFIG-WTs), which are widely used in wind power generation, are sensitive to disturbances from the power grid. Therefore, several kinds of protection circuits and control methods are applied to DFIG-WTs for LVRT capability enhancement. This paper gives a comprehensive review and evaluation of the proposed LVRT solutions used in DFIG-WTs, including external retrofit methods and internal control techniques. In addition, future trends of LVRT solutions are also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Doubly fed induction generator; low-voltage ride through; wind turbine; rotor-side converter; grid-side converter 1. Introduction In recent years, renewable energy generation made great progress worldwide to meet the challenge of drastic climate changes and increasing energy demands [1]. Among various renewable energy sources, wind energy is the most rapidly growing one around the world [2,3]. In 2018, the 51.3 GW of new installations brought total cumulative installations of wind power up to 591 GW, and the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) expects that more than 55 GW of new capacity will be added each year until 2023. In 2019, with the 25.7 GW of new wind power installations, the cumulative wind power installations of China increased by 14% to 210 GW. With the development of wind energy, wind turbines (WTs) are more widely used in electrical power systems. WTs can be classified into four basic categories based on the ways of speed control: fixed-speed wind turbines, limited variable-speed-controlled wind turbines, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines (DFIG-WTs), and full variable-speed-controlled wind turbines [4,5]. Among these four types of wind turbines, DFIG-WTs are mostly preferred in practical applications due to their advantages including simple installation, low cost, variable-speed constant frequency, and independent control of active and reactive power [6]. Figure1 shows the schematic diagram of a DFIG. The stator is connected to the power grid directly, and the rotor is linked to the power grid through a back-to-back voltage source converter, which comprises a rotor-side converter (RSC) and a grid-side converter (GSC). RSC is used to control the active power and reactive power delivered and to achieve the maximum power capture. GSC is used to control the active power and reactive power delivered, as well as maintain the direct current (DC)-link voltage [1,7]. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2154; doi:10.3390/app10062154 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2020, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 perturbations will induce large voltages in rotor windings and lead to uncontrolled rotor current. The rotor overcurrent may cause a large increase in DC‐link voltage. Both rotor inrush current and DC‐link overvoltage can damage wind turbines [8] and may lead to tripping of DFIG‐WTs. The Appl.ability Sci. to2020 ensure, 10, 2154 continuous operation during voltage dips, as well as minimize re‐synchronization2 of 25 Appl. Sci. 2020, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25 problems after the clearance of faults, is stated as low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) capability. perturbations will induce large voltages in rotor windings and lead to uncontrolled rotor current. The rotor overcurrent may cause a large increase in DC-link voltage. Both rotor inrush current and DFIG DC-link overvoltageGearbox can damage wind turbines [8] and may lead to tripping of DFIG-WTs. The ability to ensure continuous operation during voltage dips, as well as minimize re-synchronization RSC GSC Power System problems after the clearance of faults, is stated as DClow Link-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability. Gearbox DFIG FigureFigure 1. 1. BasicBasic structurestructure ofof doublydoubly fedfed induction induction generator generator (DFIG). (DFIG). DFIG-WTs are susceptible to grid voltageRSC dips and disturbances.GSC DuringPower gridSystem voltage dips, the In the past, the penetration level of wind DCenergy Link was extremely small compared with stator and GSC are influenced directly by the sudden change in DFIG bus voltage. Stator perturbations conventional generation systems [9]. Therefore, wind turbines were allowed to disconnect from the will induce large voltages in rotor windings and lead to uncontrolled rotor current. The rotor power grid during voltage dips to avoid overcurrent. However, with the penetration of wind energy overcurrent may cause a large increase in DC-link voltage. Both rotor inrush current and DC-link in electrical power systems increasing, a sudden loss of wind power during voltage dips can result overvoltage can damageFigure wind 1. turbinesBasic structure [8] and of maydoubl leady fed to induction tripping generator of DFIG-WTs. (DFIG The). ability to ensure in control problems of system frequency and voltage, which leads to a system collapse in the worst continuous operation during voltage dips, as well as minimize re-synchronization problems after the case [10,11]. Hence, it is ideal to make wind turbines stay connected to the power grid and provide clearanceIn ofthe faults, past, isthe stated penetration as low-voltage level ride-throughof wind energy (LVRT) was capability. extremely small compared with support during transient periods. Therefore, the LVRT capability in wind turbines is now mandatory. conventionalIn the past, generation the penetration systems level [9 of]. windTherefore, energy wind was turbines extremely were small allowed compared to disconnect with conventional from the With emphasis on the LVRT capability of DFIG‐WTs, many countries updated their grid code generationpower grid systems during [voltage9]. Therefore, dips to windavoid turbinesovercurrent. were However, allowed towith disconnect the penetration from the of powerwind energy grid requirements (GCRs). The German LVRT grid criteria are mostly preferred over other GCRs in duringin electrical voltage power dipsto systems avoid overcurrent.increasing, a However, sudden loss with of the wind penetration power durin of windg voltage energy dips in electricalcan result practical applications [1]; they require that (1) wind turbines shall remain connected to grid for at powerin control systems problems increasing, of system a sudden frequency loss ofand wind voltage, power which during leads voltage to a system dips can collapse result in in the control worst least 0.65 s after fault inception, (2) the permitted fault voltage is 15% of its rated voltage, and (3) the case [10,11]. Hence, it is ideal to make wind turbines stay connected to the power grid and provide problemsvoltage should of system recover frequency to 90% and of its voltage, rated voltage which leads within to a3 systems after the collapse clearance in the of worst faults. case According [10,11]. support during transient periods. Therefore, the LVRT capability in wind turbines is now mandatory. Hence,to the GCR it is ideal for LVRT, to make wind wind turbines turbines should stay connected have the ability to the power to ensure grid continuous and provide operation support duringduring With emphasis on the LVRT capability of DFIG-WTs, many countries updated their grid code transientvoltage dips, periods. and Therefore,the voltage the should LVRT be capability kept above in wind the curve turbines shown is now in mandatory.Figure 2. In Withaddition, emphasis most requirements (GCRs). The German LVRT grid criteria are mostly preferred over other GCRs in onGCRs the LVRTrequire capability reactive ofcurrent DFIG-WTs, injection many during countries voltage updated dips. their The gridE.ON code requirement requirements for (GCRs).voltage practical applications [1]; they require that (1) wind turbines shall remain connected to grid for at Thesupport German proposes LVRT gridthat criteriawind turbines are mostly should preferred provide over reactive other GCRs current in practicalwhen the applications voltage reaches [1]; they the least 0.65 s after fault inception, (2) the permitted fault voltage is 15% of its rated voltage, and (3) the requiredead band that limit, (1) wind and turbineslarger reactive shall remain current connected injection is to needed grid for when at least the 0.65 voltage s after dips fault go inception,deeper, as voltage should recover to 90% of its rated voltage within 3 s after the clearance of faults. According (2)presented the permitted in Figure fault 3. voltage The reactive is 15% of current its rated support voltage, in and response (3) the voltageto severe should voltage recover dips to must 90% ofbe to the GCR for LVRT, wind turbines should have the ability to ensure continuous operation during itsachieved rated voltage within within 20 ms 3of s fault after detection the clearance [12]. of faults. According to the GCR for LVRT, wind turbines shouldvoltage have dips, the and ability the tovoltage ensure should continuous be kept operation above duringthe curve voltage shown dips, in Fig andure the 2. voltage In addition, should most be keptGCRs above requi there curvereactive shown current in Figure injection2. In during addition, voltage most dips.
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