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An Up-To-Date Review of Low-Voltage Ride-Through Techniques for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbines Mohamed Benbouzid, Sm Muyeen, Farid Khoucha

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An Up-To-Date Review of Low-Voltage Ride-Through Techniques for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbines Mohamed Benbouzid, Sm Muyeen, Farid Khoucha An Up-to-Date Review of Low-Voltage Ride-Through Techniques for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbines Mohamed Benbouzid, Sm Muyeen, Farid Khoucha To cite this version: Mohamed Benbouzid, Sm Muyeen, Farid Khoucha. An Up-to-Date Review of Low-Voltage Ride- Through Techniques for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbines. International Journal on Energy Conversion, 2015, 3 (1), pp.1-9. hal-01176088 HAL Id: hal-01176088 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01176088 Submitted on 14 Jul 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. An Up-to-Date Review of Low-Voltage Ride-Through Techniques for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbines Mohamed Benbouzid1, S.M. Muyeen2 and Farid Khoucha1,3 Abstract – This paper deals with low-voltage ride-through capability of wind turbines driven by a doubly-fed induction generator. This is one of the biggest challenges facing massive deployment of wind farms. With increasing penetration of wind turbines in the grid, grid connection codes in most countries require that they should remain connected to maintain reliability during and after a short-term fault. This results in low-voltage ride-through with only 15% remaining voltage at the point of common coupling, possibly even less. In addition, it is required for wind turbines to contribute to system stability during and after fault clearance. To fulfill the low-voltage ride- through requirement for doubly-fed induction generator-based wind turbines, there are two problems to be addressed, namely, rotor inrush current that may exceed the converter limit and the DC-link overvoltage. Further, it is required to limit the doubly-fed induction generator transient response oscillations during the voltage sag to increase the gear lifetime and generator reliability. There is a rich literature addressing countermeasures for LVRT capability enhancement in DFIGs; this paper is therefore intended as an up-to-date review of solutions to the low-voltage ride-through issue. Moreover, attempts are also made to highlight future issues so as to index some emerging solutions. Copyright © 2015 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved. Keywords: Wind turbine, doubly-fed induction generator, low voltage ride-through, grid requirements. Nomenclature standards known as grid codes that wind turbines must meet when connecting to the grid [2-5]. The grid code WT = Wind Turbine; technical specifications are divided into static and DFIG = Doubly-Fed Induction Generator; dynamic requirements. The static requirements discuss LVRT = Low-Voltage Ride-Through; the steady state behavior and the power flow at the PCC = Point of Common Coupling; connection point to the transmission grid. While the FRT = Fault Ride-Through; dynamic requirements concern the desired wind turbine SDR = Stator Damping Resistor; generator behavior during fault and disturbance periods. ECS = Energy Capacitor System; Generally, these requirements cover many topics such as, ESS = Energy Storage System; voltage operating range, power factor regulation, RSC = Rotor Side Converter; frequency operating range, grid support capability, and PGSR = Parallel Grid Side Rectifier; low fault ride-through capability. Indeed, grid codes SGSC = Series Grid Side Converter; dictate FRT requirements. LVRT capability is considered PMSG = Permanent Magnet Synchronous; to be the biggest challenge in wind turbines design and HOSM = High-Order Sliding Mode. manufacturing technology [6]. LVRT requires wind turbines to remain connected to the grid in presence of I. Introduction grid voltage sags. The DFIG is one of the most frequently deployed The attention soars towards the sustainable energy large grid-connected wind turbines. Indeed, when sources, in particular the wind energy. This one is compared with the full-scale power converter WT considered as the most important and most promising concept, the DFIG offers some advantages, such as renewable energy sources in terms of development. As reduced inverter and output filter costs due to low rotor- wind-power capacity has increased, so has the need for and grid-side power conversion ratings (25%–30%) [7- wind power plants to become more active participants in 10], Power-factor control can be implemented at lower maintaining the operability and power quality of the cost, because the DFIG associated to the four-quadrant power grid. As a result, it becomes necessary to require converter basically operates similar to a synchronous wind power plants to behave as much as possible as generator. The converter has to provide only excitation conventional power plants [1]. An increasing number of energy. However, DFIG-based WTs are very sensitive to power system operators have implemented technical grid disturbances, especially to voltage dips [11-13]. In this particular context, this paper is intended as an II.4. Low Voltage Ride-Through up-to-date review of solutions to the low-voltage ride- In the event of a voltage drop, turbines are required to through issue. Moreover, attempts are also made to remain connected for specific time duration before being highlight future issues so as to index some industrial allowed to disconnect. This requirement is to ensure that solutions [14]. there is no generation loss for normally cleared faults. Disconnecting a wind generator too quickly could have a II. Grid-Code Requirements negative impact on the grid, particularly with large wind Grid-code requirements typically refer to large wind farms. farms connected to the transmission system, rather than Grid codes invariably require that large wind farms smaller stations connected to the distribution network. must withstand voltage sags down to a certain percentage These new grid codes stipulate that wind farms should of the nominal voltage and for a specified duration. Such contribute to power system control (frequency and also constraints are known as FRT or LVRT requirements. voltage), much as the conventional power stations, and They are described by a voltage versus time emphasize wind farm behavior in case of abnormal characteristic, denoting the minimum required immunity operating conditions of the network (such as in case of of the wind power station to the system voltage sags voltage dips). The most common requirements include (Figs.1 and 2) [20]. FRT capability, extended system voltage and frequency variation limits, active power regulation, and frequency III. Problem Statement control, as well as reactive power/power factor and As previously mentioned, DFIGs suffer from grid- voltage regulation capabilities [15-19]. The typical grid disturbance sensitivity. The reason behind this problem is codes main requirements are given below. related to the fact that the DFIG stator is directly connected to the grid, as shown in Fig. 3 [21]. II.1. Active Power During grid faults, one or more of the phase voltages Wind power plants must have the ability to regulate at the PCC may suddenly drop to close to zero. This their active power output to ensure a stable frequency in results in large stator current transients, leading to high the system and to prevent overloading of transmission currents flowing through the converters due to the lines and to minimize the effect of the dynamic operation magnetic coupling between stator and rotor windings of wind turbines on the grid (during extreme wind [20]. As the converter ratings are defined according to conditions). Maximum ramp rates are imposed on the the desired variable speed range under normal grid wind turbine. voltage conditions, it may not be possible to synthesize the control action required to control the rotor currents II.2. Reactive Power during transients. Indeed, when the rotor-side voltage or current reaches the power converter limit, DFIG control Wind power plants should have a reactive power is lost and protected against the converter thermal capability to maintain the reactive power balance and the breakdown. Even if the DFIG is subjected to small stator power factor in the desired range (typically between 0.9 voltage imbalance, with the converter operating inside its (lag) to 0.98(lead)). limits, the stator current may be highly unbalanced, leading to torque pulsations that result in acoustic noise II.3. Frequency Operating Range and, at high levels, may destroy the rotor shaft, gearbox, Wind power plants are required to run continuously and blade assembly [23-24]. within typical grid frequency variations between 49.5 Hz Dedicated countermeasures, in terms of protection and and 50.5 Hz. control, are therefore needed. Fig. 1. Typical LVRT curve. Fig. 2. LVRT requirements for different countries [20]. Main Circuit Breaker Brake DFIG Gear Pitch Drive Line Coupling Transformer Medium Voltage Switchgear Frequency Converter Wind Turbine Control Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of a DFIG-based wind turbine. IV. DFIG-Based WT LVRT Technologies These approaches can be divided into two main Review categories: 1) Passive Methods using additional equipments such as blade pitch angle control, crowbar Several countermeasures discussed in the literatures methods; ECS or DC capacitor sizing, and ESS or DC have addressed the LVRT capability enhancement in bus energy storage circuit (Fig. 4); and 2) Active Methods DFIGs. using appropriate converter control. Fig. 4. Rotor and converter protection devices. IV.1. Passive Methods 3) Energy capacitor system. The DC capacitor sizing 1) Blade pitch angle control. Pitch control achieves method is similar to some extent to a crowbar power reduction by rotating each blade to reduce their configuration, except that this method protects the IGBTs attack angle. In comparison with passive stall, pitch from overvoltage and can dissipate energy.
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