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Microgrid Design Considerations Microgrid Design Considerations Dr. Arindam Maitra, EPRI September 8, 2016 Part 3 of 3 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline – Microgrid Design and Analysis Tutorial Part II Time Topics 14:30-15:00 Design analysis • Needs and Key Interconnection Issues (Arindam Maitra) 15:30-17:30 Design analysis (cont.) • Methods and Tools • Case Studies #1: Renewable Rich Microgrids - Protection Case Studies (Mohamed El Khatib) #2: Rural radial #3: Secondary n/w 17:00-17:30 Q&A 17:30 Adjourn 2 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Microgrids .Optimization of microgrid design is challenging and inherently contains many unknowns… Regulatory Issues Value of Resiliency System Design Challenges Engineering Studies Costs 3 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Integrating Customer DER with Utility Assets Customer Utility Assets Assets Micro Grid Controller SCADA/DMS/ / DERMS* Enterprise Integrate d Grid Energy Storage* Isolating Device* Distribution Transformer *New assets 4 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Microgrid Types .Commercial/Industrial Microgrids: Built with the goal of reducing demand and costs during normal operation, although the operation of critical functions during outages is also important, especially for data centers. .Community/City/Utility and Network Microgrids: Improve reliability of critical infrastructure, deferred asset investment, emission and energy policy targets and also promote community participation. .University Campus Microgrids: Meet the high reliability needs for research labs, campus housing, large heating and cooling demands at large cost reduction opportunities, and lower emission targets. Most campuses already have DG resources, with microgrid technology linking them together. They are usually large and may be involved with selling excess power to the grid. Some of these facilities typically serve as emergency shelters for surrounding communities during extreme events .Public Institutional Microgrids: Improve reliability and lower energy consumptions at facilities impacting public health and safety, including hospitals, police and fire stations, sewage treatment plants, schools, public transport systems, and correctional facilities. Additional requirement of uninterrupted electrical and thermal service increases attractiveness of CHP-based district energy solutions 5 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Microgrid Types .Military Microgrids: Military microgrids focus on high reliability for mission-critical loads, strong needs for cyber and physical security, DoD energy cost reduction, and greenhouse gas emission reduction goals at the operating bases. .Rural Microgrid Communities: Remote microgrid communities are typically connected to rural distribution system where it is prohibitive due to the distance or a physical barrier to bring in new transmission service for backup. Many already use diesel generation. They microgrids offer best candidate to incorporate renewable energy, improve system reliability targets, and defer investment and reduce supply chain risk. 6 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Microgrid Configurations Depending on Location and Purpose 7 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Micro-grid: Operating as an “Island” Isolated from the Bulk Supply Circuit Breaker Isolating Device – when open the system operates as micro-grid “Islanded” Facility Utility Source Trip Signal Islanding Control (opens/closes breaker as needed to facilitate independent operation – must provide synchronization) Electrical Island DG DG Able to Carry Load on Island and Provide Proper Voltage and Frequency 8 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. “Islanding” for Reliability Enhancement “Islanded” campus area during utility system outages Building Load 13.2 kV Feeder Building Load Utility Substation Building Load Utility System Interface Breaker D D Building Building G G Load Load DG trip settings for DG coordinated to allow utility system interface breaker to trip during utility faults so that stable transition to islanded state is achieved for the campus without interruption of DG service 9 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. A Six Home Microgrid House 1 House 2 House 3 Distribution Transformer Isolating Power System Device Secondary Utility System (120/240 V) Primary (13.2 kV) Utility System 50 KVA House 4 House 5 House 6 Interface & Inverter Controller (Synchronization, fault protection, islanding DC Bus detection, etc.) Fuel Cell Charge Regulator Thermal Energy Storage Storage Heat Distribution 10 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. A Single Building Multiple Sources, Storage, and Heat Recovery Serves as Isolation Point Utility System Interface AC Bus & Protection Control for Micro-grid mode of operation Utility Building Source Electrical Circuit Loads Breaker Circuit 20 kW Status/control Breaker signals paths to/from Wind electrical loads Energy Master Source System INVERTER Controller Status/control signal Rectification paths to/from thermal and Filtering DC Bus loads Charge/Discharge Regulator Building 200 kW Heat Energy Recovery Thermal Storage Fuel Cell Loads 11 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. A Campus Microgrid System Dormitory A Dormitory B Administrative Isolating Device (opens during micro-grid mode) Building Campus Owned 500 kVA 500 kVA 300 kVA Distribution (13.2 kV) Utility System Primary Connection (13.2 kV) Voltage Utility System To Other 75 kVA Interface Control Regulator Generator Campus (Synchronization, fault protection, islanding detection, Step Up Loads Academic etc.) Transformer Student Heat Distribution Union Building B Paralleling Bus (4.8 kV) Communication & Control Signal Path Generator 1.75 Academic Building A Protection 1.75 1.75 300 and Control MVA MVA MVA 800 kVA kVA Gen Gen Gen Load control Heat Recovered Heat Distribution from ICE Units 12 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Microgrid Design Parameters Urban Rural Non-Utility Remote / Utility Utility Microgrids Island . Number of customers served Microgrids Microgrids Microgrids Commercial / Remote . Physical length of circuits and types Industrial Clusters Planned Communities of loads to be served Downtown Islanding and Loads Application University Campus Areas Load Support Geographical Residential . Voltage levels to be used Islands Development . Feeder configuration (looped, Reliability and Improved Reliability; Power Quality Electrification of Main Drivers Outage Management; networked, radial) Enhancement; Remote Areas Renewable and CHP Integration Energy Efficiency; . Types of distributed energy Improved Reliability; Premium Power Supply resources utilized Fuel Diversity; Quality; Availability Congestion Management; Benefits CHP Integration; Greenhouse Gas Reduction; Demand Response Integration of . AC or DC microgrid Upgrade Deferral; Management Renewables Ancillary Services . Heat-recovery options Grid- Primary Mode of Primary Mode of Operation Never Connected Operation . Desired power quality and reliability Nearby faults or levels System Disturbances Nearby faults or System Intentional Disturbances Times of Peak Always Islanded Islanding . Methods of control and protection Energy Prices Approaching Storms . Controllers Approaching Storms Source: Johan Driesen and Farid Katiraei, “Design for Distributed Energy Resources,” IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, May/June 2008 13 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Microgrid Design Elements • Are the fault contributions from • Are DERs able to regulate the voltage and DERs sufficient to allow frequency within the island? satisfactory operation of • Any issues with parallel grid operation? protection systems? • How is re-synchronization checked • Are existing protection schemes against criteria such as out-of-phase, large adequate? change in voltage? Microgrids Need a microgrid controller Plan, design, operate, control, monitor and optimize seamlessly 14 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Microgrid Detailed Technical Design Site Descriptions Microgrid Project Objectives Design Basis and Rationale Performance Criteria • Electrical & Thermal Needs • Generation Assets • Critical Load Needs • Power Distribution Equip. DER & Microgrid Controller Control Needs Communication Needs Codes & Standards 15 © 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. DER Characterization Renewables Fossil Fuels Tech ▪ Solar Photovoltaics ▪ Boiler Electric Storage ▪ Solar Thermal ▪ Fuel Cell Microturbine • AggregateSolar capacity Photovoltaics of all units (kwh) ▪ Wind ▪ Microturbine• Maximum charge rate • Max Power (kW) NG• # Genset of modules ▪ (fraction of total capacity charge in one hour) • Sprint capacity (% of power) ▪ Diesel• Module (backup) rating (kW DC)Electric Vehicles • Maximum discharge rate • # of sprint hours (hours) • Module •SizeMultiple (m2) locations (fraction of total capacity discharge per hour) • Fuel type • Efficiency• (%)Min connect/disconnect SOC Energy Storage • MinimumThermal state Tech of charge • Efficiency (ratio) • Inverter• sizeMax (kW charge AC) hours ▪ Electrical (Power, Energy) ▪ Heat• Charge Pump efficiency • CHP capable? (yes/no) • Total land• areaBattery (m2) size ▪ Thermal (Chiller, Refrig.) ▪ CHP• Discharge
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