Connecting a Microgeneration System to a Domestic Or Similar Electrical Installation
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TRUE DC Isolators for PV Systems N Market-Leading Design N 2, 4, 6 & 8 Pole Versions Available N Max
SI TRUE DC Solar Isolator Brighter Solutions AC vs DC Safe Switching As any electrician is aware the nature of DC switching has to be considered with care because on disconnection an arc can occur that is more arduous than that produced with an AC load because there is no zero point on DC. The nature of this arc means that design considerations have to be made within the switch in order to quench this phenomenon; that not only includes significant contact gaps with high speed of operation, but also thermal transmissive materials. What must be considered is that any AC isolator is predominantly designed with materials chosen such that the load will be AC. This means that the load supply will be a 50/60Hz sine wave, whether it be 230VAC or 400VAC, etc. When switching AC it should be remembered that the nature of the load supply will always pass through ØVAC twice in every cycle and therefore although loads can be ardu- ous in type the supply is self-extinguishing. By that we mean that even if the isolator switches at peak load and an arc is formed between contacts, the action of the supply reducing to ØV means that the load will tend to zero and the arc will be extinguished. DC load, on the other hand, is always there and unless the load becomes zero, the power being pulled through the contacts will always be the same. So if the load is 500VDC 25A it will be 500V 25A now, in 1s , in 1min, in 1hour – that is constant. -
Residential Distribution
Residential Distribution. If home is where the heart is, then the consumer unit is its heartbeat. Discover our range of consumer units and small enclosures (conforming to EN 61439-3 standards) are available in functional, stylish and innovative options for any home. Whilst our protection devices, including RCCBs, MCB’s and RCBO’s, offer protection from any unwanted bumps in the road. 4.1 04 Page Consumer Units Surface Mounted Consumer Units 4.3 Flush Mounted Consumer Units 4.9 Enclosures Surface Mounted Enclosures 4.11 Flush Mounted Enclosures 4.26 Protection Devices RCCBs 4.29 MCBs 4.29 RCBOs 4.29 Locking Kit 4.31 Arc Fault Detection Devices 4.31 Surge Protection 4.32 Switching Switch Disconnectors 4.33 Auxiliaries & Accessories 4.36 Changeover Switches 4.37 Residential Distribution Technical Pages 4.38 4.2 Surface Mounted Consumer Units I.S.10101 Gamma, Meter Tail Kit I.S.10101 Gamma IP30 Characteristics: - Surface mounting enclosures, 1 - 4 rows, 13 - 52 modules. - Conforms to EN 61439-3 and I.S.10101 - Made of insulating material coloured RAL 9010. - Insulating chassis and frame. - Fixed DIN rail for devices of a maximum shoulder measurement of 45mm. - Distance between rail 125mm - Premarked cable entries on top, bottom and side. SBE8101 - Delivered with plain door and back plate, blanking strips and marking strip - Optional; additional connection assemblies, cable trunking, back plates, plain and transparent doors, door locks. Description Dimensions mm Pre–fitted devices Cat ref. Incomer: Isolator 1 row 13 modulels h.250 x w.250 x d.103 1 x 80A Isolator (SBR280) SBE7101 1 x 63A RCD (CDA263U) 4 x 20A MCB (MBN120W) 1 x 32A MCB (MBN132W) 2 x 6A RCBO (ADA306G) 2 rows 26 modules h.375 x w. -
Xpole Pfim-X
Eaton.com Protective Devices Residual Current Devices PFIM-X Catalog Protective Devices General 1.1 Residual Current Devices - General Data Short description of the most important RCD types Symbol Description Eaton standard. Suitable for outdoor installation (distribution boxes for outdoor installation and building sites) up to -25° C. Conditionally surge-current proof (>250 A, 8/20 µs) for general application. Type AC: AC current sensitive RCCB Type A: AC and pulsating DC current sensitive RCCB, not affected by smooth DC fault currents up to 6 mA Type F: AC and pulsating DC current sensitive RCCB, trips also at frequency mixtures (10 Hz, 50 Hz, 1000 Hz), min. 10 ms time-delayed, min. 3 kA surge current proof, higher load capacity with smooth DC fault currents up to 10 mA Frequency range up to 20 kHz Trips also at frequency mixtures (10 Hz, 50 Hz, 1000 Hz) Type B: All-current sensitive RCD switchgear for applications where DC fault currents may occur. Non-selective, non- delayed. Protection against all kinds of fault currents. Type B+: All-current sensitive RCD switchgear for applications where DC fault currents may occur. Non-selective, non-delayed. Protection against all kinds of fault currents. Provides enhanced fire safety. RCD of type G (min 10 ms time delay) surge current-proof up to 3 kA. For system components where protection G against unwanted tripping is needed to avoid personal injury and damage to property. Also for systems involving ÖVE E 8601 long lines with high capacitive reactance. Some versions are sensitive to pulsating DC. Some versions are available in all-current sensitive design. -
The IT Earthing System (Unearthed Neutral) in LV
Collection Technique .......................................................................... Cahier technique no. 178 The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV F. Jullien I. Héritier “Cahiers Techniques” is a collection of documents intended for engineers and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth information in order to complement that given in product catalogues. Furthermore, these “Cahiers Techniques” are often considered as helpful “tools” for training courses. They provide knowledge on new technical and technological developments in the electrotechnical field and electronics. They also provide better understanding of various phenomena observed in electrical installations, systems and equipments. Each “Cahier Technique” provides an in-depth study of a precise subject in the fields of electrical networks, protection devices, monitoring and control and industrial automation systems. The latest publications can be downloaded from the Schneider Electric internet web site. Code: http://www.schneider-electric.com Section: Experts’ place Please contact your Schneider Electric representative if you want either a “Cahier Technique” or the list of available titles. The “Cahiers Techniques” collection is part of the Schneider Electric’s “Collection technique”. Foreword The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using information and diagrams contained in this document. Reproduction of all or part of a “Cahier Technique” is authorised with the prior consent of the Scientific and Technical Division. The statement “Extracted from Schneider Electric “Cahier Technique” no. .....” (please specify) is compulsory. no. 178 The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV François JULLIEN Joined Schneider Electric’s Low Voltage activity in 1987. -
Developing Brazil's Market for Distributed Solar Generation
Developing Brazil’s Market for Distributed Solar Generation Juliano Assunção Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) & Núcleo de Avaliação de Políticas Climáticas da PUC-Rio (NAPC/PUC-Rio) | Department of Economics, PUC-Rio [email protected] Amanda Schutze Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) & Núcleo de Avaliação de Políticas Climáticas da PUC-Rio (NAPC/PUC-Rio) [email protected] September 2017 Abstract We show the availability of solar resources is a poor predictor of the penetration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation in Brazil. Analyzing data from 5,563 municipalities in Brazil, we show that demand-side factors such as population, GDP, and electricity tariffs prevail as key determinants of PV undertake. Solar radiation only appears as positively correlated with PV adoption when comparing municipalities within the same influence area of electricity providers. Public policies should target frictions on the demand for electricity to promote PV. In addition, estimates of the potential of renewable sources to mitigate climate change are upward biased if demand-side factors are not taken into account. Keywords distributed generation, solar photovoltaic, radiation Jel codes Q01, Q40, Q41 Acknowledgments Isabela Salgado and Maria Mittelbach provided excellent research assistance. 1. Introduction Renewable technologies are seen as a key instrument in combatting greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, and the availability of renewable natural resources is regarded as the main requirement for a nation’s ability to reduce climate risk (IPCC, 2014). However, the development of the renewable energy sector occurs not only through determinants of supply, i.e., the availability of natural resources, but also through aspects of demand. -
B4 Building Works Standard Specifications
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS (DRAFT) August 2012 B4 BUILDING WORKS BUILDING B4 FOREWORD The mission of the Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT) is to promote an adequate, safe and well maintained works and transport infrastructure and services so as to effectively contribute to the socio-economic development of the country. In exercising this mission and in discharging its responsibilities, the Ministry is issuing a series of Design Manuals, Guidelines, Codes and Standards, of which the “Standard Specifications for Building Works” is one part thereof. The Standard Specifications for Building Works will be a nationally recognized document which will serve as a standard reference for the preparation of specifications for works to be undertaken on building construction projects. The major benefits to be gained in applying this document are the harmonization of professional practice in the building construction in Uganda and curtailment of informal developments so as to ensure well-planned, well- maintained, safe, cost effective and decent building developments and human settlements throughout the country. The Standard Specifications will be periodically updated and new editions issued to cater for the dynamic technological developments in the construction industry. Abraham Byandala Minister of Works and Transport August 2012 Ministry of Works and Transport Standard Specifications for Building Works General Table of Contents Part 1: Architectural, Structural and General Works Part 2: Building Sanitation Part 3: Electrical Services Ministry of Works and Transport i Standard Specifications for Building Works TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1. ARCHITECTURAL, STRUCTURAL and GENERAL WORKS Page 1.0 GENERAL MATTERS ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1 General Conditions of Contract .............................................................................. -
Energy Monitoring
Technical Data sheet Energy monitoring MONITORING A simple installation SINGLE PHASE SENSOR The Voltaware single phase and three phase sensors are quick and easy to install with minimum disruption to your supply. Clamp or clamps are placed 3 PHASE around the mains cable and voltage SENSOR detectors are magnetically located on the appropriate fuses. The transmitter is small enough to fit unobtrusively inside most fuseboxes. The transmitter connects securely your local WiFi network or via GSM and immediately starts sending live data to our servers. You can be connected in 5 minutes. Data analysis STORAGE Total consumption and cost data is available immediately; live, daily, or monthly. Our machine learning algorithm takes about a week before it begins to identify appliances by their electrical signatures. We use artificial intelligence to ANALYSIS model consumer behaviour and this allows us to deliver periodic detailled breakdowns of cost and consumption. MOBILE APP CUSTOM DASHBOARD INTEGRATED API Data where you need it Voltaware electricity monitoring data is available to you anywhere via our free iOS and Android app available at Google Play and the App Store but for larger installations we can develop custom dashboards. Or you can integrate our MEASUREMENT AND COMMUNICATION OF DATA data into your own systems using our API. Single Phase sensor Three-phase sensor METER METER K K K L L L K L A1 I ON N O OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON ON ON ON L N ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Operating voltage: 85 - 250 V ac Operating voltage: -
Technical Application Papers No.3 Distribution Systems and Protection Against Indirect Contact and Earth Fault
Technical Application Papers No.3 Distribution systems and protection against indirect contact and earth fault Technical Application Papers Distribution systems and protection against indirect contact and earth fault Index 6.2.1 Miniature circuit-breakers System pro M and System pro M compact with 1 Introduction ........................................2 residual current protection ....................23 6.2.2 Residual current releases for Tmax 2 Main definitions ..............................3 moulded-case circuit-breakers ..............28 6.2.3 Electronic releases PR… ranges for 3 Protection against earth moulded-case and air circuit-breakers with integrated residual current protection ....29 fault 6.2.4 Residual current relay with external transformer ...........................................30 3.1 General aspects ......................................5 6.3 The solution with function G ..................31 4 Classification of electrical 6.4 Protection function G or residual current distribution systems protection? ...........................................33 6.4.1 Typical applications of residual current ........................................... circuit-breakers 4.1 TT system ...............................................6 33 4.2 TN system ...............................................6 6.4.2 Typical applications of moulded-case 4.3 IT system ................................................7 and air circuit-breakers equipped with function G against earth fault .................34 4.4 Conclusions ............................................7 -
Circuit Breaker Control Guidelines for Vacclad-W Metal-Clad Switchgear
Application Paper AP083012EN Circuit breaker control guidelines for VacClad-W metal-clad switchgear Circuit breaker control Control breaker control equipment Relays Eaton’s VCP-W circuit breaker has a motor charged Microprocessor-based or solid-state relays spring type stored energy closing mechanism. would generally require dc power or reliable Closing the breaker charges accelerating springs. uninterruptible ac supply for their logic circuits. Protective relays or the control switch will energize a shunt trip coil to release the accelerating springs Auxiliary switches and open the breaker. This requires a reliable Optional circuit breaker and cell auxiliary switches source of control power for the breaker to function are available where needed for interlocking or as a protective device. Figure 2 and Figure 3 control of auxiliary devices. Typical applications and show typical ac and dc control schematics for type operation are described in Figure 1 and Table 1. VCP-W circuit breakers. Breaker auxiliary switches and MOC switches For ac control, a capacitor trip device is used are used for breaker open/close status and with each circuit breaker shunt trip to ensure that interlocking. energy will be available for tripping during fault conditions. A control power transformer is required Auxiliary contacts available for controls or external on the source side of each incoming line breaker. use from auxiliary switch located on the circuit Closing bus tie or bus sectionalizing breakers breaker are typically limited in number by the will require automatic transfer of control power. breaker control requirements as follows: This control power transformer may also supply • Breakers with ac control voltage: 1NO and 3NC other ac auxiliary power requirements for the switchgear. -
A Practical Guide to the 17Th Edition of the Wiring Regulations
A Practical Guide to the 17th Edition of the Wiring Regulations This page intentionally left blank A Practical Guide to the 17th Edition of the Wiring Regulations Christopher Kitcher AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Oxford OX5, 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803 First edition 2010 Copyright © 2010, Christopher Kitcher. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Christopher Kitcher to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. -
Installation / User Manual
Installation / User Manual APsystems YC1000-3 3-Phase Microinverter (For South Africa) ALTENERGY POWER SYSTEM Inc. Please scan the QR code emea.APsystems.com to get mobile app and more support to help the installation. APsystems Europe © All Rights Reserved Cypresbaan 7, 2908 LT,Capelle aan den Ijssel The Netherlands TEL: +31-10-2582670 EMAIL: [email protected] Table of Contents Important Safety Instructions...................................................................................................2 Radio interference statement.................................................................................................................... 2 Safety Instructions......................................................................................................................................... 3 Symbols replace words on the equipment, on a display................................................................. 3 APsystems YC1000-3 System Introduction.........................................................................4 APsystems 3-phase Microinverter YC1000-3..................................................................... 6 APsystems Microinverter System Installation.................................................................... 7 Additional Installation components from APsystems...................................................................... 7 Required Parts and Tools from you.........................................................................................................7 Installation Procedures................................................................................................................................ -
Consumer Unit Design 10 Multi Tariff Switch Disconnector
Design 10 Multi Tariff Switch Disconnector Consumer Unit Consumer Unit Design 10 Multi Tariff Switch Disconnector For the distribution of power in a residential application, conforming to BS EN 61439-3 including Annex ZB (16kA rating). Design 10 is the entry level board designed for all applications and, when fitted with RCBO on outgoing circuits, allows compliance with BS 7671:2008 regulations; 411.3.3 additional protection by means of a 30mA RCD, 314.1&2 segregation of circuits to avoid danger and minimise inconvenience in the event of a fault, 522.6.7 protection of wiring concealed in walls or partitions. Metal enclosure manufactured to allow compliance with BS 7671 regulation 421.1.201 Multi tariff boards allow more than one supply to an installation. Certain loads such as heating can then be assigned to the relevant supply. Sw/D/I Sw/D/I Sw/D/I 63 100 100 VML9651 Description Size Cat ref. 18 Way Twin Tariff Configurable 2 X 100A Switch 7 VML918C 12 Way Multi Tariff 6+5+1 2X100A 1X63A Switch 6 VML9651 Features & Benefits - Square cable entry points top and bottom for use with cable trunking - Optimised cabling space – DIN rail position allows maximum cabling - Rear Knockouts for ease of cable entry – Cable protector plate space available as an accessory - Top mounted terminal rail makes the wiring of the neutral and earth - Rigid top wall – Enhances rigidity to prevent distortion when removing connections neat and simple. knockouts - Snap-able busbar – Quick and easy configuration of circuits - Front cover retained screws – Prevents loss during installation - Full metal DIN rail – Secure and stable attachment of devices - Quick release clip on MCB/RCBO – Allows removal of MCB/RCBO with busbar still in place - Torque settings shown on inside of front cover to ensure settings are always available Hager Ltd.