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The Impact of Voltage Dip Characteristics on Low Voltage Ride Through of DFIG-Based Wind Turbines

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The Impact of Voltage Dip Characteristics on Low Voltage Ride Through of DFIG-Based Wind Turbines DEGREE PROJECT IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2019 The Impact of Voltage Dip Characteristics on Low Voltage Ride Through of DFIG-based Wind Turbines CHENG CHEN KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE The Impact of Voltage Dip Characteristics on Low Voltage Ride Through of DFIG-based Wind Turbines Author Cheng Chen <[email protected]> KTH Royal Institute of Technology Program MSc Electric Power Engineering Place and Date KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden June 2019 Examiner Patrik Hilber KTH Royal Institute of Technology Supervisors Math Bollen Luleå University of Technology Nathaniel Taylor KTH Royal Institute of Technology 1 Abstract In last decade, there is a large increase in installed capacity of wind power. As more wind power is integrated into utility networks, related technology challenges draw much attention. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is the mainstream choice for wind turbine generator (WTG) in current market and the object of this thesis. It is very sensitive to voltage dips. The enhancement of low voltage ride through (LVRT) is one of the most important issues for DFIG, and many works have already been done to provide solutions. In current works, the voltage dip waveforms that are applied in LVRT related works are largely different from waveforms in reality, because they fail to consider the the effect of realistic wind farm configurations on waveforms of voltage dips and significant influences of additional characteristics of voltage dips. The true impact of the voltage dip needs to be assessed in performance evaluation and development of LVRT methods. To support the development of practical LVRT capacity enhancement solutions, the application of voltage dip knowledge is definitely demanded. In this thesis, the characteristics of realistic waveform voltage dips in wind farm are analyized based on voltage dip knowldege from power quality field, measured voltage dip from industry and realistic wind farm configurations. Classical analysis theory is applied to explain the principles of the impact of voltage dip characteristics on dynamic behavior of DFIG. The impacts of many widely neglected characteristics such as phase angle jump (PAJ), point on wave (POW) of initiation and recovery, voltage recovery process, transformer configurations, load effect are revealed and verified by simulations. The impact of many voltage dip characteristics on DFIG are studied for the first time. Keywords DFIG, wind power, low voltage ride through, power quality, voltage dip 2 Sammanfattning De senaste tio åren har sett en stor ökning av installerad effekt av vindkraft. Mer vindkraft i elnäten har lett till större uppmärksamhet om dess tekniska utmaningar. Den dubbelmatad asynkrongenerator (DFIG) är idag den vanligaste förekommande typen i vindkraftverk. Den är mycket känslig för spänningssänkningar. Förbättring av tålighet för spänningssänkningar (LVRT) är en av de viktigaste frågorna för DFIG, och många studier har redan sökt lösningar. I befintliga studier om LVRT har spänningssänkningarna skiljt sig väsentligt från verkliga vågformer, då de inte har tagit hänsyn till realistiska vindparkkonfigurationer och betydande påverkan av ytterligare egenskaper hos spänningssänkningar. För att stödja utvecklingen av praktiska LVRT lösningar behövs mer kunskap om spänningssänkningar för att bedöma dess verkliga inverkan. Detta examensarbete förbättrar LVRT analysen av DFIG genom att tillämpa kunskap om spänningssänkningar från elkvalitetsområdet, tillsammans med realistiska vindparkskonfigurationer. Inflytandet av ändringar i fasvinkel (PAJ), fasvinkeln vid sänkning och återhämtning (POW), spännings återhämtning, transformatorkonfigurationer, last och många andra egenskaper av spänningssänkningar ingår också. Inflytandet av många egenskaper av spänningssänkningar studeras här akademiskt för första gången. Den karaktäristik av realistiska spänningssänkningar som inträffar vid generatorns poler, och de effekter dessa har, studeras och förklaras genom teoretisk analys och intensiva simuleringar. 3 Acknowledgements My deepest love to my Mom and Dad. Most important people in my life. They're always supporting my back with unconditional love. I will make them proud. My sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Math Bollen. It's an honor to work with him and I do enjoy research works of power quality. He guides my first step into the academia. It means so much to me. I really appreciate supports, encouragement and patients all during thesis works. My sincere gratitude to Dr. Nathaniel Taylor. His precious suggestions, guides and helping hand are strong supports in my master programme journey. He is always patient and kind. A true gentleman. My sincere gratitude to Dr. Patrik Hilber. With his help as director of my programme, I replace a basic course with advanced course Wind Power System in programme which give me good knowledge base of thesis work. And thanks for organizing the thesis work and course EH2220 so well as examiner and providing great course of reliability analysis of power system as teacher. I would like to thank my colleague Prof. Massimo Bongiorno, Dr. Azam Bagheri and Mr. Roger Alves de Oliveira from Chalmers University of Technology, Luleå University of Technology. Great discussion and teamwork. They’re good friends and be supportive to my works. I hope a fruitful team work in future stage of project when I move to Skellefteå. I would like to thank Professor Xian-yong Xiao and Professor Ying Wang and Professor Yamei Liu from Sichuan University for their teaching in bachelor days. And it is good to having the support of old bachelor roommate Chunjun Huang along this six year of Power Engineering education. He taught me a lot. I would like to thank my uncle Baohui Zhang for his constantly encouragement. He is my icon and the best engineer in my mind. A “Hi” to a girl, although I wouldn’t have another chance to meet again. A good memory. Her love used to be constant drive of my life journey. 4 Statement This project is funded by Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) and conducted by Luleå University of Technology (LTU) and Chalmers University of Technology (CTH). The wind power research of CTH and voltage dip research from LTU are combined to increase the understanding of how different characteristics of voltage dip affect the LVRT of wind turbines. And these knowledges would be produced and allow various stakeholders to improve LVRT of wind turbines. I contribution a considerable amount of works as thesis student since summer of 2017 and will be continuously involved until the end of project. A very small amount of the work of this thesis project has been published in one conference paper. Some other parts of the work are summarized in three papers that are all accepted and will be published during this year. Nearly half of thesis is based on the contents of these papers. Due to concern of copyright, the figures used in these papers are not used in this thesis. The results used in this thesis are mainly produced by new simulation works for revealing the same idea. The paper that has been published: Importance of voltage-dip knowledge for improving fault-ride-through of wind-power installations Authorship: Azam Bagheri, Cheng Chen, Math H. J. Bollen, Sarah K. Rönnberg, Massimo Bongiorno. Conference: 8th Solar & 17th Wind Integration Workshop, Stockholm, Sweden. The papers that are accepted for future publication: The impact of voltage dips to low-voltage-ride-through capacity of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine Authorship: Cheng Chen, Azam Bagheri, Math H. J. Bollen, Massimo Bongiorno. Conference: 2019 IEEE PES PowerTech Milano, Milan, Italy. Power quality knowledge application for low voltage ride through studies of wind turbine generator Authorship: Cheng Chen, Roger Alves de Oliveira, Math H. J. Bollen, Azam Bagheri Conference: 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT- Europe), Bucharest, Romania Evaluation of the DFIG-based wind turbine subjected to transformer-energizing voltage dips Authorship: Roger Alves de Oliveira, Cheng Chen, Math H. J. Bollen, Sarah K. Rönnberg, Massimo Bongiorno. Conference: The 2019 Conference on Power and Industrial Electronics (NORPIE 2019), Narvik, Norway. 5 Two Journal papers that apply the content of this thesis have been sent for peer review. They are works that corporate with Changsha University of Science and Technology and Hunan University. I made presentations and found good partner to extend the scope of project. We are developing the LVRT methods specifically aim to mitigate the impact of widely neglected additional characteristics especially phase angle jump and voltage recovery process. And one LVRT related review paper will be sent by the end of June. They’re not related to topic of this thesis and will not be included. Some content of thesis will be used in future papers. 6 Content Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Literature Review ............................................................................................... 10 1.3 Thesis Objective and Outline ........................................................................ 12 1.3.1 Thesis Objective ................................................................................................
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