had occurred. Additional changes were made in 1954 when the 120
11 11 11 1 foot long pr·atective shelter over Mound C ' was removed. The
mound's profile had deteriorated greatly, an~ long established
plans for its preservation had not been implemented. A year later
Ocmulgee's staff archeologist suggested tbat the Indian burial
shelters also be removed and the skeletons reburied. The
archeologist complained abou~ the ''obese white lumps'' which caused
visitors to ''squat, squint, and barely make out the moth eaten,
mangy disarray of yellowish bones.''7
The early 1950s also marked a time ~hen monument
administrators attempted to form a closer bond with the local
community. Public ceremonies were held in 1951 to dedicate the
museum-administration building and in September 1952 a two day
Indian festival was held. The festival consisted of a parade from
downtown Macon to Ocmulgee National Monument, Indian craft
demonstrations, a stick ball game between Creeks and Cherokees, and
an orchestra concert. Fifty Creek Indians from Oklahoma
participated in various even~s, and Bibb County public schools
cancelled classes on Friday for the occasion. The festival
attracted large ~rowds and was considered a success, although three
stick ball players were sent to a local hospital with lacerations ~. and abrasions. In July 1955, Louis R. Caywood became Superintendent of
Ocmulgee National Monument. In 1956 two publications were
released, both written by NPS employees at the monument.
~~ti9D~1 ~QO~ill§Ot~ ~§9C9i~i the monumer1t's official handbook, was
written by Gus Pope Jr. and was reprinted in 1961. 0c£b~Q1Q9~ gf
tbg Eyogc§! ~QYD~i written by archeologist Charles Fairbanks, was
also pc1bl ished. It remains a classical work concerning excav~tions
at Ocmctlgee. '• During the latter part of the 1950s, plans were announced for a ' .~~~-':
interstate highway !Interstate 161 to be constructed through Macon
enroute to Savannah. The proposed route placed the interstate
through a portion of Ocmulgee National Monument bet~een Mound ''A"
and the Ocmulgee River • Much local public ·support was generated
.. due to speculation that an interstate would attract more tourists
(customers) to the city of Macon. Residents were also hopeful that
the interstate would require the construction of a bridge at Seco~d
Street. Some individuals, such as General Harris and Cecil Coke,
felt that the interstate would spoil archeological sites and
present an eyesore to visitors at the monument. They were joined
by very few people with similar opinions. The sentiments of Harris
and Coke also lacked support because plans were still in the
initial stages and even the National 1Park Service did not voice its
objections.
The interstate issue did not create much cbntroversy during the
late 1950s. Superintendent Caywooci informed the Southeast Region
of the proposed interstate route on November 15, 1957. The
Superintendent's main concern was that the highw2y would ruin the
44 historic setting for visitors.8 Regional Director Elbert Cox
agreed that there was not much hope of preventing the interstate
from crossing monument grounds unless there was actual damage to
archeological remains. The route might destroy the historic
setting Cox acknowledged, '' but with the proximity of the railroad,
related highways, and other modern structures, it is a little hard
to become exercised about one more intrusion in the picture. 11 10
Little more was said on the subject until the 1960's. In January
1961, as plans for the interstate system progressed, Superintendent
Caywood departed Ocmulgee. Albert Dillahunty became superintendent
later the same month and shortly afterwards engaged in a bitter ·~
fight against the proposed route of Interstate 16.
~...
45 CHAPTER V
INTERSTATES, INDIANS, AND IMPROVEMENTS
Superintendent Albert Dillahunty.was stationed at Ocmulgee
National Monument for six eventful years. The Superintendent was
determined to improve the physical aspects of the monument to which ' . previous administrators had devoted !little time. The ''bulldozer
days'' of Superintendent Dillahunty included the destruction of
brick kilns formerly associated with Anderson brickyard, the
removal of the railroad roundhouse foundation, and the
reconstitution of the Civil War earthworks. Other areas of the
monLlment were also cleared and mol..iing operations became a major 1 job
of park staff. The greatest concern, however, was the proposed
route of I-16.
The local situation concerning Interstate 16 seemed bleak in
1961. Mayor Wilson and most Macon civic and business leaders
favored the I-16 route through the monument. Their views were
supported by Congressman Carl Vinson, instrumental in establishing
Ocmulgee National Monument a quarter of a century earlier.
The administrative personnel of the monument and the National
Park Service were definitely opposed to the planned interstate
route although their stand attracted few supporters. The position
of the Park Service drew much criticism from m~ny local citize~s ( . ~ •• who favor-ed the interstate route. Other groups were angry at the
46 Service for not voicing objections sooner. The Bibb Company let it
be known that the interstate would cross land that had been
acquired from them by the Park Service and had been declared
''indispensable.''1 Even members of the Ocmulgee Auxilary
Corporation were divided in their opinions. A called meeting of
the Board of Directors was held June 12, 1961, and after a two hour
discussion of the proposed interstate route a decision of ''No
Action 11 was reached.2
In July the interstate debate heated and tempers boiled. A
meeting of city leaders was held July 13 at which Ellsworth
Hall Jr. 1 representing the Chamber of Commerce and others, stated
that ''if a choice had to be made between the highway and some
esthetic damage to the monument, the choice was for the highway.''3
(~. The meeting enforced feelings of oppositiort toward P~rk Service '-- policy. Superintendent Dillahunty continued to oppose the highway
plans but had to allow the battle to be fought on a national level.
In mid-July the National Park Service proposed an alternate
route, transferring the proposed route from the monument's southern . sector to a location between the Visitor Center and Emery,Highway. ' The nevJ proposal· would protect undisturbed ground along the river
for future archeological work and preserve the bottom land area
from further encroachments by man. The Park Service had earlier
rejected a land swap proposal and city leaders, eager for a bridge
at Seconci Street~ rejected the new Park Service proposal.
In August the Park Service submitted another plan which was
also rejected. On September 8, 1961, a final decision was reached
in a meeting between Congressman Vinson, G~orge Williams
(Assistant Co1nmissioner for Engineering, Bureau of Public Roads>,
47 and NPS Director Conrad Wirth. Interstate 16 would pass through
Ocmulgee National Monument between the route originally proposed
and the Ocmulgee River. The new highway would effectively separate
the bulk of monument land from the river which had been essential
to Native American habitation of the site.
An agr-eement between the National Park Service and ~he State
Highway Department provided for archeological exploration of the
interstate route through Ocmulgee National Monument. An advisory
' :.;,;.:- committee was established and project personnel arrived at • .f~;r;.' '• .· I Ocmulgee in late 1961. Wi 1 fred D. Logan was named Di rector of the . t·•
Nati on al Park Service sponsored project but Cdue to i 11 ness) JohM -:;i:v:
W. Griffin, Carroll Burroughs, and John M. Corbett served as Acting'
Chiefs. Other members of tr.i~·- Archeological Research Unit CARUl
( _;. • included archeologists Jackson W. Moore, Jr., John E. Ingmanson, John W. l.Jalker, Charles F. Bohann'on, Char'!es B. Voll, and
administrative assistant Donald Sarver. The Research Unit shared
space in the Visitor Center with the monument's Park Service staff. -~'
The archeological work, sometimes referred to as "Big Dig II",
began in December 1961 and reached full scale during Janu~ry 1962 . •
The pr-oject 1 hampered by rain and f 1 ood waters, continued unti 1 ·its
labor force was terminated in June 1962. The ARU and OcmL1l gee
staff coexisted and shared expenses throughout the archeological
pr-oj ect. At the conclusion of the project an attempt was made to
continue the research unit with Ocmulgee National Monument as a
These plans culminated during the mid 1960s with a
re!;earch unit known as the So1Jtheast Archeological Center.
The Southeast Archeological Center- lSEACI was established at
4·8 Ocmulgee National Monument in October of 1966 and was responsible for the supervision of archeological research within the
Southeastern Region of the National Park Service. John Walker,
John Griffin, and Richard Faust each headed the center. The professional staff consisted of Lee Hanson, David Hannah, and
Dcln.a.l d CrLlsoe. The Center occupied several offices, a library room, map and archives room, and small lab in the Visitor Center b-=.1.sement. The National Park Service staff assigned to Ocmulgee
National Monument occupied rooms on the main floor. The cramped quarters were the major problem faced by the dual NPS units and in ,·r;;·.
1972 SEAC moved to Tallahassee, Florida.
11 1 The year 1966 also marked the end of Missian 66 ',.. a ten year program designed to bring units of the National Park Service System up to standards necessary for their enjoymjnt by the public. The program's effect on Ocmulgee National Monument was summed up by
Superintendent Dillahunty in March when he reflected that "Ocmulgee did not fare as well under Mission 66 as most other National Parks. '\:}:· . .. ,4 In fact, construction of one employee residence is 66's only ,:_~-~~~· . •· ~- development here. This, compared to accomplishments in other. parks is so insignificant, we (Monument staff) sometimes think of the program as 'Missing 66'."4
Superintendent Dillahunty transferred to Delaware Water Gap
National Recreation Area in December, 1966. Ocmulgee National
Moriument received a new superintendent, Charles F. Bohannon, on
January 15 1 1967. The intense land clearing efforts of the former sLtperintendent were obscured as the new superintendent allowed
11 11 renewed growth to provide Ocmulgee with a natural look • A reducticr1 in staff size also occured and the monument began closing
49 on Mondays and Tuesdays. The changes contributed to reduced visitation, with the total number of visitors plummeting from
72,580 in 1967 to 39,641 in 1969.
An investigation of Mound "A", supervised by John Walker, was also conducted during 1967. The examination revealed that the plateau on which it stands had been purposely leveled and shaped.
The archeology team also determined that the clay cap of the mound was almost impervious to rain damage and would require little restoration.5
In 1968 Region officials were concerned with administrative policies at Ocmulgee National Monument. In October the administration of the monument was combined with that of the
Southeast Archeological Cent~~. which was under the general supervision of Dr. Ernest Allen Connally, Chief of the
Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, located in
Washington D.C. The move was supposedly designed to ''put more '· emph~sis on archeological research'' and provide ''a reduction in administrative work 1'.6
El even months later Superintendent Bohan.non 1 ef t. the monument
and National Park Service officials implemented plans to create the
position of Management Assistant. The reorganization also placed
Ocmulgee under the general supervision of Superintendent Vincent
Ellis at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. Regional
Director J. Leonard Volz stated that 11 interpretive personnel at the
monument ... should report administratively to the Management
Assistant (while] the format, content, and quality of the
interpretive program should be under the professional direction of
5<) the professional persbnnel at the Archeological Center.''? The aim of the National Park Service in proposing the new administration was to create "a total unit that demonstrates, at high standards, the Service's capabilities in research through interpretation.''8
On December 28, 1969, W. Pingree Crawford assumed the newly cr·eated Management Assistant position at Ocm\Jlgee Natior1al
Monument. In March, 1971, Ocmulgee was removed from Kennesaw's jurisdiction and Crawford's title was changed to Superintendent.
8~i~cQ_Qf_ib~-~c~~t§
Early in 1972 efforts were begun by the Macon Chamber of
Commerce, Ocmulgee National Monument Auxiliary Corporation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and National Park Service to relocate a group of •
Creek Indians to Ocmulgee National Monument. A ''living history'' program was developed at the monument and a few Creek Indians from
Oklahoma moved to Macon to conduct craft demonstrations for the pub 1 i c. Several Creeks were also hired to fill temporary interpretive and maintenance positions at the monument with the prospect of qualifying for permanent Park Service positions. The
Macon Chamber of Commerce encouraged local businesses to provide jobs as an enticement for the Indians to relocate and Mercer
University later offered ten full scholarships for them to stay.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs contributed travel money for use on the trip to Macon and provided a grant for operation of an Indian
Trading Post, or gift shop, at the monument.
Tt1e local fascination with Indiar1s rea~hed its peak in October
1972, with a week long celebration to commemorate the return of the
11 Creek Week 11 beg,J.n with a. SLtcce~ssfLtl pc.\rade~ but
51 the events that followed did not fare as well. A drama "Return of
the Creeks" was per-formed with the use of several hundred Bibb
County schoolchildren (and two Creeks) and received mixed reviews
from the local newspaper. Other events proposed for the week
included dancing, craft demonstrations, archery contests, and corn
t:~<='-i.: i ng. Plans were char1ged, however, when four of seven events
were cancelled the first day. The week ended as a disaster.
Sponsors owed over $2,000 for use cf the coliseum while the total
debt incurred from "Creek Week" was $12,675. (91 Charles H. Jones,
president of both the Chamber of Commerce and Ocmulgee Auxiliary
Corporation, insisted that the celebration would have been better ·.;.:~.:.: •.• had local leaders prodc1ced it instead of the Rogers Company, an out ~$ r ~, !'f-1 of town production company.10 This ex post facto statement could
not change the dire financial situation and Creek Week promoters
pleaded with County Commissioners for aid.
The effect of the Creek Week celebration was also detrimental
~o Ocmulgee National Monument. Although Monument admiriistrators
were not the prime organizers of the celebration, many people
associated the events with the Monument and the National Park
Service. Local visitation decreased, fewer people attended the
living history programs, and th• Creek Trading Post, never a
bustling business, continued to struggle. The gift shop closed
during the mid 1970s due to financial problems, the difficulty of
obtaining genuine items, local competition, and personal problems
of the operators.
The Creeks at Ocmulgee also encountered difficulties adjusting (__ •• to Macon and Ocmulgee National Monument. Most had come to Macon as young adults, seeking jobs and new experiences. The availability
52 of jobs seemed like a promising opportunity and the first two
summers were indeed positive. Many of the Creeks, however, soon
became homesick and returned to their family and friends in
Oklahoma. Those who stayed were confronted with the exiting of
Charles Jones as Chamber of Commerce president. With him went the
dreams of the Creek Indian relocation project. The initial fervor
of local people over the project also faded, and the Creeks were no
longer viewed as novelties in the community.11
The Creeks who continued to work at the monument also (_ .~:. encountered administrative changes. Archeologist Norman Ritchie left ,
Ocmulgee for another unit of the National Park System, and in 1976
Walter T. Berrett replaced Crawford as superintendent. The new
superintendent did not support the freedom_given. to the Creek
inter·preters as they related, in no uncertain terms, ''their'' story
to visitors. The emphasis was placed on the historic rather than .,. . prehistoric period of Ocmulgee National Monument. The Creeks at ,.• " 'Ji:ft Ocmulgee gradually found their Park Service positions unrenewed and.;, t
other personnel hired to fill vacancies.12 The position of the .. :._·.:_··~.~-~-·-
National Park Service and Ocmulgee's administrators drew intense ~ i-1 'itr~ criticism in 1980 from Charles Jones who claimed that "the Nati.~n~{i~·;4;\ . ·: /:,~~· Park Service in genera~, is of t,he persuasion that they are
operating a cemetery where Indians have been dead and buried for
thousands of years. 11 13
The administration of Ocmulgee National Monument under
Superintendent Berrett was marked by conflicts between the monument
a11d local community. In 1977 John Holley, executive director of the Macon-Bibb County Planning and Zoning Commission, launched an effort to have artifacts returned to Ocmulgee which were supposedly removed during the 1930s. The material Holley referred to had not actu.?.lly b'eem removed until 1972, when SEAC was transferred to the campus of Florida State University, but Maconites were uninformed in matters concerning Ocmulgee National Monument.
Holley's complaints led the Bibb County Commissioners to ask
Senator Sam Nunn to investigate the matter. Ib§ ~§£QD_!§l~9C§Hb also joined the attack on Ocmulgee and the National Park Service, encouraging local citizens to join a letter writing campaign to have ·tt1e archeological material returned. The Telegraph attempted ·;:f*t· ~!;.~~~: to establish the National Park Service as a villain and complained that "the '"hite man was not:c.ontent to take the Indian's land; he also took their simple treasures.''14 Superintendent Berrett replied in an editorial that a misunderstanding existed and that, the material taken in 1972 to be studied at SEAC would be returned when analysis and study were complete.15 Linda Wilson, staff writer for the ne•~spaper promptly reported on December 7, 1977,
"Artifacts To Come Back".16 The bold heading was followed_ by the
11 11 ~..,.ords as soon as the 2.5 million objects are stL!died in Fl·orida • ,_., Wilson and other lc)cal people were not aware that Ocmulgee National
Monument could not properly display the numerous artifacts, or that much of the collection was small ceramic and lithic fragments unsuitable for display.
Superintendent Berrett also found it difficult to deal with city officials in Macari. The city government, like business leaders, had taken an active part in Ocmulgee during the early
54 1970s and had been i nstr-umental in directing affairs ,-elated to the monument, such as the Indian relocation effor-ts. In 1978 a Mr. E.
G. Sher-r-ill met with the Macon Chamber- of Commer-ce and the president of the Ocmulgee National Monument Association. Mr.
Sher-rill then submitted his recommendations to Mayor- Buckner- F.
Melton in a ,-epor-t titled "Proposal for- the Indian Mounds".17
Mayor Melton r-equested a study of the feasibility of the proposals he made by the Middle Geor-gia Ar-ea Planning and Development Commission. The Mayor- then wr-ote the monument to infor-m the ',, l,i' super-intendent of his decision to have the proposals studied. •,:'';~:~;·;f~-ii ·' .·· ;--!;.\:~.riJ;:~~~~ proposals were aimed at development of the monL1ment for- commer-c1al~:f benefits and included the following: :: ':,;~ ~-~'. 1) clearing trees between G~·eat Temple Mound and I-16 to provide travelers a view of the mounds. ..'' r-; 2) r-ebuilding temples atop the Greater- and Lesser Temple Mounds. '
3) er-ecting an Indian village adjacent to the Trading Post.
4) constructing picnic ar-eas in the woods.
5) L1sing Civil l~ar batt'legr-ound for- interpretation of Battle of
DLm 1 ap hi 1 1 •
Mayor Melton agreed that Sherrill's pr-oposals appeared to have validity, and forwarded them to the National Park Service Regional
The Acting Director-'s reply, dated March 28, 1978, politely rE•jt?ct.ed the proposals. The histor-ical and archeological value of Ocmulgee National Monument was once again preserved.18
Relations between the city arid Ocmulgee National Monument remained poor and in 1978 the situation became wor-se. In June the
State Department of Transportation authorized the city of Macon to
55 install a traffic signal at the intersection of Emery Highway and
Jeffersonville Road. State Transportation officials later learned
that a portion of the right-of-way belonged to Ocmulgee National
Monument and proceeded to seek permission from Superintendent
Berrett for installation of an overhead traffic sign. The
superintendent agreed to approve the city's request o~ly if a I traffic signal was i~stalled at the monument's entrance. The
deadlock between the city and monument continued and neither party
obtained their objective. The city of Macon and Ocmulgee National 1-. Monument continued to have an unsteady relationship.
A positive note found during the conflict of the late 1970s was
the discovery of a Macon Plateau period site. The site ·was 1 ocated . ~~·
dur i.ng a survey conducted by ...Service archeologi st John Walker in
1978. The 25 acre site extended south of the Visitor Center
parking area. News of discovery, however, did not improve
relations between monument and city and in 1979 a new
superintenaent entered the scene.
The new superintendent, Sibbald Smith, assumed duties at''· ., Ocmulgee National Monument on December 16, 1979. The local
community was pleased to receive a new administrator at the
mont~merit but were cautious not to overreact to the change. 'The
superirttendent was. unaware of past relations between the monument
arid city but soon realized that he would have to take the
initiative and establish good public relations with the local
t:ommL.ln it y .. This was done through the media and by personal contact
and helped to lay a foundation for future cooperation between the
56 two bodies. Changes were· also made at the monument itself.
Plans for renovation of the Visitor Center at Ocmulgee had been devised during the 1970s. Implementation of the plans, however, was carried out soon after Superintendent Smith arrived at I Ocmulgee. The remodeled Visito~ Center was designed so it could be operated by one ranger. This provided maximum effectiveness at
: ~ ,, ! minimttfn costa ''Cost effectiveness'' became the goal and trademark of the new superintendent and was evident in all areas of the j~
"'°''"•:::,·;:::::::::::::• .::'::~:teoao<• "•m• t.,gets of toe oew I philosophy at Ocmulgee. Mowing operations were sharply decreased 0 ;t,i conserving money and manp~wer. This policy was conducted on a >~ff.fa~__ · smaller scale by Superint.?ndent Crawford a few years earlier, but was abandoned by the succeeding administrafion. Maintenance of archeological features has also been a high priority of the present .. -,~~ :~~.r administt-ation. Employment of seasonals, volunteers, and -~- You<" Coosec"Hoo Cocp wOc,ecs a;o ;o toe "P'•ee of toe featuces. " ffi Volunteers in Parks have al so begun to be used to a greater·:. <:~_·_-.·_f_,_·_.~.~--.-,~-----·· extent in visitor cehter operations. This allows rangers to devote · ~_g time to other inte1-pretive projects and improves the monument's . -~ ~¥-.t ·~~·~· fy interpretive program. The inter·pretive program also benefited from an administrative change that occurred during the early 1980s.
The earthlodge was equipped with an audio system prior to
Superintendent Smith's arrival but tours were conducted every half
hOLlr a This double interpretation was halted after Superintendent
Smith and staff experimented with keeping the earthlodge open during par·k h(JLlrs. The new administrative policy allowed group
tours~ but other visitors were given the chance to tour at their
57 ------
own leisL\re. Visitors had asked for this opportunity in 1952 when
the museum-administration building was dedicated .
Visitation at Ocmulgee National Monument increased sharply
during the mid 1980s. This increase can be partially attributed to
the emphasis which the National Park Service has placed on the
smaller parks and mo11uments in recent years. Locally, Ocmulgee has
received attention through good public relations and the
distribution of brochures at welcom~ centers. A four-month r calendar of events was devised to provide activities and learning
e: eleven months. Craft demonstrations continued to be held at
scheduled times to the Ocmulgee National Monument Association.
Ocmulgee National Monument has been directly involved with
several major projects during the 1980s. On November 12, 1983, a
reunion of former Civilian Conservation Corps workers was held at
the monument to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the CCC. The
reunion was a success as speakers, pictures, memorabilia and
conversations recalled the experiences of the CCC Ocmulgee from a~ ·' 1937 to 1942.
In 1984 Keep America Beautiful Inc. and the Department of
Interior agreed to launch a pilot project at the monument through
the help of the Macon-Bibb County Beautification Clean Community
Co1l11n i. ss i an .. The project was developed to provide local citizens
with an opportunity to 11 contribute to cleaning and maintaining
r1ear·by federally-owned public lar1ds .... 11 in order to encourage
public interest and awareness.19 The first Public Lands Day at
58 I). Ocmulgee was held September 8, 1984. The short notice given the monument prohibited the coordination of a major project but the
local community was invited to have lunch on the grounds, followed
by a brief ceremony marking the occasion. The project, designed to be,
annual event, attracted over 2,000 people in 1985.
Another current project is the development of a Di~covery Lab
workshop for children. Teachers from the Bibb County School
System, working for certification credits and as volunteers,
contributed to its planning and development.
In other areas, plans to relocate the monument entrance have =·,
been renewed. Superintendent Smith, recognizing the need for a
safer entrance, began working with local highway authorities to
explore solutions. Plans were discussed for alteration of the
existing entrance (larger holding lane, un6btrusive entrance sign)
as well as construction of a new entrance from Main Street. These
\ two possibilities took a back seat, however, when city and county
highway officials began planning a connecto~ from-Eisenhower
Parkway CUS 801 to Emery Highway IUS 801. The possibility now
exists that a new road to the monument can be constructed from the .•
connector. Administrators hope that the the connector will also be I used to provide a road into the Lamar section of the monument.20 ·•
Development of the Lamar unit of Ocmulgee National MonL1ment has
presented a challenge to monument administrators for years. During
the 1930s the mounds stood majestically in an open field while New
Deal employees conducted excavations nearby. In 1938 Charles
Harrold recorded the anticipation and admiration which he and
others felt regarding Lamar:
11 Lan1ar of COLlrse is r-eal 1 y going to be the most
59 beautiful thing in the entire monument when it is finally completed. From the very beginning the citizens of Macon have looked forward to' its restoration as a place for pageants and even for the return visits of the remnants of the Creek Nation.'1 21
Unfortunately, the Lamar site suffered during the ensuing years along with the rest of the monument. In 1948 it was considered a low priority until better roads and a completed levee could be constructed.22 Today the Lamar unit is surrounded by dense timber and is not easily accessible. The Youth Conservation Corps conducts clearing operations in the area but trees continue to cover the mounds themselves. Until the area is developed, the vegetation serves as a barrier against artifact collectors and other possible intruders. The desire of the pr~sent administration is to develop the Lamar unit as a prirnitive day use area.
60 • • •
I '
\ . .. ,...... 'I. . ., -: .. ... •...... - , ,...... - • I t , •f .. ·' f - • ~ ,. J t ' i .. .~ ...... •• t .- .~~ .• f .. 1·... • • • ,, ,, . "" ., " l . #' t I '-t• • ' ~4.: ' .. (. 'i •\ . ' ...... ' .. ·.'\ ""' ~ . \ ' • . " ...... ·- r .. . ~ ' '/. •· '?: .I~ t er .. ..- .·..;i .. ~ i. .. I: ~,.. . I ··,,,,,"'"' ·\' '
~. • '.., .... , .. ,•
,.._
.Aerial view of the Lamar t-b.mds . ..
f CHAPTER VI
COMPREHENSION, CONCERN, COOPERATION: THE KEYS TO SUCCESS
The administrative history of Ocmulgee National Monument is marked with both succe~s and failure. This in turn has prevented the monument from maintaining a consistency which is vital for continued growth and success. The task of present and future managers is to establish and maintain Ocmulgee as an~efficient, functional unit of the National Park Service System. A recent visitor to Ocmulgee aptly destribed the monument as ''an unpolished gem, growing br-ighter every day." To ensure that this gem reaches its highest potential, monument administrators and the local community must realize that success depends on several key factors.
During past administrations, relations between Ocmulgee and the community have varied. Some superintendents have wanted nothing to do with the city and surrounding area, while others have gone overboard to please. Ocmulgee's success depends on a balanced, working relationship where compromise is standard policy. The
Chamber of Commerce will naturally continue to view Ocmulgee as an attraction site which draws tourists, but this is just a fringe benefit provided to local businesses. The primary concern of the monument is to preserve, protect, and interpret the scientific and historical resources of the area .
. Ocmulgee National Monument represents a past era, but it also
61 represents the past of each person living in Macon, Georgia.
Today, Macon serves as home for many people; for 10,000 years it
was home to various Indian cultures. The arrival of Europeans
established contact and the Indian's past and white man's past
intertwined. At this point the story of the Indian takes on
personal meaning, for to this day we are influenced by the result
of the historic confrontation. Ocmulgee, Tobesofkee - the Indian
influence, in names and products , is very
evident today in Macon, Georgia. Comprehension by the local
community of what Ocmulgee National Monument constitutes is a vital
aspect of the monument's J'ey to success.
Once the local population understands that the monument is more
than just Indian mounds, consistent and successful administration
is just around the carrier. The superintendent and local community
will be able to pursue common goals and together can make Ocmulgee
National Monument efficient and functional.
Another aspect of cooperation land a key to success) involves
the Ocmulgee National Monument Association. The Association should
play an important and active role in promoting the monument. The
past couple of years have seen progress and growth in the
organization, but its potential is far from being reached. The
Association, as a sel f 1 -sLtppor~ed body, shoLtl d promote the mont..tment
as authorized in its bylaws.
The Ocmulgee National Monument Association and local community
can have a great impact on affairs at the monument. They could work
with monument administrators to promote and maintain the historical c~ and archeological importance of the area. If the local population
£QffiHC~b~a~~ wt1at Ocmulgee actually is, becomes ~QQ£§~Q~~ with
62 preserving it, and £QQQ~CAt~• with monument administrators to
ensure its protection and promotion, then growth and success will
r-esul t.
Ocmulgee National Monument is administered by the National Park
Ser-vice, but it belongs to the people of the United Sta~es. Input
by citizens, and especially the local population, will enable
Ocmulgee to reach its highest potential; the gem, once polished,
will be permanently set for pr-oper- display.
C:-· f,IOTES: CHAPTER I
1An additional feature, a probable house mound, is located· in the main section near the Cornfield Mound. This feature is not e.,.sily discer·nable and has been given the name Mound "X". See E!!'.:Sb§9199lL9f_t!EL'2!9!'.::!;b_l:1sSQ!J_Elst§sW by J. Mark Wi 11 i ams and Joseph N. Henderson, 1974. 2The account by one of Oglethorpe's rangers is recorded in !!'.:sYB1§_io_tbg_8mB!'.:!£s!J_~Ql9D!B§, edited by Newton Mereness. Adair, ~!§t9!'.:~_gf_tbB_8mB!'.:!£sD_lo9iso§; Bartram, I!'.:sY§!§_Qf_~!l!ism_§s!'.:t!'.:sm; and Jones, eat!gw!ty_Qf_tb•• §gwtb§!'.:O_lo9is!J§, also mention the mounds. 3James Adair, ~!§i9!'.:Y_Qf_ibB_8ffiB!'.:i£s!J_lo9!s!J§ Jants Mounds
Developed,''!:1s£QD_IB!•9!'.:sBb 1 May 3, 1934, Harrold Scrapbooks. 14''CCC Interested in Mound Work,''~s~Q!J_I@lBg!'.:§\~Q, May 26,1934, Harrold Scrapbooks. 15Chatelain was Chief Historian; Winter, Assistant c Historian; Kahler, Historical Section of NPS; Taylor, Chief Engineer -· of Eastern Division; Simmons, Landscape Architect. 16Letter, Demaray to Harrold, December 4, 1934, CCF-RG79, Box 2302. 17Letter, Demaray to Vinson, January 28, 1935; CCF-RG79, Box 2302. 18Letter, Harrold to Demaray, December 9, 1934, CCF-RG79, Box 2302. 19Letter, Kahler to NPS Director, November 2, 1935, CCF RG79, Boi< 2302. 20Memorandum, Margold to Interior Secretary, July 26, 1935, M.27994, CCF. 21Letter, Wright to Charles Akerman, December 27, 1935, CCF. 221P-i9· 23Letter, Harrold to Chatelain, April 1935, CCF. 241P-i9· 25Letter, Chatelain to Harrold, April 1935, CCF-RG79, Box 2302. 26''U.S. Park Assured For Bibb As Leaders Reach Top In Drive,'' ~1£QO_l§l•9CA9b 1 June 6, 1935, Harrold Scrapbook One, OCMU. 27Petition Number 555, United States vs. Three Parcels of Land, March 9, 1936, Federal Archives, Eastpoint, Georgia. 28Demurrer to Petition Number 555, May 30,1936, Federal ~rchives, Eastpoint, Georgia. 29Final Judgement on Petition Number 555, July 25, 1936, Federal Archives, Eastpoint,.Georgia. 30 11 Appraisal of Park Laod~ ·Accept~d by Bibb Mills, 11 ~~£QQ_
I•!•9CIQb, July 18, 1936 1 Harrold Scrapbook Two, OCMU; 31Letter, Olinus Smith to Oliver G. Taylor, October 14, • 1936, CCF. 32Letter, W.E. Dunwoody to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, March 26, 1934, CCF-RG79, Box 2302. 33Proclamation by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ei,abling Legislation No. 2212, Dec. 23, 1936, Stat. 1798. NOTES: CHAPTER II
1 Letter, Kahler to NPS Director, August 27, 1936, CCF. 2Letter, Superintendent William Luckett to Coordinating Superintendent, Southeast National Monuments, June 13,1940, CCF, Box 2307. 3Audit Report by Myers, March 30, 1938, CCF. 4Superintendent's Annual Report, 1939, located at the Southeast Archaeological Center CSEACl, Tallahassee, Florida. 5''Proposed Development of Major Archaeological Features, 11 Master Plan for Ocmulgee National Monument, 1939, located at Ocmulgee National Monument (hereinafter referred to as OCMUI ,Plan file. 6Superintendent's Annual Report, 1942, OCMU. , , ?Letter, Superintendent Dillahunty to former Superintendent Luckett, March 3, 1966, OCMU, Reading file 7-1-65/6-30-66.
' ------lte
NOTES: CHAPTER III
J. J arnes S1tJanson Jr. , 11 Discovery, E:1 Benjamin Bryan, !2"-!!.Q~_lji'!Q"-.\£1_.._ Q<::'!l~!lg§'.~-~i'!i!.QD.i'!l_ljQQ"-.\!!lS'.Oi 1 Memorandum, Superintendent Dillahunty to Region One
Director, June 26 1 1961 1 L2431 1 OCMU, Reading File 7-60/6-61. 2Statement from Dillahunty, June 13 1 1961 1 OCMU, Reading File 7-1-60/6-30-61. 3''Park Service Is Under Fire,'' ~@SQQ_I§!.§9CAQb 1 July 14, 1961.
4Letter 1 Dillahynty to Elizabeth Wagner, National Geographic Research Staff, March 7,1966, OCMU, Reading File 7- 1-65/6-30-66.
5Interview with John Walker, August 1 1 1985. 6NPS·Press Release, October 1 1 1968 1 for release October 4, SEAC.
?Letter 1 Volz to NPS Di rector, /'Operating Procedures- Oc:mul gee National Monument," August 20 1 1969 1 SEAC. 819.i.9• I P• 2. 9"Creek"Week Bill Given to Board," ~Sl£QO_!g!_ggt:siEJ.b 1019.i.9· 11 Tom Patterson 1 "Indian Go Home! , " ~CQ~!l.'..!§L§!di.9g_:!;.Q_ -§§QC9i.§, February 1980 1 p. 23. 1219.i.9· 1319.i.9· 14"Ripping Off Roots," ~ASQ!l_Ig!.ggc,;iQb. 1 November 23,1977. 15"Misunderstanding Exists About Artifacts,''~ASQQ_!§!.§9C§QQ 1 December 7, 1977. 16"Artifacts to Come Back," ~§£Q!l_!§!.§9CAQb. 1 December:- 7 1 1977.
17Letter 1 Melton to Charles Howell, Middle Georgia Area Planning and Development C6mmission, March 9,1978, SEAC, Administrative files. 18Letter, Acting Regional Director to Melton, March 28,1978, SEAC.
19Memorandum, fC:eep America Beautifc1l Inc. 1 "A Proposal to Establish A National Public Lands Day,'' OCMU, Administrative f i 1 es. 20Interview with Superintendent Smith, July 23, 1985. 21Letter, Harrold to Region One DirectoP Carl Russell, May 21, 1938, SEAC.
22Letter 1 Region Archaeologist J.C. Harrington to Region One Director, March 11, 1948. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Secondary Sources:
Adair, James. Ib@_tii§iQ!:~_Qf_ib@_0m@ci£@Q_!agi@D§· Johnson City, Tenn.: Watuga Press, 1930. First published in 1775.
B,,.r· tr ~'m, Wi 11 i am. Ir:s>Y@l§_Qf_~illi.s\m_!2s>t:ir:s>m. Edi. ted by Mark Van Doren. New York: Dover Publications, 1928. First published in 1791.
Bryan, Benjamin L. §~igg ~-o~•l~_Qsm~lggg_bJ@ii2a@[email protected]· Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, July 1940.
Butcher, Devereux. "For· a Return to Harmony in Park 11 Ar c:h i tee tLlr-e. . ~§!i~_QO.~!.-Ee!:[email protected]~!.D.~, October-December 1952, pp. 15C>-157.
Butler, John C. tiimi2r:is@l_8@SQ!:Q_Qf_~e£QQ_,;>QQ_(;;goir:el §ggr:gi@· Macon, Ga.: J.W. Burke and Co., 187~.
Holland, Ross Jr. E2ci_tie~tiom~_Er:2oiigc_EQ!:i· Office of History and Historic Architecture, Washington, D. C. : National Park Service, 1970. CRecal led by NPS)
Jones, Charles Colcock, Jr. 0oiig~iii@§_Qf_ibg §g~ib@!:Q_ !D.Qi@D.§· Spartenburg, S.C.: The Reprint Cci., 1972. First published in 1873. fMackintosh, Barry. 022@iggg~g_!§leQQ_~siiiQD.@l_§gg§bQt:§.;__ 01J_ 0gmioi2ir:@iiyg_tii2i2t:~· Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, .1982.
Marsh, Alan. "The Making of a Monument: The Story of Ocmulgee National Monument.'' Unpublish~d manuscript, 1983.
Mereness 1 Newton D., ed. IceY@l2_io_ib~_6mgcisao_!;;2l2oigm. 1st edition. Norwood, Mass: Norwood Press, 1916. p,,,,i ge, '1 ohn C. !bg !;;iYili•IJ !;;gQ§g!:Y.€!ii9D !;;Qt:~§ S'QQ J;bg bJ@!;iQIJ@l EE!t:h §@r:YiS@i 12]]=121~· U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Washington, D. C.: 1985.
Patterson, Tom. ''Indian, Go Home: An Update on the Most Recent Indian Removal'', ~CQ~D~~ §~!~§ tg §~gcgi~, February 1980, pp. 15-24. Pope, Gus D., Jr. · Q£!!l!Jl9'il!Lt:l£iiQ!J.£l_t:Jgo.!J!!l§Di.s._§§Q!:9i£• National Park Service Historical Handbook Series, no. 24. Washington, D.C.: 1'i56. Reprinted 1961.
Smith, Hale G. BD£b::,,;i§ 9i ib§ b£!!l§l!: §j._i§ .i'! §i Zl.· Tallahassee, Florida: Florida State University, 1973.
Swanson, James T., Jr. 11 A Report Including Discovery, Excavation, and Restoration of a Prehistoric Indian Ceremonial Ea.rthlodge, Ocmulgee National Monc1ment". Branch of Plans and Designs, National Park Service: 1940.
United States Department of the Interior. E!:Q£!£ID£ii9D§_ §lQQ_ Qr.~§!:§· Compiled by Thomas Alan Sullivan.· Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1947.
Unrau, Harlan D. and Frank G. Williss. !99miDi§i!:£iiY!'L!::Ji§i9!::'.k'.!._ ~~Q§lD§iQQ_gf_ib§_!:;l,;iiigo,;i!_E,;ir.h_§§!:YiS§_io_ib§_l'!}Q~§. Denver: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1983.
Waters, John C. and Lo~is DeVorsey. ''Fort Hawkins Study'', Prepared by The Institute of Community and Area Development, University of Georgia, February 1973.
Wi 11 i ams, J. Mark and Henders'on, Joseph. N. , Ib§_6!:£Q§Q!Qgt:_9i _ib§_!:;lgr.ib_t:l.££9D_El£i§£l'. Tal l ahassee: · ·Fl or i da State University, 1974.
Wilson, Rex L. ''A Radiocarbon Date for the Macon Earthlodge''. 6!!l§!:iS£D 6oii9!Jiit:, vol •· 30, no. 2, 1964, p. 202.
Bibb County Commission. Minutes of Meeting, November 11, 1961
Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Legislative documents in Interior Library.
1933-1985.
National Archives Regional Branch; Eastpoint, Georgia. Land Condemnation papers.
National Archives; Washington, D.C. Files of National Park Service, Ocmulgee Natiorial Monument.
Ocmulgee National Monument; Macon, Georgia. Na.tional Pat-k Service.
Southeast Archaeological Center; Campus of Flo1-ida State LJniversity, Tallahassee, Fla. Administered by Natior1al Park Service. Pingree Cra••ford, former Sc1perintendent. Interviewed July 29, 1985. Richard Faust, Chief of SEAC. Interviewed August, 1984. George Fischer, Archeologist, SEAC. Interviewed August, 1984. ·~ Jesse D. Jennings, former Superintendent. Interviewed August 1, 1985~i • Frank E. Lester, former Acting Superintendent. Interviewed January ,;,f 15, 1983. ;:,'S~, Wilfred Logan, Denver Service Center. Interviewed July 29, 1985. ·• Jackson Moore, Archeologist, SEAC. Interviewed August, 1984. ·;L~ Sibbald Smith, Superintendent. Interviewed September, 1985. ~) John W. Walker, Archeologist, SEAC. Interviewed August 1, 1985.
(.:'A \.:..W
\,- ,. APPENDIX A e• • SUF'E"RJN1.ENDENTS OF OCMULGEE NA1 IONAL MDl~Ul1Elfl
James , . Swanson, Act·g. Supt. 12-23-36 to 2-16-38 Fr· e>nk E • Lester, Act'g. Supt. 2-16-38 to. 4-10-38 Jesse o. Jennings, Act·g. Supt. 4-10-38 to 5-15-39 Fr anl: E. Lester, Act 'g. Supt. 5-J5-3q to 6-18-39 John (;. Ewers, Act.. g. Supt. 6-18-39 to 3-24-40 Wi l l i 1Willian-. w. Lur. l:et t, Custodian 3-(>3-43 to H•-03-44 ~~ ' Ar t.hLOr kel l y, Cus t od i aro 10-03-44 to 9-01-47 ':'" Millard"'· D. Guy, Supt. 10-28-47 to b-(•6-55 L OLii !:; I<. Cc. ''WC'tC)d. Supt. 7-25-55 to 1-07-61 1 . AlbP.rt. l•> JI a~.unty, Supt. 1-2::-61 to 12::0~--66 _,c;i-.ar l E-s r. E:c.t1~nr1or1, Supt. J-15-67 to 9-2(1-b9 w. f·1 ngr ee (;r i.\wf ord, Management Asst. 12-28-69 to 3-02-71 w. f·1ngree Crawford, Supt. 3-03-71 to 3-28-76 Wc.lter , . l:Note: 1:·artial list of Superirotendents acquired from 1'1!<~)9".!E'.i._ 1:!l'rL_§~r::y!!=~_Q!!!~)!l'!lh U.S. Department of Interior, National Par~ Service, March 1, 1972. APPENDIX B • General Walter Alellander Hards, soldier, lawyer and author, was born in Macon, Georgia November 17, 1875, the son of Nathaniel Edwin (at one time Governor of Georgia) and Fannie (Burke) Harris. He graduated from the Unfver ury of Georgia in 1895 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and received his LL. B. degree from Georgi a the following year. His alma mater conferred upon him the deg1ree of Doctor of Laws in 1928. Admitted to the bar of the State of Georgia in 1896, General Harris served as a partne1r in a local law finn for many years. He also served as a member of the Bibb County Soard of Education from 1905 to 1912. General Harris retired as 11 Plajor General of the Georgia National Gual"d and was a member of the 3rd Georgia U.S. Volunteers for Play 1, 1898, until April 22, 1899, dul"ing which time he rose to the rank of captain. He se.-ved in Cuba with the Anny of Occupation, and continued his military career until January 21, 1919, when he was honorably discharged. He was the first co11JT1ander of·the Geo,.9i11 Department of the American Legion in 1919. General Harris was a 1nember of the American and Georgia Sar Associations, the Macon B~1r Association, president of the Placon Historical Society, member of the Executive Corrrnittee of the Society for Georgia Archaeology, a trustee emeritus of Wesleyan College, and a member of Chi Phi and Phi Beta Kappa frater nities, and the Kiwanis Club. General Harris was also the author of "Empel"or Brim" and Here the Creeks Sat Down. APFDIDIX C
llf'Tllatoa Dar.&.BTM&n, WGaAi..,ion, April. II, lllS+. "Hon. Rt:Ni L. D&RotrmK, .. Chairman ('ommi'.Urt on Pu.IHtt La.di, Hou.11 of Repr11n.lallw:1. . MT DIAR MR. CHAIRMAN: I ho\·e n.-aelved your lett.er or .~ebruary 8,encJO.lng copy of 11.R 70~3 onttlled "A bill lo ..tahll•h tho Ocinul100 National Park ID Bii>b County, Ga.' 1 and req11ratln1 a n-porl thereon. Due t.o the raplJ develup111l'11t «>f the NaUon, the remain• of the ptchl.atorSo life arc fa.at di1appea.rlng. Ju Uu.~ lnt.e-re11t. of aclont'O and hl1tory it lA of tbe utmoat hnporto.11ce tha.t 1owe low t\'fJi<"al areu be prueorved for all tlnae t.o oome &1 l)ln.ccs for the 1tudy_ of the ear)y a.nleC"edf'nt.a of hu1uan life 011 tho Nort.h American COuth1r11t. The Na.tlonl\I Gu\'f't111nout through the pau.B.ac of the act for the pr1~1ct\'&tlon of American anllquitloa, approved June 8, JUOO (34 St.at. 22~). aod tha.t rrt.·atl111 the hlcfl& Verde Ns.llnnaJ Park, Colo. appruvad June 20, 100ll (3~1 8tal. 616), \11.'licro 10111c nr tho outMtanrllnti: e1:amp1 oa of 8outh\\'011t.ern arch• olcigy arc to be found, ho.a dc1non111trated the lmporLAnco of tho preacrvatlou of auch l>rt·hiittorlc run1al1115. · I u lhc cw.e of t11c I ndlan 1nou11d1 ln the Octnulgee flohl, It. l1 the opinion of nutc?J nrchculogl11l.tl tha.t U1il group conlprlaca one uf tho 111011t ln1portant. cenWn of .u.rchcoluK\' t•nt1ol of the Appala.r:hlan Aiuunt&in•. It 1hould bo bthlod tlt.bt aeverW 1cic11\IK\it u( ll10 81nlU1111uulu.n l1u1tltullun have rbceut.ly atudiuliabed in that 1talu1 ratliur tl..a11 u a national park, u con\eJnplated by tl1!11 1irc1po1ed lt"ti:illllfl.tlon. :SlTliuu l or the Lill pro\·ldc• ror an au1 hurlcatlon for the approprlat.lon or fedrrnl funde fur tho purchulK" of appro1i111ntely 2,000 acre.a o( land &ta COil of 1111\ Ju ~xcucd t.26 per acre. l aJU 11ut In favor of authurl1lng tho approprlatluu c.1f Fcclrral runrra-r,·atiun of thrlM: µrehh1torlcal 111ound1 II t,1 )H• tuhui11iKlcn•cl l>.)' the }"ederal Gn,·rr1uur11t that th~ hu1l11 •hould be eecure-d 11.)' public ur µrivtt.te clnnaHou. Ju ''lr111· tilth~ alio,·e It la rcc1untne11ded tho.t the., Lill Le a111c11dcd u (ullo"·11: C'hn.nge the title ·w: HA l>Ul t.o authorize the eatabliehmeut or the Ocmul1ee N&H111u1ol hluunmcnt In Ril>b County, C~nala.'' •• Eli111l11nle All or ltctlu11 1 ant.I 1ul111lit1.1tt• tho follo"A·i11R: 1 ••·r1iat \\'hei1 title to lande ron11uohl_v kno•11 ae the 'Old Ocmulgee Fic1d1 1 upon \\·lilrh rertnln Jndiau Utnt111d1 of an-at hi•turirAI huportanco are lveat@d, rn1n11ri1i111i1: ap11ruxi1natelv twu tln1uu11d arr"""• In a11d around the City of )la.con, Cu1111ty ur H1IJ1.>, that.u uf Gl'or1i1:ia, u •hall he dc11l~uatcd by the Sccrt•tary or the lnil•rlor, In the excrclaa· of hl11 j1ul,,::1nent and diitrrctlon aa ll~C"caaa.ry fur 11aUona1· n1unu1u"·ut 11urpoM!1J 1hall ha,·e ht.'t'll veah·d In t.he Uultcd Htatea; 1alJ area ahall lie r.et &Bi1li• "'a nat oua.l 1nonu111c11l, by prrw:lan1atlnn of the PrOAldeut. and ahaU IK• knov.·11 as the 'Or1uulgee Natloual J.lonun1ent': Prot-idcJ, Tha.t the Uolt.od titnlt~a •ilu1ll 11ot µurchue by •r.proprlatlun of pul>llo mo11c\'• any land• 91·Jthln tho ah.1rrallhl 11rrn, hut •UC"h l11in1 11 11111.ll be a-rurcd by tba \hilted tit.ate. unl7 by µuhliC" ur private do11Ktlon. 11 1 l'aac 2, litu~ H, r.l~n.uJte t.ho word ' Park .. to .. Afonument ••. Thi11 pr11JH11M'1I h•Jthtla.pon la lllcntil"a.1 with that covoi:_cd by 8. 2679, on wl1loh a 9C'pnrnlc n•purt. ILi! aUovc hu bcl·n a11l1mltLL-cl. aud I &Ju a1l,·laetl l.y the lllro<'tor ur th{' Ut1tl'IU of the UudRet that u tbl1 propo.ud le,;l11lallun ls an~ended u lndi· t'aaell ll.Uovc the nine -.·UI not be In euoflict •·itb the fiua.ncia1 prngrAm of the frcaldcnl. I n?co111n1end that H.R. 7853, If amended a. lndlca.ted above, be glven ravonLle OOh1idrrRlinn li_,. the Congre11. Hi11l·crcly yuun, H AB.OLD L. lc.s.1:a Sccrd4rf1 oJ ~ 1Bltrior. ;Q • ' APPENDIX Df LffiISIATIOO
• .Eetabliehment of monument aut.horbed, •••• Act. or .lune lit, NJl1
AN ACT TO AUTHORISE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OCMULGEE NATIONAL MONUMENT IN BIBB COUNTY, GEORGIA, APPROVEO JUNE lQ, 193Q (Q6 STAT. 956)
Be .U e. na cted by the. Se.na-te. till!! How. e. o ~ ll e.plle.. u nta.t.i. vu o& the. Un.i.te.d Sta.tu 06 Al!ICJl.ica Ui con91tu6 uumbl.e.d, That vhen title to lande commonly known ae t.he "Old Ocmulgee Field," upon vhich certain Indian mo1U1ds of great hietorical importance &Te located, comprising approximately tvo thousand •~Tea, in and around the city of Macon, County of Bibb, State of Georgia, as ehall be designated by the Secretary of the lnterio:r, in the exercise of his· Judgement and discretion &a necessa:ry for .national-monument purposes, shall have Leen vested in the United states, aa.1d area shall be set aside &a a national monument, by procl11111ation or the President, and a hall b1! known as the "Oc111ulgee liational Monument": P1tovide.d, that the United States shall not purchase by appropriation of public moneys any lands vithin the aforesa.1d area, but such lands shall be secured by the United States only by public or private donationl, (16 U.S.C. sec. LL7a.) Sec. ;?. The Secretary or the Interior 1s hereby aut.hori:r.ed to accept donations of land, 1nterest1 1n land, buildings, etructures, and other property vithin the bowtdaries or said national monument as determined and fized herewider and dona tions 01" fwids for the purchase and or maintenance t.hereof, the title and evidence of title to lands acquired to be aat.- 1" ractory to the ~ecretary or the Interior: P11.ov.ideif, 1~at he may acquire on behnlr or the Unite~ ~t.atea wider any uonated fundn by purchase vhen purchasable at prices deemed by hir.> 1·easonable. othervise by condenination under the pro vi aions oft.he Act of Au;;ust l, lBBB, such tracts or lllZld vi thin 1.he eai d national monW11ent &B may be necessary for the coo:1>letion thereof. (16 U.S.C. aec. lili7b.) Sec. 3. The a~nistration,, protection, and development of the Ocmulgee National HonWllent shall be under the super vision or the Secret&.ry or the Int.erior subject to the pro vie iona of the Act entitled "An Act to establish a National Park Service, &nd for otber purposes", approved All8UBt 25, 1916, ae amecded. (16 U.S.C. sec. lili7c.) ce
·, ( -. l't' 1'HB PJ.ESlDE._'T OF THE UNITED nAT£5 OF A!\f!RICA A PROCLAMATION (No. 2212-Dtt. 21, 1911>-SO Stat.1791) • WHEREAS th• act of CongrBv th• Prrsident: · R. WALTON Moou, Aeling Srrrl'lnrr of Statt.
(,_ •. I . . .
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,.,.~ ... -.. --··---
.... THE n.uu>t,.,.Of' THI l'J\;fTrD rrAT£5 or A.\fEaJCA A PROCLA!.lATJOS (to;o ~9J-J- II. 1'41-ll S.11. UJ.t) \V>tUUJ ii •Pl'!"•" that a:ruin land• adjoinin& tht Lamar Unit of thr Ocmulrtt National )Jon...... r in Grorcia. •·hith hllvr ~ clonatrd to thr Uin1rd Siam. contain csik- of an old Indian 11ochdr and othor objrm of his1orital inmm; _. \\'Hnus it appran that ir ...... td .. in tlw publir in1rm1 to ar1 aurh land1 uidr for national mon_,,, pu._.: (. Now, T>tnrrou, 1. Fronllin D. Jt~rlt, Pr..idmt of tho Uni10d Stain of America, undrr ...t "i· Yinur of tho authoriti· vnird in mo b~· arction 2 of tl.t an of Junr I, 1906, di. 3060, 34 Stai. Z!S IU. S C., titlr 16, arc. 431 ), clo proclaim that dir follo,.ini-drscribrd land• in Bibb County, Grorcia, a.rt hrrobi· art uidt Im national monurnrn1 purposes and ahall to. admininorod as a pan oft'- Ocmulrtt Sational l\lonummt: lkcinnin& 11 a conn•tt _,mmt mark.in& thr aouthcut cornor of thr .. Lamar Unit of thr Ocmullft National l\lonummt frDlll whith tho !DOSI UJtrrJy CDl"MT of )facon ~ Limits in rhr tentrr Of 0cmullft Jlivtr bran approximatrly Nonh 31°.JO' \Vat IS60 fttt, -r• or Im; thmet South 71°30' Wat lSOO.O Im alone sht .,.. th boundary of tho Lamar Unit to tht aouthwm cornn dwnof: thmc. South ll"lO' Eu! 290.4 fttt; thrnet North 67' 32' Eut JW.IS Im to thr point of llqinJlin&, containin& S acres, morr or less. \Vamin& is htrt~ txprmJy sinn to .n unauthorized prraons DOt ID appropriate, injurt. d.. t~. • rnnovr any part or fnturr of this monu mtnl, and not to locatr or wnlr gpon any of tht land• thrrtof. Tht Director of tht N11ianal Park S.rvitt. undrr tht direction of tht S..Cmary of th• lntrrior, ahaJI bvr tht ouprrvision, ffllllll'mtm, and c:ontrol of tht monum1u.ror, l have hrrrunlo art iny hand and causrd th• seal of th• United Stairs to br affixed. DoNE 11 thr City of \\'uhini!on thi• 13th day of Junr in tht year of our Lord nintletn hundred and fortr-onr, and of th• lndr [SEAL] rrndmcr of tht Unitrd Stairs of Amrrica thr on• hundred and sixty-fifth. _ Fu>iKLl>i D. Roos£\'ELT. By tht Prrsidrnt: CokDELL HllLL, Surt111r1 of Stotc. \ .... .,, ... •
. \ \ I I . 1: I , , I ' , "-I l I .. ·-:::-::~ ...... _\·~-"- /' ····- •.-._.'~ \! ·-~;~-~-~- - I J ,! '·- / "' ~:. ~---'-:. ' 1 .. // ,, \. 'i ~--- /. Ll..C.E.ND i // t _/. ------"""""""""- I ./ - ----. ------_... ------r -_-.. ------i ·,., " ... -~ .· _.. :.. ... '-..(" ------t ------II '\ ---·------·- ·\ ·,., .- '·, ! ' ·,.,_ ' .,., APPENDIX E ' ·, /-/----~'-_... , or' THll. INn..- N4TIOJlllAil.. P....-. ~ ~----:~• CENERAL DLVLLOPHENT '°R.LAN ,.o:::-: :_ :_:.=;.=> PART or THE M•-STLR Pui..N roR' . _/_-:,-_-_-'- • ---;/-. 0CMLILC£.£. NATIONAL MONUMENT ,.,_:.:._-_::_-_ - ---.7 "-::: -: ...:.::·~_: ::--~-::-;,,:,;:...... -....----- _____,-.;;;;....-,;:;;;.;,.:;;.;;::;,;_____ :loC•L.. t1-·LMn.&'T '•., - ___ ------.-. - - --,,,,·- -/ • - -·- ...-=::;=:;t~==-- . -- - ....,...... _ ...... ,. o ...... _ ,...... N.•a. ..-..... -.a-.1.-.- - : - --.' _ .;;..~------• -· ~- - ..... C:•- ... ,------. / ·"- --- _-./ ...
Propo11l1 Submitted 11)' fafrb1nk1:
1) IP!ony 011< and Swift Creek - t.rly Bunten 2) IP!acon 1'lauau - Western lnv1der1 ' 3l L1mar - t1rly Hitchite or t1tly Cree\ 4) Ocmulgee Fields - Old Ocmulgee Fields Town or Ocmulgee Old Town
Pr o:posals Sub11>1t ted by Guy:
I) Mossy 011< and Svift Creek - tarly Hunten 2) ~aeon Plateau - Primitive or First FJr11>ers 3) la~ar - s~amp I>wellers 4) Oc11>ulgee Fields - Creek Tr1ders S) Mound "C" • Rainbow Mound 6) Mound ... D" • Cornfield Mound 7) McDougal and Dunlap Mounds - (No Suggestions but should be changed)
Pro?osals Sub~itted by Harrington: I) Svift Creek - Sta:r.ped Pottery MalSome Terms Vsee During the 19SO's:
~andering Hunters· Shellfish toters t1Tly Farmers Master Fanners tar:ty Creeks
...... r~ . '• • •, .. '
--:..-; . -·~lltlll.~ ..._.. -~ _ ~~ -... -:~~:: - .._ . .-~mivmm
,,.,,,,.., ~ .... ··-' ...... -
-~-··--'--· -=-...... ,,_~.r.------· -·------L -0., '"------, II 0 , .,AL ,,. / -...... -- -:--:"'"'::--:----:-. .... ' / / ' ' / ' / ' ' / ' I ' I ' ' .~. I I \ I 0.,. ""'' , ... ,, I _,I .... ----
-...---=-::-~~:~J~~~·-~~=::~~~~~~~~t-·--·-~~- m;y.,- ...... -- _ ·- ...... ,,. ... _ . ·'--'-- '"" :t::;.; _,,_""' --: ~-,:-.;• -· p t I ' '- 1•. " •' I .,..,.., • ...... - I \ _,,...,..,..,. I \ \ I \ '\" ._. -,, ., ...... ' \ ' . '..... ------_..-...... ,--· ' ' ,, ...... N'l'ENDIX G ~ili?iiiii'"i ...... - • • • .. • ,..-,-;...... _ _c-a ,_ ------CO V#CIL CHA,,,,,eCR "t:JTORATIOll •• ..n ..... ,,.,y " -- ..... --- ..... -...... o...... -·· - ... • -----· APPENDIX H ': ~ • ANNUAL VISITATION ' 1 '~85 • 198,596 1960 ·85,984 1984 148,769 1959 87,647 1983 111,014 1958 67,064 1982 80,904 1957 75,013 1981 76,001 1956 88,007 1980 88,929 1955 92,667 1979 81,572 1954 65,834 1978 76,555 1953 76,551 1977 86' ::;64 1952 107,729 1976 128,414 1951 44. 101 1975 115,341 1950 31,160
1974 104,439 ( 1949 29. 76•) 1973 116' ~?6l) 1948 27,479 1972 96,347 1947 28,716 1971 51 '637 1946 31. 105 1970 59 ~81(> 1945 '2.9,976. ,,._ 1969 39,641 1944 28,497 196B 48,210 1943 27,944 1967 72 ,58(1 1942 5(•, 442 1966 85,412 1941 57. 115 ('.:·. 1965 85' 9·70 1940 39, 155 1964 86,729 1939 41,042 1963 71 ,845 1938 40,000 --· - 1962 69,442 1937 no record 1961 88. ::.<)5 1936 no record
NOTES: tl Figures for 1944-1946 from Master Plan of 1952. 21 1952 marked year of first Indian festival. 3) 1972 marked beginning of Indian relocation effort.
Sources for figures include Annual Reports and other administrative documents.