© Norwegian Journal of Entomology. 5 December 2012

Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in , northern

TORBJØRN EKREM, STEFFEN ROTH, TROND ANDERSEN, ELISABETH STUR, GEIR SØLI & GODTFRED A. HALVORSEN

Ekrem, T., Roth, S., Andersen, T., Stur, E., Søli, G. & Halvorsen, G.A. 2012. inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark, . Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 91–107.

A faunistic study of selected groups inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark, the northernmost part of mainland Norway was initiated in 2010. Fieldwork was conducted through three different 10–11 day excursions in the 2010-season and 107 localities were visited. Phase one of the project focused on the dipteran families Bolitophilidae, , Diadocidiidae, , and as well as Trichoptera and aquatic Hemiptera, but material of other orders, especially Ephemeroptera, Neuroptera, Megaloptera and Plecoptera were also sorted out and identified. Here we present the general results of phase one and describe all visited localities. In total, 871 species were registered, 443 of these were new to Finnmark, 60 new to Norway, 12 new to Europe and at least 54 species are still unknown to science. Most species new to science were found in the families Chironomidae and Mycetophilidae, but so far only the psychodid, Psychoda cultella Salmela, Kvifte & More, 2012, has been described.

Key words: aquatic insects, new records, Norwegian Initiative, Artsprosjektet, DNA barcoding.

Torbjørn Ekrem & Elisabeth Stur, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.

Steffen Roth & Trond Andersen, Department of Natural History, University Museum of , University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.

Geir Søli, Natural History Museum, University of , P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.

Godtfred A. Halvorsen, Uni Research, Uni Environment, LFI, Thormøhlens gate 49b, NO-5006 Bergen, Norway.

Introduction but lack of funding opportunities for inventories in the past certainly has played a Although detailed biodiversity surveys of major role. Now, projects that focus on species aquatic insects have been conducted for selected distributions of less known organism groups in watersheds in Norway (e.g. Aagaard et al. 2004, Norway can be funded through the Norwegian Bergersen & Rubach 1986, Halvorsen et al. 1982, Taxonomy Initiative, whose goal is to increase the Huru 1981), studies covering large geographical knowledge of Norwegian species diversity and areas, numerous taxonomic groups and a multitude distribution. The results presented here and in the of habitats are rare. The reasons might be many, following eight papers (Andersen & Hagenlund

91 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark

2012, Boumans 2012, Greve & Andersen 2012, important for various reasons. Lakes, rivers and Kvifte & Andersen 2012, Kjærstad et al. 2012, wetlands play a crucial role for humans as a Roth & Coulianos in prep., Stur et al. in prep., Søli resource for drinking water, food, recreation and as & Rindal 2012) were obtained through a project a source for hydroelectric power. The conservation aiming to increase the knowledge on the diversity of aquatic environments has therefore gained of little-known insect groups associated with political importance in many, if not most countries. aquatic habitats in Finnmark, the northernmost In the European Union, the Water Framework part of mainland Norway. Directive (WFD, Directive 2000/60/EC) aims to The county of Finnmark is situated between monitor the health status of all fresh and brackish 68.5° and 71.1° North, and 21.1° and 31.1° East water habitats within the European Economic and covers an area of more than 48 600km2. Area (EEA). The directive encompasses detailed Finnmark has a long coastline towards the requirements for inventorying, classification and Norwegian- and the Barents Sea, but it also monitoring of numerous water quality parameters, has large inland areas, particularly to the including the diversity of macroinvertebrates. south, bordering Finnish Lapland. The coastal Thus, projects that map and describe the diversity areas typically have an oceanic climate with of insects associated with aquatic habitats are of mild winters, cold summers and high annual considerable importance for future biological precipitation compared to the continental climate monitoring and assessment of water quality within of the inland (the Finnmark the EEA. plateau). While the average monthly temperature Good baseline knowledge of species diversity in January is below -16°C at some localities on in northern areas is also important for monitoring the Finnmarksvidda, it is usually above -4°C at the the effects of climate change (see Fernandez-Triana North Cape, 260 km further north (Table 1, Figure et al. 2011). Insect species diversity decrease with 1, Moen 1999). For July, this relationship is increasing latitude and many species reach their reversed, and the inland typically can have 4–8°C distributional limits as we move north towards higher mean temperatures compared to the coastal the Arctic (Strathdee & Bale 1998). Northernmost regions. With regard to precipitation, coastal areas Norway, being on the border between the northern typically receive around 2–3 times as much rain boreal and the southern arctic zones, is home and snow as the inland (up to 1000–1500 mm to species that are characteristic for both zones. annually), with considerably higher precipitation Detailed mapping of the exact distribution of frequency (>240 days per year) (Moen 1999). species in this area will form a baseline for future For the Finnmarksvidda, precipitation is 2–3 studies on distributional expansion of boreal times higher in the summer months compared species into the Arctic, and eventual shifts in to the winter (Moen 1999). Compared to other arctic and northern boreal species communities. parts of the world at the same latitude, Finnmark The use of short DNA fragments to identify has a mild climate. The vegetation in most of and discover species (so-called DNA barcoding) the county is typical of the northern boreal has been used increasingly in biodiversity zone and characterized by birch woodland and research since its conception by Hebert et al. sparse coniferous woodland. Only in the very (2003). In fact, more than 1 800 articles have so northernmost parts of the county (above approx. far been published that relate to the topic (ISI Web 71°N) the vegetation is typical of the southern of science, accessed 11.Oct.2012 using search arctic with shrubs such as juniper (Juniperus topic “DNA Barcod*”), and there are numerous communis) and willow (Salix spp.) as well as examples of how well DNA barcoding performs dwarf birch (Betula nana), crowberry (Empetrum in identification and delineation of species, nigrum), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and association of life stages and documentation cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idea) (Moen 1999). of diversity of aquatic insects (e.g. Ekrem et al. Surveys of aquatic insects and insects 2010, Hendrich et al. 2009, Pfenninger et al. 2007, associated with wetlands and wet habitats are Rach et al. 2008, Stur & Ekrem 2011, Zhou et al.

92 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 91–107 (2012)

TABLE 1. Average temperatures for 2009 and 2010 and the monthly normal values (average from 1961–1990) for 4 meteorological stations in Finnmark county. No data available for 1961 and 1962. Data from eKlima (www.eklima.met.no). Month Alta Alta Alta Kauto- Kauto- Kauto- Vardø Vardø Vardø Pasvik Pasvik Pasvik 2009 2010 1963– keino keino keino 2009 2010 1961– 2009 2010 1961– 1990 2009 2010 1961– 1990 1990 1990 Jan -4,8 -8,2 -8,7 -11,7 -15,7 -16,0 -8,8 -14,1 -15,4 -4,9 -6,5 -5,1 Feb -9,5 -11,9 -7,9 -17,5 -19,0 -14,8 -12,7 -15,6 -13,9 -6,2 -6,9 -5,4 Mar -3,2 -6,8 -5,2 -8,1 -13,5 -10,9 -7,0 -10,5 -8,7 -4,1 -5,5 -3,6 Apr 0,6 2,1 -0,6 -2,5 -1,5 -4,3 -1,7 1,2 -2,0 -1,8 0,7 -1,1 May 7,0 7,5 4,8 6,1 5,6 2,8 5,3 6,0 4,1 3,5 4,1 2,5 Jun 9,3 8,8 10,0 9,0 8,4 9,8 8,5 8,9 10,4 6,0 6,6 6,2 Jul 13,7 13,7 13,4 12,3 13,4 12,4 11,6 13,8 13,7 7,9 9,8 9,2 Aug 14,2 11,1 12,0 12,4 10,3 10,3 12,2 10,0 11,4 8,9 8,1 9,1 Sep 9,1 8,3 7,2 7,0 6,2 4,9 7,9 7,9 6,4 7,7 7,1 6,6 Oct 1,6 3,5 1,6 -2,7 0,5 -2,0 -0,7 2,7 0,3 1,1 3,6 2,4 Nov -0,2 -6,2 -3,6 -4,3 -15,0 -9,3 -1,6 -9,7 -7,0 0,5 -2,3 -1,3 Dec -7,6 -7,0 -7,0 -13,4 -14,5 -14,3 -10,9 -12,8 -12,7 -3,0 -4,5 -3,7

20

Alta 2009 15 Alta 2010

10 Alta 1963-90

Kautok. 2009 5 Kautok. 2010 0 Kautok. 1961-90

-5 Vardø 2009 Vardø 2010 -10 Vardø 1961-90

-15 Pasvik 2009 Pasvik 2010 -20 Pasvik 1961-90

-25 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

FIGURE 1. Average temperatures for 2009 and 2010 and the monthly normal values (average from 1961–1990) for 3 meteorological stations in Finnmark county. No data available for Alta 1961 and 1962. Data from eKlima (www.eklima.met.no). 2009). For taxonomic groups where species are direct comparison of taxonomy on a temporal challenging to separate based on morphology, and geographical scale. The Barcode of Life Data DNA barcoding proves to be particularly useful Systems (BOLD) (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007) in providing a common, objective baseline provides a platform for identification of species for species identification. Thus, public access and analysis of genetic diversity data. to curated and vouchered genetic data from Although broad faunistic studies of aquatic biodiversity surveys is important, since it enables insects in Finnmark have been infrequent, there

93 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark are publications that include insects found in ethanol for preservation of the material and were freshwater or humid habitats (e.g. Collembola - mostly emptied bi-weekly. In addition, numerous Fjellberg 1988; Diptera - Nielsen 1988, Bergersen localities were visited 1–3 times through the season et al. 2004; Coleoptera - Andersen et al. 2000, in connection with three separate collecting trips Olsvik et al. 2001, Heteropetera - Huldén 1982, that all lasted for 10–11 days. These trips were Trichoptera and Plecoptera - Tobias & Tobias conducted 11–21 June, 23 July 23–1 August and 1976, Neuroptera and Mecoptera - Tjeder 1943, 30 August–8 September. In total, 107 different and for several taxa see Lillehammer 1967). localities were visited (Figure 2, descriptions In addition, there are a few detailed ecological below). Participants on these trips were: Trond studies as well as more general revisions and keys Andersen (trips 1, 3), Alyssa M. Anderson (trip that include material from Finnmark (e.g. Holmen 3), Louis Boumans (trip 2), Torbjørn Ekrem (trips 1987, Lillehammer 1988, Coulianos et al. 2008). 1, 2), Sondre Dahle (trip 1), Godtfred Anker As a result, the knowledge of aquatic insect species Halvorsen (trip 1), Steffen Roth (trips 2, 3), diversity in Finnmark is fairly good for some Elisabeth Stur (trip 1), Geir Søli (trips 1, 3). The taxonomic groups (e.g. Odonata, Coleoptera, collecting methods involved hand-picking, sweep- Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera) while other netting, light-trapping, drift-netting, beating from groups are poorly or very poorly known from branches and kick-sampling. All material was this part of the country (e.g. Chironomidae, fixed and preserved on 80–96% ethanol and sorted and Psychodidae) (Aagaard to appropriate taxonomic level (order or family) & Dolmen 1996). However, distributional data before further treatment by specialists. is often sparse even for groups that are regarded Tissue samples of selected taxonomic as well known, particularly in northern Norway. groups (Chironomidae, Mycetophilidae, This may lead to erroneous interpretation of the Psychodidae, Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, rarity and vulnerability of individual species (cf. Neuroptera, Heteroptera and Plecoptera) were red list status). In phase one of this project we sent to the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding have focused primarily on lesser-known insect (CCDB) at the University of Guelph for genetic groups from Finnmark associated with freshwater analyses. Standard protocols at CCDB were and moist habitats for which we have taxonomic used to amplify and sequence the 5’ end of the expertise in Norway. This comprises the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit dipteran families Chironomidae, Bolitophilidae, 1 (COI) – fragment, the most commonly used Diadocidiidae, Keroplatidae, Mycetophilidae barcode-fragment for . All barcodes and and Psychodidae, and the aquatic Heteroptera. accompanying meta-data have been deposited We have also included the supposedly well- in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) known Trichoptera to see if additional sampling (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007) and GenBank, in Finnmark will increase our knowledge of the and will be available at www.boldsystems.org distribution and occurrence of our northern caddis through the projects CHRFI (Chironomidae . In addition, the results of the terrestrial of Finnmark), MYCFI (Mycetophilidae of Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Plecoptera Finnmark), PSYFI (Psychodidae of Finnmark), and Ephemeroptera collected during the project EPHFI (Ephemeroptera of Finnmark) and HETFI are presented. (Heteroptera of Finnmark). Stonefly data are part of the on-going barcoding project NOEPT and will be published incrementally over the coming Material and methods years. Climate data were obtained through the open Fieldwork was conducted in June–September access website for Norwegian climate data eKlima 2010. Eight Malaise traps were employed at (www.eklima.met.no) run by the Norwegian different localities in four different regions Meteorological Institute. in the county (Figure 2). The traps used 80%

94 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 91–107 (2012)

FIGURE 2. Sample sites in Finnmark 2010. Map by Marc Daverdin, NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet.

Descriptions of the localities and stony bed; narrow bank zone. FinLoc03 – FV, Alta: Bigas, site 1, The short locality descriptions below are intended N70.15448° E23.72119°, 359m a.s.l. Part of a sub- to characterise the sampled localities with respect mountainous, boreal bog and heather landscape to a few selected habitat parameters. Vegetation with a 1.8 hectares lake (Bigasjavrriit); stony and plant species are reported to indicate natural ground and bank zone; fast running stream nearby. succession (like terrestrialization), microclimatic FinLoc04 – FV, Alta: Bigas, site 2, conditions (e.g. exposure to sunlight) and to a N70.16083° E23.73777°, 352m a.s.l. Part of a sub- limited degree the trophic conditions of the water mountainous, boreal bog and heather landscape; bodies (measurements of nitrogen and phosphorus small ponds with bank vegetation. were not conducted). The first two letters refer to FinLoc05 – FV, Alta: Gargia fjellstue the division of Finnmark in four regions according (Malaise-trap 1), N69.80525° E23.48937°, to the revised “Strand-system” (Økland 1981): FV 120m a.s.l. Fast running stream; stony bed; in a = western Finnmark, FI = inner Finnmark, FN = forest with pine (Pinus sylvestris), birch (Betula northern Finnmark and FØ = eastern Finnmark. pubescens), willow and alder (Alnus incana). FinLoc01 – FV, Alta: Altaelva, Holmen, FinLoc06 – FV, Alta: Gåppaelva, N70.02786° N69.94701° E23.29107°, 31m a.s.l. Fast running, E23.39476°, 3m a.s.l. Fast running stream; stony slightly meandering part of a large river; sandy bed; in a small woodland with birch, willow and bed; bank zone with sparse pioneer vegetation. alder. FinLoc02 – FV, Alta: Altaelva, Lampe, FinLoc07 – FV, Alta: Sierravannet, N69.93161° E23.26088°, 32m a.s.l. Fast running, N69.84464° E23.37346°, 43m a.s.l. About 3 slightly meandering part of a large river; sandy hectares; willow edge zones and large areas

95 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark with terrestrializing vegetation, otherwise birch FinLoc13 – FI, : Saddoluokta, woodland at edge. N69.60043° E25.32822°, 290m a.s.l. Lake, about FinLoc08 (Figure 3) – FV, Alta: Storeng 5 hectares; shallow; part stony and part euphotic (Malaise-trap 2), N69.82277° E23.47884°, 90m soft bottom; bog vegetation zone on bank. a.s.l. Gargiavannet, lake-like broadening of the FinLoc14 – FI, Karasjok: Vajamohkenjarga, Gargiaelva river; sandy bed; broad vegetation zone N69.44653° E25.39124°, 129m a.s.l. Moderately with sedges (Carex spp.) and nearby woodland fast running river; stony and sandy bed, narrow with birch, alder and willow. bank zone; downstream with reed and some bush FinLoc09 – FV, Alta: Sørelva, N70.01373° vegetation. E23.55471°, 39m a.s.l. Fast running river flowing FinLoc15 – FI, Karasjok: Veahkkava, though dense mixed forest domiated by pine. N69.42701° E24.94451° 185m a.s.l. Fast running Bottom substrate with stone and rocks; sand and river; stony bed and bank. gravel in backwaters. Partly with moss aufwuchs. FinLoc16 – FI, Karasjok: Haldeguolbba, Humic water. N69.44373° E25.29269°, 160m a.s.l. Natural FinLoc10 – FN, Båtsfjord: Sandfjordelva, pine forest; ground with dwarf shrubs (Vaccinium N70.50320° E30.54902°, 15m a.s.l. Large river; spp.). stony bed; many rapids, potholes; stony bank with FinLoc17 – FI, : Gobba-Suolo- some bushes and pioneer vegetation. javri, N69.49701° E23.63289°, 404m a.s.l. About FinLoc11 – FI, Karasjok: Doaresjavri, 1.5 hectares large lake with a mosaic-zone of bank N69.67189° E25.26865°, 300m a.s.l. Lake, about and bog vegetation. Situated in a hilly landscape 2 hectares; stony bank with sedges. with mosaic of wetlands, woodland and lakes. FinLoc12 – FI, Karasjok: Liidnebeahcan- FinLoc18 (Figure 4) – FI, Kautokeino: nuorit, N69.41691° E24.71794°, 234m a.s.l. Fast Kautokeinoelva, Masi, N69.44818° E23.68368°, running, meandering arm of large river; stony 275m a.s.l. Moderately fast stretch of large river; river bed and bank. stony river bed and bank with scattered willows.

FIGURE 3. FinLoc08, Alta, Gargiaelva at Storeng. Photo T. Ekrem.

96 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 91–107 (2012)

FIGURE 4. Trond Andersen collecting at Kautokeinoelva near Masi (FinLoc18). Photo E. Stur. FinLoc19 – FI, Kautokeino: Lahpoluoppal of sedges, surrounded by bog vegetation and trees. (Malaise-trap 3), N69.20992° E23.757661°, FinLoc25 – FN, : 1 km South of 320m a.s.l. Lake-like bend of the Náhlpoljohka Adamsfjord, N70.36983° E26.64120°, 53m a.s.l. River; standing water, soft bottom; dominance Small lake (<1 hectare), part of bog-wetland of reed, sedges and willows. Situated in complex landscape complex. landscape-mosaic of lakes, streams and rivers. FinLoc26 – FN, Tana: Ammonjavrrit, lake and FinLoc20 – FI, Kautokeino: Lahpojavri, ponds near road RV 98, N70.42806° E27.5938°, Jeagelnjárga, N69.24416° E23.79243°, 331m 360m a.s.l. Samples taken in complex of wetland a.s.l. Deep (max. 350 m) and very large (8 km2) habitats; arctic sub-mountainous area; lake with lake. Sample site is characterized by stony ground, stony bottom; bog ponds; wetland-bog vegetation sandy bank with reed and shrubs and a small rocky with dwarf birch. ridge nearby. FinLoc27 – FN, Lebesby: Austerelva, FinLoc21 – FI, Kautokeino: Nahpoljohka N70.34368° E26.51974°, 11m a.s.l. Fast running (Malaise-trap 4), N69.21029° E23.76200°, 320m river with rapids; stony bed and bank; downstream a.s.l. Fast running river; stony bed; bank zone with dominated by willow. stones, sand and patches of vegetation dominated FinLoc28 – FN, Lebesby: pond near Bakte- by willow. javri, site 2, N70.44120° E26.82233°, 95 m a.s.l. FinLoc22 – FI, Kautokeino: Masi, bog on Very small pond; surrounded by large vegetation Road RV 93, N69.49695° E23.62680°, 401m zone. a.s.l. Bog with typical vegetation; some small FinLoc29 – FN, Lebesby: small lake near ponds situated in a hilly landscape with scattered Baktejavri, site 1, N70.44099° E26.80499°, 80m wetlands, woodlands and lakes. a.s.l. Small lake (6 hectares, max. 74m deep), FinLoc24 – FI, Kautokeino: Sillsjavri, stony ground; some willow on stony bank; N69.61556° E23.46995°, 447m a.s.l. Elongated dominant bank vegetation zone (sedges) in the lake; stony and sandy bank with scattered patches outlet area of small stream.

97 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark

FinLoc30 – FN, Lebesby: Eastorjavri, outlet up to 20m deep lake; stony ground and bank zone; of lake, N70.44271° E27.34849°, 260m a.s.l. samples taken from stream inlet; area with some Samples were taken in the outlet area of large willows and ruderal vegetation. (40 hectares and up to 24m deep) lake; lake and FinLoc42 (Figure 5) – FN, : outlet-stream on stony ground. Baukop, site 1 (Malaise-trap 6), N70.20469° FinLoc31 – FN, Lebesby: Garnvika, E24.90605°, 26m a.s.l. Small stream running from N70.42284° E26.73690°, 14m a.s.l. Small rock Vuolit Gealbbotjavri in birch-willow woodland; pools; some surrounded by bushes and grass, most surrounded by grassland. without any vegetation; on cliff near sea. FinLoc43 – FN, Porsanger: Baukop, site 2, FinLoc32 – FN, Lebesby: lake near Njalla- N70.20280° E24.90958°, 20m a.s.l. Situated in varri, N70.45214° E27.01012°, 62 m a.s.l. Lake mosaic of abandoned grassland, ruderal vegetation with broad mosaic of bank and bog vegetation in and birch woodland. outlet zone. FinLoc44 – FN, Porsanger: Børsnesdalen, FinLoc33 – FN, Lebesby: Stuorrarohtu, N70.32580° E25.40614°, 10m a.s.l. Small, N70.33400° E26.05812°, 167m a.s.l. Pond meandering stream; few willows in a grazed area imbedded in bog and wetland area. with calcareous bedrocks; stream may be slightly FinLoc34 – FN, Lebesby: Lássájohka (1,5 km nutrient polluted by nearby settlement. NW Lássájávri), N70.45461° E26.99669°, 60m FinLoc45 – FN, Porsanger: bog near a.s.l. Small stream; stony bed; willow-zone along Gaggavann, site 2, N69.82268° E25.19784°, bank. 106m a.s.l. Extensive mosaic complex of heather, FinLoc35 – FN, : Bergebyelva, bog, wetland, dwarf bushes and wood with small N70.14876° E28.90265°, 2m a.s.l. Moderately shallow bog ponds, streams and lakes. Samples strong flowing, shallow river, 10–20m wide; stony taken along small, meandering, deep stream estuary with sparse vegetation. running through the bog. FinLoc36 – FN, Nesseby: Nyborg, FinLoc46 – FN, Porsanger: near Gaggavann, N70.17750° E28.61030°, 12m a.s.l. Small stream; site 3, N69.83034° E25.18504°, 105m a.s.l. Small, flowing moderately fast in willow dominated shallow lake; bank with terrestrializing vegetation woodland, some sedges close to bridge. continuously covered by bog plants. FinLoc37 – FN, : Akselvatnet, FinLoc47 – FN, Porsanger: bog near Gagga- N70.85215° E25.79852°, 37m a.s.l. Lake 2.5 vann, site 1, N69.82372° E25.20091°, 106m hectares large, up to 33m deep; euphotic ground; a.s.l. Extensive mosaic complex of heather, dominated by sedges and horsetails (Equisetum bog, wetland, dwarf bushes and wood, small sp.) in silt zone. shallow bog ponds, streams and lakes. Samples FinLoc38 – FN, Nordkapp: Honningsvåg, taken at small bog ponds surrounded by quaking 400m E of Stornakken, N71.00983° E25.93730°, boggy banks with sedges, rush (Juncus sp.) and 2m a.s.l. Small temporary pond on stony ground cottongrass. between road and rocky shore. FinLoc48 – FN, Porsanger: Gaggavann, site FinLoc39 – FN, Nordkapp: Kjeftavatnet, 4, N69.83087° E25.18687°, 103m a.s.l. Large N71.10542° E25.73548°, 77m a.s.l. Lake (40 oligotrophic, regulated lake, sample site on hectares, 70m deep); stony bed and bank without stony bank with some trees and sparse wetland vegetation; surrounded by alpine grassland vegetation. vegetation. FinLoc49 – FN, Porsanger: Indre Kjerringvik, FinLoc40 – FN, Nordkapp: Nordkapp-platået, N70.34667° E25.43931°, 17m a.s.l. Small, fast N71.14461° E25.76409°, 220m a.s.l. Small running stream on calcareous, stony riverbed; shallow pond; cotton grass (Eriophorum sp.) in bank with lush vegetation and dense bushes. suspended bog. FinLoc50 – FN, Porsanger; Lapparjávrrit, FinLoc41 – FN, Nordkapp: Storvatnet, site 1, N70.36581° E25.92327°, 138m a.s.l. N71.02950° E25.88919°, 28m a.s.l. 1.5 hectares, Small, very shallow bog pools with typical bog

98 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 91–107 (2012)

FIGURE 5. FinLoc42, Baukop in Porsanger. Drift net placed close to Malaise-trap 6. Photo E. Stur. vegetation of sedges and peat moss (Sphagnum willow woodland on east bank. spp.). FinLoc56 – FN, Porsanger: Rørkulpen FinLoc51 – FN, Porsanger: Lapparjávrrit, (Malaise-trap 5), N70.15215° E24.76686°, 28m site 2, N70.36371° E25.94811°, 150m a.s.l. a.s.l. River, about 10m wide, moderately fast Small, very shallow bog pools with typical bog running, on stony bed; bank with some willow vegetation of sedges and peat moss. and alder. Situated in natural pine forest in the FinLoc52 – FN, Porsanger: Lombola, car Stabbursdalen National Park. park, N70.14975° E24.78322°, 74m a.s.l. Situated FinLoc57 – FN, Porsanger: pond near in Stabbursdalen National Park; natural pine Ruovddasjohka, N70.41572° E25.14807°, 50m forest, ground with dwarf shrubs (Vaccinium). a.s.l. Pond with fish; bank vegetation dominanted FinLoc53 – FN Porsanger: Morssajaeggi, bog by sedges, rush and Menyanthes trifoliata. (Palsmyr), N70.21091° E24.88559°, 59m a.s.l. FinLoc58 – FN, Porsanger: Russevannet, Large peat bog with some small bog ponds on N70.41768° E25.14905°, 60m a.s.l. Lake, about 4 permafrost with characteristic vegetation. hectares large, up to 50m deep; few areas with silt FinLoc54 – FN, Porsanger: Olderfjord, vegetation; samples taken at inlet area of stream N70.47351° E25.07261°, 2m a.s.l. Fast running with wetland and bog. stream on stony bed; stony bank dominated by FinLoc59 – FN, Porsanger: Sarvvesjavri, willows. Further samples in sandy outlet area N70.28661° E25.07341°, 66m a.s.l. The eastern towards sea. of two closely set lakes with road in between, each FinLoc55 – FN, Porsanger: Rohkosjavri, about 1 hectare large. Sample site with euphotic N70.17245° E24.90380°, 12m a.s.l. About one bottom; bank with birch and willow woodland. hectare, shallow, organic lake without fish; FinLoc60 – FN, Porsanger: Stabbursdalen distinctive vegetation zone amongst other with Feriesenter, N70.17782° E24.90735°, 10m a.s.l. reed (Phragmites sp.); some deciduous birch and The River Stabburselva; broad, very fast running

99 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark with wild water rapids; bed and bank with stones FinLoc66 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, 500 and gravel; bank with pioneer vegetation with N of Bjørnstrand, N69.51552° E30.10419°, 38m German tamarisk (Myricaria germanica), willow, a.s.l. Slow, calmly running part of River Pasvik; and mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna). stony bank with birch, willow and some horsetails. FinLoc61 (Figure 6) – FN, Porsanger: Store FinLoc67 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, Bjørnelva, N70.13668° E25.25187°, 13m a.s.l. Ellenelva, N69.21323° E29.15357°, 67m a.s.l. Broad, very fast running river; rapids, bed and Partly fast, partly slowly running river on stony bank with stones and gravel; bank with sparse ground; surrounded by birch- and willow- pioneer vegetation. dominated woodland. FinLoc62 – FN, Porsanger: Stornes, FinLoc68 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, N70.19622° E24.91839°, 3m a.s.l. Costal salt- Ellijohki, N69.16989° E29.00161°, 101m a.s.l. marsh; beach; sand, mud and some small ponds. Partly fast, partly slowly running river on stony FinLoc63 – FN, Porsanger: Nedrevann ground; surrounded by birch- and willow- (Volitjávri), N69.91856° E24.97994°, 67m a.s.l. dominated woodland. Sampling site upstream Very large lake (>5 km2); stony ground and bank. from FinLoc67; large area of almost standing FinLoc64 (Figure 7) – FN, Porsanger: water with terrestrializing vegetation (Carex, Øvrevatn, N69.84383° E25.07607°, 76m a.s.l. Equisetum) nearby. Very large lake; part of a complex of connected FinLoc69 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, lakes; sandy, beach-like bank. Emanuelbekken, N69.30367° E29.26350°, 51m FinLoc65 (Figure 8) – FØ, Sør-Varanger: a.s.l. Part of River Pasvik; sandy and stony beach Pasvik, Russevann (Malaise-trap 7), N69.44497° with adjacent woodland; small, longish formed E29.89904°, 60m a.s.l. Lake, about 4 hectares bay with creek inlet; terrestrializing vegetation large, max 50m deep; mosaic of pine forest and abundant. blanket bog on bank. FinLoc70 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Guhkesjavri ,

FIGURE 6. FinLoc61, Store Bjørnelva in Porsanger. Photo T. Ekrem.

100 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 91–107 (2012)

FIGURE 7. FinLoc64, beach bank of Øvrevatn in Porsanger. Photo E. Stur.

FIGURE 8. FinLoc65, Malaise-trap 7 at Russevann in Porsanger (near 96-høyden). Photo T. Ekrem. 69.57064° E30.05602°, 62m a.s.l. Lake, about 90 some stony areas. Bank vegetation characterized hectares large; narrow, stony bank with wetland by bog species, birch and willow. vegetation and trees. FinLoc72 – FØ Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, FinLoc71 – FØ Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, Indre Karalampi, N69.29613° E29.18719°, 134m Loken, N69.45719° E30.00216°, 23m a.s.l. Very a.s.l. About 7 hectares large lake; heterogeneous shallow lake with soft bottom; euphotic ground, topology (island, peninsula); mosaic ground of

101 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark stony and organic soft bottom; bank vegetation S Skogfoss, N69.36857° E29.68500°, 43m a.s.l. dominated by heather (Ericaceae), dwarf birch, Large bay of River Pasvik; slowly running with willow and pine. sandy and stony bank and dense reed-zone. FinLoc73 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, small FinLoc83 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Sollia, Camp- lake NE of Lakevannet, N69.26376° E29.10287°, ing site near Road E105, N69.66478° E30.19085°, 159m a.s.l. About 2 hectares large lake; both stony 17m a.s.l. Situated at large lake with stony and ground and organic soft bottom; bank vegetation rocky bank; vegetation charaterized by birch and dominated by heather, dwarf birch, willow and ruderal plants. pine. FinLoc84 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Grense FinLoc74 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, Jakobselv, N69.79157° E30.79580°, 7m a.s.l. Lyngbukta near Elveli, N69.24628° E29.18761°, Small ponds with patchy bank vegetation; part 60m a.s.l. Samples from two different habitats: of a mosaic-complex of ruderal, wetland and bog 1) small bay with nearly standing water in the habitats in hilly area close to sea. River Pasvik; bank with sand, stones, some mud FinLoc85 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, and terrestrializing vegetation with adjacent Svanhovd Research Station, N69.45403° woodland. 2) shallow pond; bank dominated by E30.04057°, 46m a.s.l. Mosaic of meadows, wetland and bog vegetation. ruderal areas, garden, park alley with birch and FinLoc75 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, patches of woodland. Melkefoss near River Passvik, site 1, N69.40509° FinLoc86 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, E29.79536°, 29m a.s.l. Stony river bank; sparce Svanekulpen, N69.1824° E29.0323°, 80m a.s.l. vegetation on bank; some muddy areas with rush About 1000m2 large bay of the River Ellijohki; and sedges; nearby woodland. shallow standing water on stony bed, surrounded FinLoc76 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, by natural pine forest. Melkefoss near River Passvik, site 2, N69.39857° FinLoc87 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, E29.78201°, 40m a.s.l. Stony river bank; sparse Svanvik near church, N69.45403° E30.04057°, vegetation and adjacent woodland. 46m a.s.l. Small temporary pond; surrounded by FinLoc77 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, muddy zone and low rush vegetation. Mikkelstad, N69.41121° E29.80667°, 83m FinLoc88 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Ternevatnet, a.s.l. Very small stream in woodland; vegetation N69.68475° E30.05284°, 93m a.s.l. Lake, about 5 dominated by willow. hectares, up to 90m deep; stony and soft bottom; FinLoc78 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Vuolit bank dominated by birch and willow. Nieidajavri, Svartakslavatnet, N69.71095° FinLoc89 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, E30.13530°, 17m a.s.l. Northern end of about Tormajavri, N69.26996° E29.11843°, 146m a.s.l. 1,8km2 large, shallow (max 13m deep) lake; stony Large lake (>20 hectares) on stony ground in ground and sandy shore. natural pine forest. FinLoc79 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pandurvatnet, FinLoc90 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Tårnelven, N69.66525° E30.33207°, 35m a.s.l. Lake, 5 N69.67786° E30.44941°, 17m a.s.l. Very fast hectares large, up to 30m deep; soft bottom; bank running stream with gravel and larger stones; vegetation dominated by sedges and willow. sparse bank vegetation with some willows. FinLoc80 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Jacobselv, FinLoc91 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, Utnes, estuary, N69.77921° E30.82573°, 2m a.s.l. Patchy N69.44515° E30.05262°, 35m a.s.l. Slowly salt marsh vegetation on mud and sand. running part of the River Pasvik; stony bank with FinLoc81 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, dominance of willow, sedges and reed. Sametijohka near Sameti (Malaise-trap 8), FinLoc92 (Figure 9) – FØ, Sør-Varanger: N69.40106° E29.71923°, 43m a.s.l. Trap in birch- Pasvik, Steinbekken (Vaggatem), N69.23103° dominated woodland on bank of a stream with E29.16092°, 63m a.s.l. Backwater area of stream variable current and a stony bed. inlet to bay in the River Pasvik; stony bed and FinLoc82 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Pasvik, 0.7km banks with some willow.

102 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 91–107 (2012)

FIGURE 9. Godtfred A. Halvorsen collecting a drift sample from Steinbekken in Pasvik (FinLoc92). Photo E. Stur.

FinLoc93 – FØ, Sør-Varanger: Fyllingsvatn, FinLoc98 – FN, Tana: Tanaelva, N70.19799° N69.50142° E30.04980°, 83m a.s.l. Pond with E28.20236°, 20m a.s.l. Large river with sandy and distinct floating mat of peat moss and sedges stony bed; bank with some willow. along bank. FinLoc99 – FN, Vadsø: Rica Hotel, FinLoc94 – FN, Tana: Vestertana, Kjøre- N70.07457° E29.75030°, 10m a.s.l. Samples bekken, N70.42588° E27.87454°, 6m a.s.l. Fast taken in window of hotel room. running stream on stony bed, bank with gradient FinLoc100 – FN, Vardø, Bardvikvatnet, from birch dominated woodland and willow to N70.40242° E30.94328°, 43m a.s.l. Lake, 30 sandy and muddy areas with salt marsh vegetation hectares large, about 40m deep; situated in arctic towards estuary area. area with bog and wetland vegetation. FinLoc95 – FN, Tana: Šerresgieddi FinLoc101 – FN, Vardø: Indre Kiberg, (Searesgieddi), N70.48173° E28.01378°, 42m N70.26936° E30.94540°, 3m a.s.l. Small rock a.s.l. Small lake in bog with soft bottom; muddy pools, mostly without vegetation; on rock bluffs bank zone with sedges. towards sea. FinLoc96 – FN, Tana: Šerresgiedjávri FinLoc102 – FN, Vardø: Komagelva, near (Searesgieddjavri), N70.48196° E28.03773°, outlet, N70.24129° E30.51538°, 5m a.s.l. Fast 68m a.s.l. Lake, about 60 hectares large, up to running river, many rapids on stony bed; bank 65m deep; on stony ground; some terrestrializing with small bushes and some muddy areas with vegetation (Equisetum). rush. FinLoc97 – FN, Tana: Stuorrajohka, FinLoc103 – FN, Vardø: Larsenvatnet, near N70.42210° E27.54452°, 290m a.s.l. 5m wide, Nedre Domen, N70.32058° E31.03214°, 114m rapidly running stream; stony bed and bank a.s.l. About 2 hectares large lake; part of sub- dominated by willow. arctic wetland- and bog-complex.

103 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark

FinLoc104 – FN, Vardø: bog near Nedre Results Domen, site 1, N70.32354° E31.04177°, 91m a.s.l. Bog with small ponds and typical vegetation The fieldwork generated a generous amount of (Sphagnum, Carex, Eriophorum); part of sub- material of most target groups. The numbers arctic wetland- and bog-complex. of recorded species was particularly high for FinLoc105 – FN, Vardø: Nedre Domen, site Chironomidae and Mycetophilidae, but also 2, N70.32152° E31.03407°, 120m a.s.l. Small, Trichoptera are well represented in our species shallow pond and nearby lake; terrestrializing lists (Table 2). New records for Finnmark county vegetation; part of sub-arctic wetland- and bog- and Norway was also highest for Chironomidae complex. and Mycetophilidae; while the Chironomidae FinLoc106 (Figure 10) – FN, Vardø: comprised most of the species unknown to Næringselva, N70.43801° E30.88202°, 16m a.s.l. science (Table 2). Further details on the results Fast running river with many rapids; large stones for all focus groups are given in this issue of and gravel; sparse bank vegetation. Norwegian Journal of Entomology (Andersen FinLoc107 – FN, Vardø: Sanden, N70.37228° & Hagenlund 2012, Boumans & Brittain 2012, E31.019431°, 1m a.s.l. Patchy dune-vegetation Greve & Andersen 2012, Kvifte & Andersen on sandy, partly stony beach; small creek and 2012, Kjærstad et al. 2012, Roth & Coulianos in temporary ponds. prep., Stur et al. in prep., Søli & Rindal 2012).

FIGURE 10. FinLoc106, Næringselva in Vardø municipality. Photo E. Stur.

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TABLE 2. Overview of recorded species diversity in the studied taxonomic groups. *Indicates that barcode cluster analysis as well as morphology is used to delineate species. Numbers in parenthesis indicate possible additional new species that cannot be determined due to a lack of taxonomic revisions. Taxon Species New records New records New records Species new number Finnmark Norway Europa to Science Diptera Bolitophilidae 6 6 0 0 0 Chironomidae* 385 196 41 12 33 (60) Diadocidiidae 1 1 0 0 0 Mycetophilidae* 240 182 15 0 20 (19) Psychodidae* 18 11 3 0 1 Ephemeroptera* 39 2 0 0 0 Heteroptera 39 11 0 0 0 Megaloptera 4 0 0 0 0 Neuroptera 13 7 0 0 0 Plecoptera 28 0 0 0 0 Trichoptera 98 27 1 0 0 Total 871 443 60 12 54 (79)

Discussion habitats in northern Norway. For two of the focus groups (Mycetophilidae Although there are more local studies focused on and Chironomidae), a number of species new freshwater invertebrates from river systems in to science were also detected. We did anticipate Finnmark (e.g. Huru 1981, Bergersen & Rubach some new taxa to be recorded when we started the 1986), this project is the first comprehensive study project, but the number exceeded our expectations. with respect to diversity of habitats, geographical Moreover, only parts of the Malaise-trap material distribution and taxa. of these taxa have been analyzed in detail, thus the As shown in Table 2, the results from the number of records and new species is expected to project have added considerably to the knowledge increase further through phase two of the project. of the occurrence and distribution of aquatic There is a rather substantial uncertainty in the exact insect species in Finnmark, and new records for number of new species for Chironomidae. This the region and for Norway have been discovered is related to the lack of taxonomic revisions for even for supposedly well-known groups like certain species-rich genera and the need to consult Trichoptera. There may be various explanations type material of previously described species for this, but few equally comprehensive studies on from Central Europe and Russia. Moreover, aquatic insects have previously been conducted results from DNA barcoding of the Chironomidae in the region. It is perhaps tempting to relate from Finnmark indicate a substantial number of new records to potential environmental change. cryptic species that need detailed morphological However, this is not possible since no comparable and/or molecular description and analysis before studies have been done in the areas we investigated. the taxonomic status of these can be established The results presented here contribute to the (Stur et al. in prep.). For Psychodidae one species baseline knowledge of aquatic insects in northern new to science was discovered. The species is Norway, enabling future biological monitoring of now described and named Psychoda cultella environmental change in freshwater and humid and proven to be distributed both in and

105 Ekrem et al.: Insects inhabiting freshwater and humid habitats in Finnmark

Norway (Salmela et al. 2012). Andersen, T. & Hagenlund, L.K. 2012. Caddis flies The fieldwork for this project started mid- (Trichoptera) from Finnmark, northern Norway. June 2010. A very mild and early spring that Norwegian Journal of Entomology 59, 133–154. year (Table 1, Figure 1) might have influenced Bergersen, R., & Rubach, S. 1986. Hydrography and the actual number of species collected, since we evertebrate fauna of the Sundsfjord water system in 1983–1984. Tromura 54, 1–64. [In Norwegian] most likely missed species with early emergences. Bergersen, R., Straumfors, P. & Nilssen, A.C. 2004. This is particularly true for chironomids, as some The distribution of horse files (Diptera: Tabanidae) species start emerging as soon as the ice opens on in North Norway. Norwegian Journal of Entomology lakes and rivers (e.g. Thienemann 1941). Thus, 51, 3–26. even more aquatic insect species are expected Boumans, L & Brittain, J.E. 2012. New data on to be recorded from Finnmark if early spring stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Finnmark. Norwegian emergences are investigated. Journal of Entomology 59, 196–215. Phase two of this project is currently running Coulianos, C.-C., Økland, J. & Økland, K.A. 2008. and focusing on taxonomic groups that were Norwegian water bugs. Distribution and ecology not treated in phase one, as well as continuing (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Gerromorpha and work on Chironomidae. Of particular interest are Nepomorpha). Norwegian Journal of Entomology 55 (2), 179–222. the remaining families of Diptera, a group with Ekrem, T., Stur, E. & Hebert, P.D.N. 2010. Females comparatively high diversity in northern regions. do count: Documenting Chironomidae (Diptera) species diversity using DNA barcoding. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 10, 397–408. Acknowledgements. This study was funded by a grant from Fernandez-Triana, J., Smith, M.A., Boudreault, C., the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative. Thanks to Paul Hebert Goulet, H., Hebert, P.D.N., Smith, A.C. & Roughley, and the staff at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding for all R. 2011. A Poorly Known High-Latitude Parasitoid help with sequencing and databasing and to Genome Canada for funding this work through a grant to Paul Hebert. Thanks Wasp Community: Unexpected Diversity and also to Pål Karlsen Haugsnes at Nye Gargia fjellstue; Paul Dramatic Changes through Time. Plos One 6 (8). Eric Aspholm at Bioforsk, Svanhovd; Svein Ingebrigtsen at Fjellberg, A. 1988. The collembole fauna of and Stabbursnes Naturhus; Berit Ellen and Ole Henrik Gaino at Finnmark, North Norway. Fauna norvegica Serie B Lahpoluoppal Fjellstue, and Alyssa Anderson, Louis Boumans 35, 5–20. and Sondre Dahle for their splendid help in doing field work Greve, L. & Andersen, T. 2012. Lacewings and tending traps. Linn Hagenlund is thanked for her help (Neuroptera) and Alderflies (Megaloptera) from with sorting the material, and Dag Dolmen, Gaute Kjærstad, Finnmark, northern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Lita Greve Jensen and Gunnar M. Kvifte for their help with Entomology 59, 122–132. identification of Coleoptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Halvorsen, G.A., Willassen, E. & Sæther, O.A. 1982. Neuroptera, Megaloptera and Psychodidae. Thanks also to Marc Daverdin for producing the map in Figure 2. Chironomidae (Dipt.) from Ekse, . Fauna norvegica Serie B 29, 115–121. Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWaard, J.R. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA References barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, B 270, 313–321. Aagaard, K. & Dolmen, D. 1996. Limnofauna Hendrich, L., Hawlitschek, O. & Balke, M. 2009. norvegica. Katalog over norsk ferskvannsfauna. 310 The epigean Australasian species of Neobidessodes pp. Tapir forlag, Trondheim. gen.n. diving beetles – a revision integrating Aagaard, K., Solem, J.O., Bongard, T. & Hanssen, O. morphology, cybertaxonomy, DNA taxonomy and 2004. Studies of aquatic insects in the Atna River phylogeny (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Bidessini). 1987-2002. Hydrobiologia 521, 87–105. Zootaxa 2288, 1–41. Andersen, J., Olberg, S. & Haugen, L. 2000. Saproxylic Holmen, M. 1987. The aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) beetles (Coleoptera) of Troms and western of Fennoscandia and Denmark I. Gyrinidae, Finnmark, northern Norway with exceptional Haliplidae, Hygrobiidae and Noteridae. 168 pp. distribution in Fennoscandia. Norwegian Journal of Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 20. København. Entomology 47, 29–40. Huldén, L. 1982. Records of Heteroptera and

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