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America's Wartime Diplomacy: the Politics of Coalition Maintenance and Alliance Management

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America's Wartime Diplomacy: the Politics of Coalition Maintenance and Alliance Management America's Wartime Diplomacy: The Politics of Coalition Maintenance and Alliance Management SA.200.755 WEDNESDAYS, 2:15-4:45, ROME 534 Ambassador Eric Edelman Final Version 123009 Course Concept For Americans alliances are something of an unnatural act. During its formative years the U.S. was sheltered from international conflict by two oceans. In addition policymakers in the nation's first 125 years had normative advice from the founding generation against “political connections ” with Europe or "entangling alliances" and "seeking monsters to destroy" (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams respectively). As a result, throughout the 19th Century, the U.S. sought, above all else, to avoid political commitments to other countries and their attendant responsibilities. With America's rise to world power, however, alliances became a necessary but awkward requirement. But the process of adjustment was difficult. Even when Wilson took the country into the "war to end all wars" the U.S. was an "associated" not an Allied power. Our understanding of U.S. attitudes toward and management of its alliances is hobbled by our habit of studying the diplomacy that led to the outbreak of war and then the peacemaking which followed. The diplomacy of wartime coalition maintenance has been slighted. This course will explore U.S. diplomacy during World War I, World War II, the Korean War, Vietnam, the Iraq Wars, Kosovo and Afghanistan to examine how American learned the hard lessons attendant to Churchill's pithy observation that "the only thing worse than fighting a war with allies is trying to fight one without them." The course will examine the habits, norms, and institutional arrangements of alliance management that are rooted in the requirements of fostering and holding together sometimes fragile wartime coalitions. It will also consider Cold War cases to illuminate U.S. alliance management practices beyond wartime. Requirements Each student will write four memoranda from an assigned list, and will be prepared to summarize his or her memorandum in a two minute presentation in class. They will be expected, in most cases, to re-write the memorandum after the class to which it refers. Memoranda will include To, From, Subject, and Date lines at the top, will be in 12 points of a standard font (e.g. Times New Roman) and will have margins of 1.5" at the left, 1" at top, right, and bottom, and will consist of single-spaced, numbered paragraphs separated by a full space from one another. The memoranda will be no longer than three pages, and will be submitted in hard copy in class: we also request electronic copies sent to [email protected]. These format requirements and presentations for 5% each, and general participation the remaining 20%. Students will, of course, be expected to attend all classes having done the readings and being prepared to discuss them. 2 Books Required for Purchase David F. Trask, The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917-1918, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1993) Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006) William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002, 4th Ed.) Richard Haass, War of Necessity, War of Choice: A Memoir of Two Iraq Wars (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009) Seth Jones, In the Graveyard of Empires (New York, W.W. Norton, 2009) Getting in Touch with the Instructors To arrange office hours with Ambassador Edelman, email him at [email protected] 1. Alliances, Coalition Maintenance and Alliance Management Required Reading: Paul W. Schroeder, “Alliances, 1815-1945: Weapons of Power and Tools of Management,” in Klaus Knorr, ed, Historical Dimensions of National Security Problems,” (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1976) 227-263 Mark A. Stoler, “War and Diplomacy: Or, Clausewitz for Diplomatic Historians, Diplomatic History, 29:1, 1-26 Glenn H. Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics,” World Politics, 36:4, 461-495 Dan Reiter, “Learning, Realism, and Alliances: The Weight of the Shadow of the Past,” World Politics; 46:4, 490-526 Patricia A. Weitsman, “Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare: The Central Powers and Triple Entente,” Security Studies, 12:3, 79-113 Christina L. Davis, “Linkage Diplomacy: Economic and Security Bargaining in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-23; International Security, 33:3, 143-179 Patricia A. Weitsman, “Intimate Enemies: The Politics of Peacetime Alliances,” Security Studies, 7:1, 156-193 3 Recommended Reading: Stephen Walt: The Origins of Alliances, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987) Dan Reiter, Crucible of Beliefs: Learning, Alliances, and World Wars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996) Jeremy Pressman, Warring Friends: Alliance Restraint in International Politics, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008) Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Politics, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997) Ernest May and Richard Neustadt, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision- Makers (New York: Free Press, 1988). Paul Gordon Lauren, Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (New York: Free Press, 1979), 245-263 2. World War I Required Reading: David F. Trask, The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917-1918, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1993) N.Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968) 1-50 Recommended Reading: John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage Books, 1998) Josephy Persico, 11th Month, 11th Day, 11th Hour, Armistice Day, 1918: World War I and its Violent Climax, (New York, Random House, 2004) Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1992) Arthur Walworth, America’s Moment:1918, American Diplomacy at the End of World War I, (New York, W.W. Norton, 1977) Margaret Macmillan, Paris, 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, (New York, Random House, 2001) Lloyd C. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984). 4 3. World War II - Europe - Part 1 Required Reading: Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006) 1-145 Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006) 165-192 Recommended Reading: Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders (New York: Harper Collins, 2009) Mark A. Stoler, Allies in War: Britain and America Against the Axis Powers, 1940- 1945 (London: Hodder Arnold, 2005) Herbert Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967) Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960) George Herring, Aid to Russia, 1941-1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Origins of the Cold War, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1973) 4. World War II - Europe - Part 2 Required Reading: Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006) 146-270 Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945, (New York: Vintage Press, 1968) 242-340 John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History, (New York: John Wiley, 1978) 147-174 Recommended Reading: John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 1-32 5 5. World War II - Asia Required Reading: Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945, (New York: Vintage Press, 1968) 194-208 Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941-1945, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978) 131-167, 273-304, 371- 418; 497-545; 654-671 Recommended Reading: Christopher Thorne, The Issue of War: States, Societies, and the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941-1945, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985) Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005) Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan, (New York: Vintage Books, 1985) Ronald Spector, In The Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia; (New York, Random House, 2007) 6. The Korean War Required Reading: William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) 10-203, 348-370 Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) 42-82 Recommended Reading: William Stueck, Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002) Max Hastings, The Korean War, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987) David Halberstam, The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War, (New York: Hyperion, 2007) Roger Dingman, “Atomic Diplomacy during the Korean War” International Security, 13:3 (Winter, 1988-1989), pp. 50-91 Rosemary J. Foot, “Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Conflict”, International Security, 13:3 (Winter, 1988-1989), pp. 92-112 6 Elizabeth A. Stanley, “Ending the Korean War: The Role of Domestic Coalition Shifts in Overcoming Obstacles to Peace,” International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Summer 2009), pp. 42–82 7. The Vietnam War – 1945-1961 Required Reading: George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 (NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2002, 4th Ed.), 2-79 Andrew J.
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