America's Wartime Diplomacy: the Politics of Coalition Maintenance and Alliance Management

America's Wartime Diplomacy: The Politics of Coalition Maintenance and Alliance Management

SA.200.755

WEDNESDAYS, 2:15-4:45, ROME 534 Ambassador Eric Edelman

Final Version 123009 Course Concept

For Americans alliances are something of an unnatural act. During its formative years the U.S. was sheltered from international conflict by two oceans. In addition policymakers in the nation's first 125 years had normative advice from the founding generation against “political connections ” with Europe or "entangling alliances" and "seeking monsters to destroy" (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams respectively). As a result, throughout the 19th Century, the U.S. sought, above all else, to avoid political commitments to other countries and their attendant responsibilities. With America's rise to world power, however, alliances became a necessary but awkward requirement. But the process of adjustment was difficult. Even when Wilson took the country into the "war to end all wars" the U.S. was an "associated" not an Allied power. Our understanding of U.S. attitudes toward and management of its alliances is hobbled by our habit of studying the diplomacy that led to the outbreak of war and then the peacemaking which followed. The diplomacy of wartime coalition maintenance has been slighted. This course will explore U.S. diplomacy during World War I, World War II, the Korean War, Vietnam, the Iraq Wars, Kosovo and Afghanistan to examine how American learned the hard lessons attendant to Churchill's pithy observation that "the only thing worse than fighting a war with allies is trying to fight one without them." The course will examine the habits, norms, and institutional arrangements of alliance management that are rooted in the requirements of fostering and holding together sometimes fragile wartime coalitions. It will also consider Cold War cases to illuminate U.S. alliance management practices beyond wartime.

Requirements Each student will write four memoranda from an assigned list, and will be prepared to summarize his or her memorandum in a two minute presentation in class. They will be expected, in most cases, to re-write the memorandum after the class to which it refers. Memoranda will include To, From, Subject, and Date lines at the top, will be in 12 points of a standard font (e.g. Times New Roman) and will have margins of 1.5" at the left, 1" at top, right, and bottom, and will consist of single-spaced, numbered paragraphs separated by a full space from one another. The memoranda will be no longer than three pages, and will be submitted in hard copy in class: we also request electronic copies sent to [email protected]. These format requirements and presentations for 5% each, and general participation the remaining 20%. Students will, of course, be expected to attend all classes having done the readings and being prepared to discuss them. 2

Books Required for Purchase David F. Trask, The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917-1918, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1993) Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006) William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002, 4th Ed.) Richard Haass, War of Necessity, War of Choice: A Memoir of Two Iraq Wars (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009) Seth Jones, In the Graveyard of Empires (New York, W.W. Norton, 2009)

Getting in Touch with the Instructors To arrange office hours with Ambassador Edelman, email him at [email protected]

1. Alliances, Coalition Maintenance and Alliance Management Required Reading:

Paul W. Schroeder, “Alliances, 1815-1945: Weapons of Power and Tools of Management,” in Klaus Knorr, ed, Historical Dimensions of National Security Problems,” (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1976) 227-263 Mark A. Stoler, “War and Diplomacy: Or, Clausewitz for Diplomatic Historians, Diplomatic History, 29:1, 1-26 Glenn H. Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics,” World Politics, 36:4, 461-495 Dan Reiter, “Learning, Realism, and Alliances: The Weight of the Shadow of the Past,” World Politics; 46:4, 490-526 Patricia A. Weitsman, “Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare: The Central Powers and Triple Entente,” Security Studies, 12:3, 79-113 Christina L. Davis, “Linkage Diplomacy: Economic and Security Bargaining in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-23; International Security, 33:3, 143-179 Patricia A. Weitsman, “Intimate Enemies: The Politics of Peacetime Alliances,” Security Studies, 7:1, 156-193

Recommended Reading: Stephen Walt: The Origins of Alliances, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987) Dan Reiter, Crucible of Beliefs: Learning, Alliances, and World Wars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996) Jeremy Pressman, Warring Friends: Alliance Restraint in International Politics, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008) Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Politics, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997) Ernest May and Richard Neustadt, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision- Makers (New York: Free Press, 1988). Paul Gordon Lauren, Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (New York: Free Press, 1979), 245-263

2. World War I Required Reading: David F. Trask, The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917-1918, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1993) N.Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968) 1-50

Recommended Reading: John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage Books, 1998) Josephy Persico, 11th Month, 11th Day, 11th Hour, Armistice Day, 1918: World War I and its Violent Climax, (New York, Random House, 2004) Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1992) Arthur Walworth, America’s Moment:1918, American Diplomacy at the End of World War I, (New York, W.W. Norton, 1977) Margaret Macmillan, Paris, 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, (New York, Random House, 2001) Lloyd C. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).

3. World War II - Europe - Part 1 Required Reading: Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006) 1-145 Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006) 165-192

Recommended Reading: Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders (New York: Harper Collins, 2009) Mark A. Stoler, Allies in War: Britain and America Against the Axis Powers, 1940- 1945 (London: Hodder Arnold, 2005) Herbert Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967) Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960) George Herring, Aid to Russia, 1941-1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Origins of the Cold War, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1973)

4. World War II - Europe - Part 2 Required Reading: Mark Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006) 146-270 Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945, (New York: Vintage Press, 1968) 242-340 John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History, (New York: John Wiley, 1978) 147-174

Recommended Reading: John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 1-32

5. World War II - Asia Required Reading: Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943-1945, (New York: Vintage Press, 1968) 194-208 Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941-1945, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978) 131-167, 273-304, 371- 418; 497-545; 654-671

Recommended Reading: Christopher Thorne, The Issue of War: States, Societies, and the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941-1945, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985) Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005) Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan, (New York: Vintage Books, 1985) Ronald Spector, In The Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia; (New York, Random House, 2007)

6. The Korean War Required Reading: William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) 10-203, 348-370 Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) 42-82

Recommended Reading: William Stueck, Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002) Max Hastings, The Korean War, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987) David Halberstam, The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War, (New York: Hyperion, 2007) Roger Dingman, “Atomic Diplomacy during the Korean War” International Security, 13:3 (Winter, 1988-1989), pp. 50-91 Rosemary J. Foot, “Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Conflict”, International Security, 13:3 (Winter, 1988-1989), pp. 92-112

Elizabeth A. Stanley, “Ending the Korean War: The Role of Domestic Coalition Shifts in Overcoming Obstacles to Peace,” International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Summer 2009), pp. 42–82

7. The Vietnam War – 1945-1961 Required Reading: George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 (NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2002, 4th Ed.), 2-79

Andrew J. Rotter, “The Triangular Route to Vietnam: The United States, Great Britain, and Southeast Asia, 1945- 1950,” The International History Review, 6:3, 404-423

Mark Philip Bradley, “Making Sense of the French War: The Postcolonial Movement and the First Vietnam War, 1945-1954, in Mark Atwood Lawrence (ed.) and Fredrik Logevall, (ed.), The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and Cold War Crisis, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2007) 16-41

Andrew J. Rotter, “Chronicle of a War Foretold: The United States and Vietnam, 1945- 1954, in Lawrence and Logevall, The First Vietnam War, 282-308

Mark Atwood Lawrence, “Explaining the Early Decisions: The United States and the French War, 1945-1954,” in Mark Philip Bradley (ed.) and Marilyn B. Young (ed.), Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National and Transnational Perspectives, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) 23-44 George C. Herring and Richard H. Immerman, “Eisenhower, Dulles, and Dienbienphu: „The Day We Didn't Go to War‟ Revisited” The Journal of American History, 71:2, 343-363 Recommended Reading: Mark Atwood Lawrence, The Vietnam War: A Concise International History, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) 27-66 R. B. Smith, An International History of the Vietnam War: Revolution versus Containment, 1955-1961, (New York: St. Martins Press, 1983) Mark Atwood Lawrence, Assuming the Burden: Europe and the American Commitment to War in Vietnam, (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005) Marilyn B. Young: The Vietnam Wars, (New York: HarperPerennial, 1991)

8. The Vietnam War – 1961-1973 Required Reading: George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 (NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2002, 4th Ed.), 80-283

Rhiannon Vickers, “Harold Wilson, the British Labour Party and the War in Vietnam” Journal of Cold War Studies,10:2, 41–70

Peter Busch, “Supporting the War: Britain‟s Decision to Send the Thompson Mission to Vietnam, 1960-61,“ Cold War History, 2:1, 69-94

Yukio Torikata, “Re-Examing DeGaulle‟s Peace Initiative on the Vietnam War,” Diplomatic History, 31:5, 909-938

Recommended Reading: John W. Young, “Britain and „LBJ‟s War‟, 1964-68, Cold War History, 2:3, 63-92 Antonio Varsori, “Britain and U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War during the Kennedy Administration, 1961-63,” Cold War History, 3:2, 83-112 R. B. Smith, An International History of the Vietnam War: The Kennedy Strategy, (New York, St. Martin‟s Press, 1985) Michael Hunt, Lyndon Johnson’s War, (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996) Marilyn B. Young: The Vietnam Wars, (New York: HarperPerennial, 1991) Andrew Preston, “Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965”, Diplomatic History, 17:1, 73-111

9. The Cold War – Suez and the INF Deployments. Required Reading: Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) 83-104, 183-193 Roger Louis, Ends of British Imperialism (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006) 589-689 Jeffrey Herf, War By Other Means: Soviet Power, West German Resistance, and the Battle of the Euromissiles, (New York: Free Press, 1991) 45-66, 113-233 Recommended Reading: Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1955-1957: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Vol. XVI: Suez Canal Crisis W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1991). Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1986). Peter Rodman, More Precious Than Peace (New York: Charles Scribner‟s Sons, 1994). Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). Thomas Risse-Kappen, “Did „Peace Through Strength‟ End the Cold War? Lessons from INF”, International Security, 16:1, 162-188 Strobe Talbott, Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984) 8

10. The Balkans Wars Required Reading: Brendan Simms, Unfinest Hour: Britain and the Destruction of Bosnia, (London: Penguin Books, 2002) 49-134, 314-350 Ivo H. Daalder and Michael E. O‟Hanlon, Winning Ugly: NATO’s War to Save Kosovo, (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2000) 63-226 Dag Henriksen, “Inflexible Response: Diplomacy, Airpower and the Kosovo Crisis, 1998-199,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 31:6, 825-858 Recommended Reading:

Daniel L. Byman and Matthew C. Waxman, “Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate” International Security, 24:4, 5-38 Andrew L. Stigler, “A Clear Victory for Air Power: NATO's Empty Threat to Invade Kosovo,” International Security, 27:3, 124-157 Richard Holbrooke, To End A War, (New York: Random House, 1999) Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Future of Combat, (New York: Public Affairs, 2001) Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand (New York: Random House, 2002) 298-349 Andrew Bacevich (ed.) and Eliot Cohen (ed.) War Over Kosovo, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001) Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000) Laura Silber and Allan Little, Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation (New York: Penguin Books, 1997) 11. The Gulf War and the Iraq War Required Reading: Richard Haass, War of Necessity, War of Choice: A Memoir of Two Iraq Wars (NewYork: Simon and Schuster, 2009) Recommended Reading: Philip H. Gordon and Jeremy Shapiro, Allies At War: Europe and the Crisis Over Iraq (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004) Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict, 1990-1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993) George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed, (New York, Vintage Books, 1998) 9

James A. Baker, III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992, (New York: G.P. Putnams & Sons, 1995) 12. Afghanistan Required Reading: Seth Jones, In The Graveyard of Empires: America’s War in Afghanistan (New York: W.W. Norton, 2009) 86-326 Recommended Reading: Richard B. Andres, Craig Wills, and Thomas Griffith Jr, “Winning with Allies: The Strategic Value of the Afghan Model,” International Security, 30:3, 124–160 Stephen D. Biddle, “Allies, Airpower, and Modern Warfare: The Afghan Model in Afghanistan and Iraq,” International Security, 30:3, 161-176 Sarah Kreps “When Does the Mission Determine the Coalition? The Logic of Multilateral Intervention and the Case of Afghanistan', Security Studies, 17:3, 531-567

Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, (New York: Penguin Books, 2009) David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerrilla, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) James Dobbins, After the Taliban: Nation-Building in Afghanistan (Washington: Potomac Books, 2008) 13. Wrap Up Recommended Reading: Rajan Menon, The End of Alliances, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007) Evan Braden Montgomery, Reshaping America’s Alliances for the Long Haul, (Washington: CSBA, 2009) accessed at www.csbaonline.org

Stephen Walt, “Why Alliances Endure or Collapse”, Survival, 39:1, 156-179

John Hillen, “Superpowers Don‟t Do Windows,” Orbis, 41:2, 241-257

Christopher Layne, “U.S Hegemony and the Perpetuation of NATO,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 23:3, 59-91

Galia Press-Barnathan, “Managing the Hegemon: NATO under Unipolarity,” Security Studies, 15:2, 271-309

Stephen Walt, “Alliances in a Unipolar World,” World Politics, 61:1, 86-120