Everywhere Rapidly January 2014 20

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ISTITUTO RICERCHE STUDI INFORMAZIONI DIFESA

www.nato.int/nrdc-it everywhere rapidly January 2014 20

THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF NATO RAPID DEPLOYABLE CORPS - ITALY copertina 1 20-03-2014 10:16 Pagina 3 Progetto1 20-03-2014 9:44 Pagina 1 master sommario copia 20-03-2014 9:33 Pagina 2

everywhere rapidly January 2014 I Issue nr. 20

SUMMARY January 2014 I 20 I NRDC-ITA Commander - Lieutenant General ITA (A) Giorgio Battisti

EDITORIAL EDITORIAL BORDER 4 Commander NRDC-ITA, I Editor in Chief - Lt. Colonel ITA (A) Stefano Sbaccanti Lieutenant General Giorgio Battisti, I Editor - Lt. Colonel ITA (A) Tommaso Martello and Major GBR (A) Gareth Allen Italian Army I Assistant Editor - Captain ITA (A) Paola Gori I Assistant in Imagery and Post Production - Warrant Office ITA (A) Deputy Commander NRDC-ITA, 5 Francesco Civitelli Major General Sir George Norton, I Photographer - Cpl. ITA (A) Marina Dore British Army I Publisher in charge - ISTRID - Istituto Studi Ricerche Informazioni Difesa Palazzo Salviati Piazza della Rovere, 83 00165 ROMA FROM THE STAFF Joint is coming soon! NRDC-Italy on its 6 The everywhere rapidly is the authorized official publication of NATO way becoming to a Joint Headquarters Rapid Deployable Corps, Italy. All editorial content of the everywhere rapidly is prepared, edited and approved by the NRDC-ITA Commander, at Caserma “Ugo Mara”, via per Busto Arsizio, 20 - 21058 Solbiate Olona, Varese, Italy. JTF HQ Transformation - Logistic 12 Support Concept The everywhere rapidly is published by-annually by the Public Affairs Office. Contents of the everywhere rapidly are not necessarily the official views of, The Angels of Kabul 16 or endorsed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or the Nations thereby represented. Exercise CAPABLE LOGISTICIAN 2013 19 All intellectual property rights, including copyright, in the content displayed Knowledge Development - A New 21 on the everywhere rapidly belong to their respective owners. All material and information, including comments, are governed Capability Dimension Within NATO by the doctrine of fair use. The Publication and the content may only be used for lawful purposes. Strategy, Sensitivity and Vulnerability 25 For this purpose alone one may print out, reproduce, or photocopy as needed. STEADFAST COBALT 2013 (SFCT 13) 28 EXERCISE -The right venue for new CIS The editor reserves the right to edit all submissions for style, brevity and clarity. solutions Submissions should be made available via e-mail only. Three old glories 30 Send all submissions for publication to [email protected] COMMUNITY Journey of 187 days… 32 Stramilano and the Milan City 33 Marathon

Family Support Centre: 36 ISTITUTO RICERCHE S T U D I Here we are again INFORMAZIONI DIFESA 2 NIWIC - Happy to be a NIWIC 36 member!

The NRDC-ITA 38 celebrates Family Day 2013 COVER PICTURE eeverywhere rapidly by OR9 Francesco Civitelli master sommario copia 20-03-2014 9:33 Pagina 3

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EDITORIAL

fficers, Non-Commissioned on comprehensive and proven founda- where promptness is central to everything Officers, Carabinieri, Avia- tions including well-resourced training, an we do and drives our training, manning, tors, Sailors, As Commander expeditionary attitude, and readiness. and equipment readiness. I want our ofo Headquarters NATO Rapid Deployable Readiness and celerity are those abilities Headquarters to be always ready to sup- Corps – ITA (NRDC-ITA), I want to share we need to preserve, along with our affili- port both collective defense Alliance wide my thoughts and feelings and provide you ated units, and we must work hard to and crisis response operations wherever with guidance on what our future commit- retain those skills which enable us to rap- they might occur. I want our Headquarters ments will require from us in terms of idly deploy wherever the Alliance needs to be relevant to NATO, to its Contributing team effort, professionalism, and achieve- our prompt support. NRDC-ITA, as part of Nations, and to the Framework Nation. ments. I am sure you all will share and its transformation process into a Joint Task support my vision on what the Alliance Force Headquarters, is now approaching Please, consider my address as a starting expects from us! As you well know, I have the main exercises representing the mile- point for our common future endeavors! spent long months as Chief of Staff at stone of its enduring development. I want Headquarters ISAF, and I have never you all to make sure that NRDC-ITA per- Whishing you… All the best! QQ stopped focusing on how I could better fectly integrates into the new HQ Core understand issues and matters concerning procedures and processes. My final goal is my personnel and their daily life back at to see Headquarters NRDC-ITA recog-

NRDC-ITA. This guidance has the ultimate nized as the premier force amongst the Î Lieutenant General Giorgio Battisti, aim of conveying how important team High Readiness Forces, a Headquarters Italian Army Î work is and how your commitment to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of NRDC-ITA will make us even better. I am sure that you all will embrace my Commander thoughts, my concerns, and my advice and let them reflect in your personal commitment to draw some very important and basic principles in whatever you do. NRDC-ITA Additionally, this will allow us all – in my opinion – to define every role and responsibility in a very flexible way, addressing all matters concerning the Corps’ current and future activities, and challenges. Let me once again emphasize the crucial role everyone of you plays in developing NRDC-ITA as a Joint Task Force Headquarters, Land Component Com- mand Headquarters, and Corps Head quarters. My expectations heavily rely on the need to make sure that we all are doing our level best to achieve our common goals. What we are doing is a very important step and I expect that all Contributing Nations embrace our chal- lenging goals. I also expect that national representatives share their good ideas as we must use our diversity to strengthen our organization. NRDC-ITA is established

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Deputy Commander NRDC-ITA

t was with excitement and anticipation that I arrived in the Headquarters in July, hav- ingi just finished what was a fascinating 2 years as General Officer Commanding London District, a period that included responsibility for the ceremonial aspects of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee and command of the British Army's contribution to the 2012 Olympic Games in London. I have now assumed Deputy Command of a Corps both proven and reliable in a multinational environment, characterised by professionalism and expertise, and I am looking forward to it hugely.

I know that you would want me to take this opportunity to thank my predecessor, Major General Tom Beckett, and his wife Fiona, for the superb contribution and commitment that they made to the NATO capabilities. For us, this means a restruc- lies who have joined us over the summer. Rapid Deployable Corps-Italy. General turing that is already well under way and My wife Lexi and I look forward to getting Tom is currently on the last lap of a 12 which will see us provide a stand-by Joint to know you and taking part in this great month tour as Chief of Staff at ISAF Joint Headquarters for 12 months between community of nations. The Autumn/Chri- Command in Kabul, and I know that he July 2015 and June 2016, in addition to stmas period promises to be full of oppor- will have enjoyed the opportunity to our existing tasks. You will find in this tunities and highlights and I urge you to renew acquaintances with our staff magazine reports of some of the work embrace them all and make the most of members who deployed to Afghanistan that has already taken place, as well as your participation in one of the premiere this year. discussion of a ‘roadmap’ that will take us rapid deployable corps within NATO and, NATO is changing rapidly, and this to July 2015. With the talent that we of course being stationed in this wonder- Headquarters has embraced a role in the have in NRDC-ITA, I am confident that we ful part of Italy. QQ latest transformation process. The Lisbon will succeed in this new challenge, and Summit, in October 2010, announced a enjoy it as we do so. new Strategic Concept that placed

greater reliance on the need to provide Finally, I would like to extend a warm wel- Î Major General Sir George Norton, deployable Joint Command and Control come to the new arrivals and their fami- British Army Î

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FROM THE STAFF

Joint is coming soon! NRDC-Italy on its way to

becoming a Joint Headquarters Î by LTC (GS) (DEU A) Michael Reinkunz and MAJ (ITA A) Dario Paduano Î Photo by: PAO NRDC - ITA

Introduction Headquarters for Smaller Joint Ope- changes needed to meet the LoA. rations (SJO) for 12 months between “Continuing to evolve our structure July 2015 and June 2016. To accom- Based upon the new Strategic and procedures - striving for a more plish this task our HQ is moving from Concept and MC policy, the NFS is cost-effective organization that is the Tactical level to the Theatre- now asked to provide deployable joint adaptable, deployable and ready to Operational level by providing a Joint command and control capabilities successfully conduct operations Task Force (JTF) HQ. In the build up to alongside the capabilities within the across the full military spectrum; in this commitment the Headquarters NCS. Furthermore, the NFS must be light of the NATO JC2C(D) / JLSG HQ needs to restructure and train to be at able to initially provide deployable Concept”. Initial Operational Capability (IOC) by Joint HQs (JHQs) for command and June 2014 and Full Operational control at the commencement of up to Capability (FOC) by the end of 2014. four Smaller Joint Operations - Land ith these words our heavy (SJO(L) ), as well as the means Commander describes This article provides an overview to sustain all deployed headquarters. his first priority for the about NRDC-ITA’s approach to this The generation of follow-on Joint HQs wnext two years within the new ambitious aim. for Major Joint Operations (MJO) is Commander’s vision. The few lines assumed to be a secondary step that give a strong and self-assured Background will require additional augmentation, response to the current challenges At the Lisbon Summit, in October supported by NATO force generation NATO is facing and in particular the 2010, the NATO Heads of State and and training. However, it is consid- changes in the NATO Command Government announced a new ered that a HQ already prepared and Structure (NCS). This implies a Strategic Concept. Central to the con- trained to meet the demands of an stronger engagement of the NATO cept was a reform of the NCS which, SJO(L) could be used as the "seed" for Force Structure (NFS). NRDC-ITA will - consequently, placed greater reliance this secondary process. The detail and in addition to the existing tasks as on the NFS to provide deployable nature of this process will depend on Corps Headquarters (HQ) and Land Joint Command and Control Ca- the nature of the MJO and the head- Component Command (LCC) - acquire pabilities required to meet the quarters offered to follow-on the NCS a Joint Command and Control Alliance's Level of Ambition. Military JTF HQ. Capability - Deployable (JC2C(D)) in Committee (MC) promulgated the 6 order to provide a stand-by Joint policy required to develop the NFS Primary responsibility for the coverage

1 The Alliance Level of Ambition (LoA) established in the Political Guidance is represented as the forces and capabilities, including non-military capabilities, required to cope with two Major Joint Operations (MJO) and six Smaller Joint Operations (SJO) concurrently, outside the area of responsibility. This pool of military forces and capabilities will itself provide the Alliance with the flexibility to mount a joint operation larger than an MJO (MJO+).

2 “Smaller Joint Operations - Land Heavy” are operations, up to division size, with a land focus while eeverywhere rapidly the involvement of other services and agencies may vary significantly. 3 20-12-2013 8:59 Pagina 7

of the full spectrum of possible NFS process until the end of 2014. brigade size operation to a high inten- JHQs missions lies with the nations sity division size operation. Ad- offering the JC2C(D). While the pri- Due to the absence of explicit direc- ditionally, the HQ must have the capa- mary candidates for the role of NFS tion and guidance from our higher bility of being the JHQ and the LCC JHQs are the Graduated Readiness HQs, at the very beginning the chal- simultaneously. Although the opera- Forces Land (GRF(L)) community, this lenge for the JTF HQ WG was to tion will always be Land heavy, the is seen as additional to their existing develop an action plan which was in focus and intensity of supporting ele- requirements to provide Corps HQ line with the upcoming “joint” requirements (Air Component, Maritime and the LCC. Consequently, an NFS ments. Furthermore, given the fact Component, Special Operations Force JHQ is not necessarily permanently that JHQs provided by NFS are with- (SOF) and Logistics) may vary signifi- established, noting that it may be out precedent NRDC-ITA could not cantly and will be provided following a required to be scalable and capable of rely on or refer to lessons learned or force generation process. It is impor- expanding to undertake operations up any expertise within the GRF(L) com- tant to highlight that NRDC-ITA will not MJO in size. However, to conduct a munity. permanently establish a JHQ. JC2C(D) SJO(L) will be the most probable task and the generation of a JHQ have to for the GRF(L) community. Although But these factors were recognized be seen as complementary and in there are different models on how to also as a chance by the WG to devel- addition to the already existing conduct an SJO(L) which is driven by op in close cooperation with the ITA capability requirements (LCC and framework nations policy, availability Defence General Staff its own Corps). of HQs, environment and scale of approach. During the mission analysis operation, in all cases the Commander it became clear that NRDC-ITA has to Initial Study JTF HQ will own the Joint Effects and generate a fully operationally capable On this basis an initial study was con- will be the Joint Force Commander or Joint HQ, including the Joint Logistic ducted between November 2011 and Joint Theatre Commander. Support Groups (JLSG) Headquarters March 2012. The overall aim of this Core Staff Element with a possible study was (1) to identify the joint func- In 2011 Italy as the framework nation mission range from a low intensity tions required to be performed by a offered NRDC-ITA as a JHQ for SJO(L) that, with additional augmentation and training, is also able to generate the follow-on JHQ to replace an NCS JTF HQ in command of a MJO. SHAPE accepted this application in 2012 and committed our HQ on the Long Term Rotation Plan (LTRP) roster with the impact to provide a stand-by JHQ for a period of 1 year beginning in July 2015.

NRDC-ITA Approach The offer of Italy to provide a JHQ for NATO was the starting point for NRDC-ITA to make the “JC2C(D) Project” happen. A JTF HQ Working Group (WG) with representatives from all HQ branches was established with the aim of initiating and steering the Figure 1: JC2C(D) Staff Reorganization 7

3 The respective Commander will act as Joint Force Commander if the Operation is commanded directly from SHAPE or he will be the Joint Theatre Commander if a NCS HQ is nominated as an intermediate headquarters. everywhere rapidly 3 20-12-2013 8:59 Pagina 8

FROM THE STAFF

JHQ, (2) to compare these functions with the capabilities already present within the current NRDC-ITA organization and (3) in conjunction with the ITA Defence General Staff to make recommendations on how to structure and man (Peacetime establishment (PE) and Crisis Establishment (CE)) the HQ so that it can effectively command and control Land-heavy SJOs. Following considerations determined the study work: G Whenever possible existing man- power must be used to populate the future JHQ. G Careful analysis of existing Core Processes (Plan-Refine-Execute-As- sess) taking into account the Joint and Operational aspects would ensure that additional Joint posts are identified and appropriately placed. G Where possible, any additional posts Along the Roadmap there are different NATO certification of our Joint capabil- should form part of the Crisis phases with different points of efforts. ities before the stand-by phase as a Establishment. 2013 focuses on the conceptual, JHQ begins in July 2015. structural, and procedural prerequi- The final result identified 16 additional sites for JC2C(D). Taking into account Derived from this general roadmap it Joint PE officer posts and 13 existing that currently nearly 50% of the staff was necessary to develop a detailed Army officer positions to be changed are deployed to Afghanistan working Campaign Plan. NRDC-ITA is moving to other services. Additionally, a fur- on the operational level at ISAF Joint from the Tactical level to the Theatre- ther 55 additional CE posts were iden- Command (IJC) in Kabul and the fact Operational level and as a result, multi- tified. For the PE augmentation see that ISAF is still the point of reference ple areas/functions of the HQ will have Figure 1. It was necessary to start this for doctrinal and conceptual issues to be re-looked or enhanced. In addi- process in order to be able to offer the within organizations at both the tion, some new capabilities will have to new posts to Troop Contributing national and NATO level, the intimate be created to meet the ever changing Nations; to deliver a JTF HQ by June knowledge and experiences of these threats in today’s environment. It is 2015 the majority of posts must be soldiers will also contribute to the imperative that staff members conduct filled by January 2014. Therefore, development of the NRDC-ITA con- a detailed analysis of their particular nations had to be in a position to bid cept. In accordance with the concep- area of responsibility; identifying possi- for these posts during the November tual framework a suitable set of ble knowledge shortfalls and seeking 2012 Plenary. Standard Operating Procedures/Stan- educational opportunities or identifying dard Operating Instructions (SOP/SOI) available courses to fill these gaps - Roadmap & Campaign Plan has to be developed which will be ensuring we can meet our future chal- In the meantime, the JTF HQ WG tested and if necessary adjusted in lenges. If the expertise to transform complemented the Roadmap and 2014 – the “training year”. Finally, the the HQ was not available, then the staff developed a Campaign Plan to deliver main focus of the first semester of were encouraged to reach out to exter- 8 the project. 2015 is successfully completing a nal agencies.

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the JHQ in barracks (until 2016) started last year. Moreover, the training requirements for individuals (i.e. Joint courses) and seminars, workshops and exercises for the whole HQ had to be identified and the main joint capability areas we want to be evaluated against during the NATO certification in 2015 had to be determined. Consequently, pivotal to the success of the whole project that a joint mindset will be created with both the “plug-in” of Air, Maritime and Civilian expertise in the Peace Establishment (PE) and with specific joint training/courses, supported by NCS and allied countries.

But becoming a JHQ does not only mean embedding personnel of other services in the existing HQ. The staff As a consequence eight Lines of State” of JC2C(D). must be prepared to conduct compre- Development (LoD) of different areas In addition to manning the procure- hensive and operational campaign of interest were identified with a deep ment process for new effective planning and provide the commander involvement of nearly all branches of Communications and Information Sy- with comprehensive situational the HQ. Around the “Objectives” IOC stems (CIS) and Command Post awareness in order to identify and and FOC a series of “Decisive equipment to achieve Joint interoper- employ the most effective instrument Points/Decisive Conditions” have to ability standards and the infrastructure to achieve the desired effects. The be accomplished to reach the “End project “HQ enlargement” to enable Joint level has to deal with topics such

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FROM THE STAFF

as Comprehensive Approach (CA) as Joint HQ (theatre operational level) but the two entities is in line with the interaction with non-military partners with the capability of concurrently existing NATO JLSG HQ Concept but or Knowledge Development (KD) deploying an LCC (high tactical level). covers only MJO. However, the JTF which is more than traditional military By avoiding, wherever possible, HQ logistic C2 may also take the form intelligence. Army officers have to redundancy of expertise between the of a single logistic C2 entity, using per- learn how to synchronize Air require- two levels this approach will allow the sonnel from both the JTF HQ function- ments within a JTF HQ or how to required flexibility to propose an effi- al staff branches and the JLSG HQ, if interact with maritime task organisa- cient C2 structure tailored to the mis- required. This is the most likely option tions. In order to find the right sion. for operations of lower intensity and answers to this new quality of chal- scale. The NRDC-ITA logistic staff are lenges and to develop our own subject For service support the logistic C2 now developing and implementing a matter expertise HQ NRDC-ITA con- structure may, where required, consistent and effective concept ducted three studies on CA, KD and employ two separate entities: (1) the which reflects the two deployment Air Operations over the last four JTF HQ functional staff (Logistics, options. This logistic concept will be months. Considerations concerning Medical, Engineers, etc.) - mainly included in the NRDC-ITA JTF HQ con- other issues like Strategic Com- responsible for operational level plan- cept by Sept. 2013. munications or Cyber Defence are ning and assessment, staff advice, pri- taken into account and could lead to oritisation and synchronisation of func- Once the concepts and structures are other studies. tional support and (2) the JLSG HQ, approved the complete set of SOP responsible to the operational com- and SOI has to be developed and Way ahead mander for coordinating and executing must be finalized by February 2014 The results of the studies will now be theatre level multinational logistic sup- before the joint training with the inte- embedded in an additional study port. The JLSG HQ Core Staff Element grated additional personnel starts. In which delivers the final operational (CSE) - based on the NRDC-ITA Rear this phase it will be helpful to share structure by the end of June 2013. Support Command (RSC) - has already experience and best practice with This structure will be developed using been offered to NATO by the other GRF(L) HQs pursuing similar a “double deck” approach. The CE will Framework Nation for support of an joint ambitions. Staff visits, exchange 10 allow the deployment of a “pure” MJO, and accepted. This option with of personnel during exercises or other

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cross functional activities are good opportunities to learn from each other and to create a synergy of effects.

Conclusion From the Roadmap and the Campaign Plan we can ascertain that the HQ is on track, but there is still a long way to go to reach our ambitious aim. The desired end state of the JHQ project is a well trained and fully equipped HQ, evaluated, certified and at readiness to conduct operations across the full spectrum of operations. This requires, above all, a fundamental change in the “old” army mindset. All NRDC- in ISAF will also deliver an important mount to be able to adopt a new struc- ITA personnel have to understand contribution to a change in our atti- ture, a new HQ organization and pro- that joint operations require an attitude; we should mindfully listen to cedures that have the flexibility to act tude of mind and a culture in which them. on different levels and to switch with- servicemen and women, at all levels, in a short time between JHQ, LCC and are encouraged to develop a sense of Nevertheless, with all the enthusiasm Corps HQ. interdependence, mutual respect and for this new task we must not forget trust. This is enhanced through the our normal business. A considerable By assuming higher responsibility on increased knowledge and apprecia- amount of resources are going to be behalf of the NCS NRDC-ITA is one of tion of each service’s capabilities, invested in order to acquire JC2C(D) the first GRF(L) HQs to embrace the requirements and sensitivities. In a and enable NRDC-ITA to be ready to future requirements of NATO. A few months we will incorporate Air deploy as a JHQ for SJO(L). However, JC2C(D) capable HQ will not only be and Maritime core elements as well the development of the new structure the model for other NFS HQs to emu- as civilian personnel. All of them will and the overall HQ organization must late, it will also become a key NATO provide us with their specific capabil- take into consideration that whilst the asset and a centre of reference for ities and knowledge and therefore it HQ is committed in the LTRP as a JHQ doctrine, training and procedures for is paramount to successfully inte- from July 2015 to June 2016 it is also the Italian Army. grate them into the JC2C(D) frame- to provide an LCC to the NRF in 2018. work before the joint training starts. Therefore, and this is the biggest chal- For further information see the JC2C All staff members currently deployed lenge of the entire project, it is para- website. QQ 11

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FROM THE STAFF

JTF HQ Transformation - Logistic Support

Concept Î by Lieutenant Colonel GBR (A) Adrian Parker, J4 Ops Î Photo provided by the Autor

Logistic Principles refers). “This collective responsibility Roles and Responsibilities for Joint Operations encourages nations and NATO to Operational level logistics focuses on cooperatively share the provision and establishing and maintaining in-theatre use of logistic capabilities and Line of Communications (LoC) and ogistics has always been an resources to support the force effec- sustaining a force in theatre. It encom- essential element of any mili- tively and efficiently”. Optimising passes force Reception, Staging and tary operation and more often logistic assets has always been Onward Movement (RSOM) of units thanl not it has a direct bearing on its important but as resources become and personnel, support base develop- success or failure. To stay current, scarcer greater emphasis is being ment and force level supply, mainte- logisticians have had to adapt to the placed on increasing the efficiency of nance, movement and transportation changing environment and the shift logistic processes, outsourcing to services and medical support. En- away from linear logistics to support- civilian companies and sharing nation- gineering support at this level includes ing asymmetric operations. This is al capabilities with others. security engineering aspects of force characterised by expeditionary opera- protection and infrastructure. The JTF tions, often with long lines of commu- Joint Task Force HQ HQ will be responsible for initiating nication, sometimes crossing national In preparation for its role as a Joint and maintaining bi-lateral or multi-lat- boundaries and invariably operating in Task Force (JTF) HQ from 1 Jul 2015 eral agreements that could include the an environment with limited host to 30 Jun 2016, HQ NRDC ITA has Technical Agreement, Status of nation support. issued a JTF HQ Conceptual Forces Agreement and Memorandum Framework1 and in line with that docu- of Understanding – all of which will The logistics mindset has also ment the J4 branch has drafted a have a logistic element. changed over the years. This is logistic support concept, which at the reflected in a number of documents time of writing is being staffed within The interface between the (joint) oper- and is summarised in the overarching the headquarters. This article sum- ational and tactical is not always clear- principle of collective responsibility marises the JTF HQ Logistic Support ly defined. It is normally the scale and for logistic support for NATO’s multi- Concept. nature of an operation which deter- 12 national operations (MC 319/2 mines the boundary between opera-

eeverywhere rapidly 1 HQ NRDC ITA JTF HQ Conceptual Framework, dated 13 May 2013. 4 20-12-2013 9:04 Pagina 13

tional and tactical joint logistics. The role of the operational logistic staff, represented by the JTF HQ Support Division, is to plan, identify the likely (logistic) constraints to the JTF Commander’s concept of operations and issue direction to (logistically) support the mission and maximise freedom of action. The Joint Logistic Support Group (JLSG) HQ coordinates and executes these plans at the operational level. overall effort of Spt Div and is aligned ly includes the geographical region, cli- The JTF HQ Support Division is with J3/5. The Enabling Cell is formed mate, culture, logistic infrastructure responsible for operational level if the JLSG HQ is not deployed and and host nation capabilities. assessments, staff advice, risk analy- comprises of personnel from the Distance. Distance is the length of sis, planning, prioritisation and syn- JLSG HQ Core Staff Element and J4 the LoC and also the distance chronisation of functional support and personnel. It is responsible for the between locations that require to be provide, on behalf of COM JTF, func- coordination of RSOM and theatre supported. tional direction and guidance to subor- level movement control and trans- Demand. Demand is the size of the dinate units/formations. Furthermore, portation. force that needs supporting and the it provides COM JTF with all relevant type and level of activity it is engaged in. information and recommendations Support Plans is responsible for com- Duration. Duration is the expected regarding the logistic aspects of the prehensive “support” planning and length of time each phase of the oper- operation, thus allowing him to task consists of a planning Core Support ation is likely to take. It will determine COM JLSG. The Support Division Element (predominantly from J4) but the volume of material required and encompasses the full range of support reinforced with Subject Matter concentration of supplies. activities and in addition to the normal Experts from other Support Division functional elements of J1, J6, J8, J branches. It is closely aligned with J5. Logistic Parameters Eng, and J Med, includes Support Ops Using these logistic planning factors, 2 and Support Plans. Support Ops and Logistic Planning scenarios of a potential deployment are Plans are predominantly drawn from In determining the type and level of outlined. The first scenario is logistically the JTF HQ J4 branch and reflect the logistic support required for an opera- easier to support and is referred to as processes required to Plan, Refine and tion, the “Four Ds” is a good place to the “easy option” whilst the second Implement logistic support. start and although not formally recog- scenario is the “hard option”. Both sce- nised by NATO it is logical to consider narios consider how logistics is conduct- Support Ops is further divided into the these factors in the planning phase ed in theatre, including the C2 arrange- Fusion Cell, Coord Cell and Enabling and to revisit them at every stage of ments and specifically the employment, Cell. The Fusion Cell provides the the operation. They can be defined as or otherwise, of the JLSG HQ. immediate focus for all operational follows: SJO Easy Option. The Area of level support activities and is closely Destination. Destination encompass- Operation (AOO) is relatively small, aligned to J3. The Coord Cell devel- es the overall environment in which 200km x 200km and the delivery of ops, integrates and synchronises the the operation is taking place. It typical- supplies takes 1 or 2 days. The main 13

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FROM THE STAFF

logistic nodes are grouped together in from the Corps Staff Element of the thereby creating the temptation to in- the Theatre Log Base (TLB) and JLSG HQ to form a single logistic C2 load more than is necessary on the include the APOD where the Air entity in the JTF HQ, as depicted in “just-in-case” principle. Not being a Component Command (ACC) HQ is the slide below. permissive environment places a co-located, together with the JTF HQ, greater strain on logistics with addi- NATO Support Agency (NSPA) and SJO Hard Option. In this scenario the tional troops required for force protec- one or two Troop Contributing Nations size of the AOO is smaller 2. However, tion and the risk of the supply chain National Support Elements and Host the level of host nation infrastructure, being interrupted, necessitating the Nation Support elements. Moving geography and non-permissive threat requirement for built-in redundancy inland the 3 brigade HQs are from the levels do not permit the centralisation stock levels. Given all of the above same division and use their own inte- of logistic stakeholders with a single factors, there is a requirement for a gral logistics at 2nd line. The Divisional logistic area, resulting in dispersed separate JLSG HQ responsible for Support Group, co-located with the units and HQs. The JTF HQ and ACC conducting the execution of third line LCC HQ will pull supplies from the are separated from the TLB with the logistics, as depicted in the slide TLB, thus negating the need for 3rd line SPOD further away. Each base below. support. In this scenario it is a human- requires life support and because they itarian aid mission, with a clearly are dispersed, places greater de- defined end state and the duration is mands on the logistic system. Each Conclusion for a finite period. The environment is brigade is from a different nation and The JTF HQ Logistic Support Concept permissive, the local infrastructure is is unfamiliar with the LCC HQ, result- will be implemented as part of the JTF good, which both help to reduce the ing in potential difficulties with proce- transformation process and will be logistic burden. Given the above fac- dures and logistic complexity. With a tested and evaluated during a series of tors a separate JLSG HQ is not Peace Support Mission the end state training exercises. As with all new required and instead the JTF HQ is less easily defined and so too the concepts, it will be reviewed and Support Div is reinforced by personnel length of time the force is in theatre, amended as required. QQ

2 Alternatively the AOO may be in a different country that is landlocked such as Afghanistan, resulting in longer LoC from the SPOD eg Karachi in Pakistan, requiring a stand-alone logistic executing HQs to eeverywhere rapidly manage convoy support centres and coordinate onward movement of logistics. 4 20-12-2013 9:04 Pagina 15

FROM THE STAFF Kabul, November the 4th, 2013. “National Unity and

Armed Forces Day”. Î Lieutenant General Giorgio Battisti, Italian Army Î Photo by: CPL ITA (A) Veronica D’Alena

ach country identifies some But the victory was not painless. The of a collective impetus the young of the most significant dates Italian troops fought tenaciously for 41 Italian nation had never accomplished outlining the salient phases infinite months against a fearless before and by which its national iden- ofe its history. adversary on a front of about 650 kilo- tity had significantly increased. meters, mainly mountainous, with For Italy this date is the 4th of No- peaks of more than 3000 meters and Today's celebration should not only be vember. characterized by harsh climatic condi- time to remember the historical events tions, where minimum temperatures related to the implementation of Ninety-two years ago, on November could reach minus 30 degrees Celsius. National Unity. Today, after nearly 100 the 4th, 1918, on the Italian front, after years, the “4th of November" has an more than three years of bitter strug- The Great War represents a historical even more meaningful connotation. gle, World War ONE came to an end. moment in which the Italian Armed Nations with different languages, differ- Italy, unitary state only since 1861, at Forces were massively engaged on a ent cultures and traditions, once a crucial time in its history, knew how large scale, fighting alongside the opposed, have cooperated shoulder to to show its capacity to become a Allies, even on the French, Balkan and shoulder (Shohna Ba Shohna) for years nation, to make a momentous contri- Palestine fronts. now, fighting international terrorism with bution to the ultimate victory of the strength and determination, so ensuring Great War and to gain a leading role in For the whole country, the evocative the essential values of democracy and the triple Entente before, and on the dimension of the “4th of November" freedom and the lasting stability of international scene after. embodies the ideal of cohesion. It tells Afghanistan. QQ

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FROM THE STAFF

The Angels

of Kabul Î by Lieutenant Colonel ITA (A) Stefano Sbaccanti Î Photo by Autor

ister Fortunata from Rwan- rooms. Some quarters are cold da, Sister Mary Bette from because the nuns heat them only the Philippines, Sister Al- when needed, to save gas. Near the bertas from Bangladesh, Sister Suzel entrance there is a slightly larger room from India and Sister Judy Clarisse where the sisters gather the children from Kenya. These are the names of to tell them about our visit. There are abuses and violence in their young the nuns of Mother Teresa of Calcutta some toys and pillows on the ground lives. With an IQ below 50 they are who have been working in Kabul since to create make the environment a little completely dependent on the loving 2004 to support sub-normal children more comfortable. care of Sister Fortunata and the oth- and about 280 families in extreme "These are our children," said ers. poverty. The total number of people Fortunata. "We do not know who their As if taking care of the kids was not benefiting from their help reaches families are. They were found on the enough, every 15 days the sisters pay about 1800 persons. streets and brought to us." She is a visit to some local families, bringing Local citizens in Kabul call them the referring to 8 children with a history of a food pack consisting of rice, flour, "nuge" meaning "the angels of heaven" that look afterthe abandoned, the least important, the poorest. With their con- stant and humble work the sisters have become an integral part of the local population. We arrive at their location early in the morning, the temperature is close to zero but the sun is promising. Their place is in the center of Kabul, in a block along a semi-paved road, with stalls full of things on both sides. Sister Fortunata greets us at the door with a beautiful smile, she invites us to enter and introduces us to the sisters. 16 It’s a two-story house with very small

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superfluous and everything is important to bring some relief to those in need." Even the Italian soldiers that have spent their tour of duty in Kabul have become aware of the importance of these "women of God", and contingent after contingent have donated something to the Angels of Kabul. The soldiers know that through the nuns they can help the most suffering part of the Afghan population. The clock shows we have been visiting for half-hour. We do not want to intrude further and head towards the stairs to exit. When we reach the ground floor some of the children who have grown accustomed to our presence wave us good-by with their hands. Before exiting their premises room there are a few boxes of used we noted that outside there is a clothes, paper towels, slippers, shoes swing, the only available entertain- and little else. "We need whatever ment. people can give us," says sister Sister Fortunata and the others thank Fortunata, "clothes, diapers, cleaning us for visiting and invite us to come supplies and for personal hygiene, back soon. We leave with watery eyes food and, of course, money. Nothing is and feel a little richer inside. QQ sugar, beans, tea and oil for each. If the family has more than 5 members the amount doubles. We continue our visit upstairs. There’s a sleeping area, a small kitchen and a room-warehouse where the nuns are storing the materials they receive and eventually distribute to those in need. The beds are made of wood and some have additional protection to prevent children from falling off or getting hurt. It is not easy to get new bedding and many have been modified to accom- modate the growth of children. "We can do what we do thanks to the gen- erosity of public and private institutions and to the funds that we receive from the Order of Mother Teresa in Rome," said Fortunata. In the storage- 17

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Analysis Training Information 5-6-7-8 20-03-2014 10:01 Pagina 19

FROM THE STAFF Exercise he exercise CAPABLE LO- GISTICIAN 2013 took place in the military training area of CAPABLE Lest,t in the airbase of Sliac and in the Training and Kynology Centre of the Military Police in Hronsek-Vlkanova in LOGISTICIAN Slovakia from 8 to 26 June 2013.

It was a Logistic Standardization and Interoperability Field Training Exercise. 2013 The Multinational Logistics Coordi-

nation Centre based in Prague, Czech Republic, planned and organized that Î by Lieutenant Colonel ITA (A) Sandro Lo Presti Î exercise in coordination with the Host Photo by: PAO NRDC - ITA Nation, Slovakia.

This was a very important logistics exercise that involved 35 countries gistics; among members and partners of I Joint Logistics Support Group NATO. Around 1,800 people and 600 (JLSG); different kinds of equipment were I LOGFAS; involved during the exercise. The aim I Logistics services; of the exercise was to test and to I Maintenance and recovery; develop collective logistic solutions I Material handling; and to assess the interoperability of I Movement control; equipment, systems and procedures. I Movement and transportation; I Operations Logistic Chain The scenario designed for the exer- Management; cise was the deployment of NATO-led I Reception, Staging, Onward forces in the fictitious country of Movement; Fairyland. The reason of the deploy- I Smart energy; ment was due to the harsh conflict I Water. between Westalia and Eastalia that provoked a huge migration of NRDC-ITA participated in this impor- refugees and internal displaced per- tant exercise with eight people, seven sons resulting in a humanitarian emer- Staff Officers and one NCO, six gency. sters affecting the region. belonging to the Joint Rear Support Command (JRSC) and two to the The scenario consisted of two parts: The following Functional Areas were Combat Service Support Division. one part as Crisis Response Operation tested during the exercise: They were employed in key positions, – Peacekeeping operation under I Ammunition; such as COM JLSG HQ and Chiefs of Chapter VI of the UN Charter facilitat- I Asset tracking; sections, providing very qualified and ing the implementation of the peace I Electric power production; critical support for the entire exercise. agreement and another part as a I Fuel; Humanitarian assistance scenario I Helicopter operations; At the beginning 2013, Joint Force resulting from a variety of natural disa- I Infrastructure engineering for lo- Command Brunssum (JFCBS) asked 19

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FROM THE STAFF

The JLSG had a total manning of 1611 people, formed by 717 people from attached assets, 785 people as part of the Multinational Integrated Logistic Units (MILU), and 109 people as JLSG HQ. Significant was the possibility, for the first time, to evaluate the reality of interoperability and command and control among JLSG, sub-units as MILU and higher Command levels.

It was the first time that personnel of the JLSG participated in such a large exercise, with the effectiveness of the staff work gradually improving as team cohesion grew. Some weaknesses were noticed as well. For example, adjustments should be made regarding the planning process and consequently there is a need to produce new SOPs. Improvements are required in the use of LOGFAS. Not all units and agencies implemented the LOGFAS and this led to some adjustments that caused delays in Contributing Nations and NATO Force of JLSG HQ for NATO Reaction Force information management. Structures to provide personnel to ful- (NRF) 2014 in support of the JFCBS. fil the JLSG HQ manning for the NATO Due to the importance of the issues, Despite some other weaknesses due Reaction Force (NRF) 2014 because the Italian Defence General Staff to the complexity of the exercise, the there were insufficient personnel to (IDFGS) widely supported our partici- large number of Nations and HQs par- do it. pation. ticipating and the lack of definitive doctrine, we can state that this exer- Well, it was at that time that the idea All the JRSC personnel are involved in cise was a real success. The lessons to be part of this important evolution “catch up” with training, conferences learned during this period will lead to inside NATO drew our attention. The and exercises that are necessary to be several improvements and adjust- RSC of NRDC-ITA took the chance to ready to perform as a functioning ments that will give the JLSG propose itself to become the Core JLSG HQ. In recent years NATO devel- Commander and his staff better tools Staff Element of the JLSG for NRF 14. oped the JLSG concept to improve for to carryout their role. NRDC-ITA From that moment it started a strong NATO Commanders the capability of agreed to participate in Exercise collaboration with JFCBS. planning, synchronizing and coordinat- CAPABLE LOGISTICIAN due to the ing the deployment of a force and fact that it represented a unique We had the first e-mail exchanges, the logistic support to operations. The opportunity to train and prepare the first meetings in Brunssum and in JLSG concept was tested during the JRSC to afford the transformation of Solbiate Olona. NRDC-ITA took re- Exercise CAPABLE LOGISTICIAN our HQ in a Joint Task Force 20 sponsibility of the Core Staff Element 2013. Command. QQ

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Knowledge Development - A New Capability Dimension

Within NATO Î by Lieutenant Colonel ITA (A) Antonio Romano Î Photo by: CPL ITA (A) Marina Dore

tarting from the month of ing and after crises to encourage col- characterize all the functions per- September, 3 civilian Subject laborative analysis, planning and con- formed by the military at any level and Matter Experts on econom- duct of activities on the ground, in especially at the operational one and ic,s social and political matters will be order to maximize coherence and above. joining NRDC-ITA staff. Such assign- effectiveness of the overall interna- In the light of such new operative ment follows a new paradigm within tional effort.”1 As such, the military is environment and of the concurrent NATO which is a consequence of the only one of the many different dimen- revision of NATO Force Structure, latest Strategic Concept of the sions of an overall international effort NRDC-ITA (and likewise all the other Alliance, announced by the NATO in any kind of operation. The military NATO equivalent HQs) is in the Heads of State and Government dur- component has to be considered as process of acquiring the capabilities ing the Lisbon Summit, in November complementary to other non military necessary to assume the lead of a 2010. dimensions such as the political, eco- Small Joint Operation, meaning to be On such occasion NATO officially rec- nomic, social and so on, whose rele- able to perform the “Operational” ognized that the military alone cannot vance will vary according to the specif- level of command & control. Con- resolve a crisis or a conflict and at the ic situation in Theatre. The interaction sequently, the acquisition of a “com- Lisbon Summit was decided that “The between these dimensions has to be prehensive” mentality becomes of Alliance will engage actively with regulated by the so called “Com- paramount importance. other international actors before, dur- prehensive Approach” which needs to One of the means through which the 21

1 NATO’s Strategic Concept – Lisbon, Nov 10 everywhere rapidly 5-6-7-8 20-03-2014 10:01 Pagina 22

FROM THE STAFF

“Comprehensive Approach” will be NATO, with a few elements and func- effective decision making. implemented is the integration of the tions added and/or renamed for con- above-mentioned civilian Subject sistency. Knowledge Development Matter Experts (SMEs) within the Under this view, KD does not intend to as a supporting entity Headquarters. The SMEs will enable replace existing processes/techniques After having clarified the KD concept, the HQ to look at an operational envi- already carried out by the traditional it is necessary to understand how it ronment not only through our conven- staff elements, but its goal is to com- should be applied and identify the tional military lenses but to have in plement them, by providing an added functionalities and tasks that the KD house a non-military perspective that value to the existing processes in organization must be able to perform. will allow us to better meet the com- order to enable the Commanders at all According to what has been stated so plex nature of contemporary security levels to acquire a truly comprehen- far, a KD organization requires the fol- challenges and to better understand sive understanding of the operational lowing inputs and functionalities: all the shades of the operational envi- environment, so far approached only ronment itself. in strictly military terms. G direction and coordination of the This is all the way more important con- Knowledge Development process. sidering the predominant nature of Knowledge Development The KD process needs to understand most recent Theatres, which proved definition the informative requirements of the to be Asymmetric and low-intensity; in While an agreed definition of KD does decision makers, essentially to receive such Theatres, the establishment of a not exist within NATO so far, KD itself directions and guidance in order to sufficient degree of stability is often can be tentatively defined as a Staff- enable an effective coordination the most critical success factor. wide process across all command lev- amongst the functional experts and els, aimed at developing a comprehen- SMEs that will be producing the The new Knowledge sive situational awareness and under- Knowledge and a working prioritiza- Development concept standing of the engagement space tion of the knowledge objectives; These civilian SMEs are encompassed (including the relationships and inter- in a totally new functionality, only actions between systems and actors G acquisition of Information. This recently introduced in. NATO, which within it) and, consequently, making it moment foresees the deliberate use will be tested for the first time within available to military leaders and civilian of all (comprehensive) sources of NRDC-ITA as of September 2013: officials in order to support decision- information, complementing what such functionality is the so called making. Such process is activated already acquired through the classic Knowledge Development (KD). both in response to indicators and military Intelligence gathering pro- After a first reading of the available warnings of an emerging security cess; NATO documentation on Knowledge problem, as well as during the plan- Development, it appears clear that a ning, execution and assessment phas- G production of Knowledge. This precise and consolidated doctrinal es of operations. moment requires the interaction of body to refer to is far from having KD enables the decision makers to numerous analysts, functional experts being established. better understand the possible effects and SMEs with different background, The easiest way to approach KD is to of Military, Political, Economic and expertises and competences, organic avoid looking at it as a totally new Civil (MPEC) actions on different sys- or not to the KD-proper structure, “beast” or as something radically dif- tems and actors within the engage- which shall be granted the required ferent from the organization and pro- ment space. access and instruments to acquire, cedures already existing within NATO. The greatest challenge is to make rel- analyse, develop and consolidate their Actually, the KD concept is actually not evant information available in a form products. It is important to point out a revolution but more of an evolution that can be used in near real time and that KD Analysis (intended as a part of of the thinking and a rationalization of to develop a level of shared under- the KD process that includes the pro- 22 processes already existing within standing that supports timely and duction of knowledge) is not only car-

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ried out inside the Knowledge Centre points, it becomes evident how a KD by its organic personnel but requires Structure needs to articulated along the contribution of all branches; two main sub-structures (“Sections” in military jargon): G Knowledge transfer. This phase is aimed at ensuring that the acquired G Knowledge Acquisition and Pro- data are made available at the required duction (KAP) is the overarching time to the right people in the appro- functionality that encompasses the priate format; first three sub dimensions, meaning: Direction and coordination, Acquisition G links to external organizations and Production. Such functionality (“Knowledge brokerage”2). External determines what knowledge is re- relationships are a fundamental tool quired, produces a KD Collection Plan, for the collection of quality informa- coordinates the acquisition process tion. Access to these sources requires and transforms acquired Information different levels of validation, verifica- into actionable Knowledge; tion and potentially the exchange of own products; G Knowledge Management (KM) is well designed search engines, acces- the overarching functionality that G management of the Knowledge sible to operational planners and other encompasses the last three of the Architecture. This function allows for end users, reduce the number of above listed functionalities: Know- the produced knowledge to be stored unnecessary requests for already ledge Transfer, Link to External in dedicated databases in order to existing information or analysis prod- Entities, and Knowledge Architecture guarantee it’s duly transfer when ucts. Therefore, a good structural Management. KM is the mean by required. A sound Knowledge archi- organization of information is of para- which the organization manages the tecture will maximise knowledge dis- mount importance for make the exist- acquired Knowledge. tribution without overloading staff ing information available to users for with unnecessary and superfluous decision making purposes. Whatever the level (strategic, opera- information. Experience shows that Analyzing the above mentioned tional or tactical) of the organization 23

2 Knowledge brokerage is the function related to the link and exchange of information everywhere rapidly with external organizations. 5-6-7-8 20-03-2014 10:01 Pagina 24

FROM THE STAFF

requires appropriate structuring in terms of clearly defining its underlying processes that need to be appropriately tested in peacetime before being implemented in operations. The challenge for the future is related to the evolving nature of the KD concept within NATO (let’s not forget we don’t even have an agreed definition of it so far) and to the consequent necessity to be able to readily adapt the KD functionality to possible different requirements coming from the higher echelons of Command. For the same reason, the study J2 has con- Figure 1: The Knowledge Development process overview ducted within NRDC-ITA on KD, of which the main outcomes are summa- rized in this article, cannot be intended that has to perform KD, and however that it can be shared and - finally - as a final milestone but, actually, it rep- KD will be implemented within the used. A simplified overview of the KD resents a starting point on which to organization, the “acquisition and pro- process is shown in the figure 1. build the KD capacity. QQ duction” (KAP) and “management” (KM) functionalities need to be carried The primary purpose of KD is to satis- out by dedicated people in two differ- fy information and Knowledge Re- REFERENCES ent organizational elements. In partic- quirements3 (KRs) relating to potential ular, the element that conducts the areas of interest in order to support a. Knowledge Development (KD) KAP function, after having received decision making on one side in Concept, dated 12 August 2008. appropriate guidance, will work on response to specific indications and b. ACO KD Mid-Term Project Review, specific areas of interest and, conse- warning of an emerging security prob- dated 22 February 2010. quently, on one side, will task the var- lem and, on the other, during the rou- c. Allied Command Operations ious KD SMEs but, on the other, must tinely planning, execution and assess- (ACO) Comprehensive Operations be able to receive contributions from ment of operations. The challenge is Planning Directive (COPD) the military analysts and experts of the to make the relevant information avail- dated 4 October 2013. different Branches. It is important to able in a form that can be effectively d. Knowledge Development emphasize how, in particular, KD must used in near real time and to develop Handbook, dated 16 March 2011. be able to work in close collaboration a level of shared understanding that with the classic Intelligence produc- supports timely and effective decision e. Tools for Operations Planning tion elements. making. Functional Area Service (TOPFAS), ANNEX T to SOI 05.03.00.A, dated February 2012. Knowledge Development Conclusions process The KD capability represents for f. Bi-SC Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Development is a process NRDC-ITA a complex problem since it Alliance Operations (CFAO), that includes collecting, analysing, and constitutes a brand new functionality dated 11 June 2013. consolidating previously isolated data that needs to be deeply integrated g. ACO Forces Standards Volume V into useable bodies of knowledge, and within the existing processes. Being – Joint Headquarters, 24 formatting available Knowledge so complex by nature, such functionality dated 25 February 2013.

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Strategy, Sensitivity and

Vulnerability Î by Lieutenant Colonel ITA (A) Vittorio Lipari Î Photo by: OR9 ITA (A) Francesco Civitelli

As sensitivities and vulnerabilities da for security in the early 1990s. race would inevitably out pace the become threats to national securi- Even though Malthusian scenarios food supply leading to a cataclysmic ty, the ability of strategy to compre- have not materialized, low politics are social collapse. Two factors might hold hensively respond to global issues having an impact on real-world con- off this effect: efforts to reduce the will turn into issue of concern to flicts and are shaping national security birth rates, which were termed pre- planners. strategies. Just to remind, in the eigh- ventive measures; and war, disease, teenth century, Thomas Robert and starvation, which were develop- Malthus took a dim view of utopian ments described as positive meas- lthough in G5 Plans and philosophies using data supplied by ures. Albeit, the misnomer did not Policy talks of increasing none other than Benjamin Franklin on consider that trends rarely continue globalisation and interde- the population growth rates of indefinitely into the future, some apendence are now clichéd, non-tradi- American villages, where population countries are becoming increasingly tional security issues have begun to grow in a geometric fashion while sensitive or even vulnerable to devel- influence strategy and defence priori- food supplies only increase by merely opments in the realm of low politics. ties in ways that were not fully antici- an arithmetic ratio. In other words, if Sensitivity and vulnerability are terms pated by advocates of the new agen- these trends continued, the human drawn from Robert Keohane and 25

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FROM THE STAFF

Joseph Nye’s work on complex inter- row, self interest. The tragedy of the Demographic trends, especially the dependence (2001). Sensitivity refers commons is generally produced by an so called youth bulge, are also having to the ability of developments outside international failure to undertake col- an impact on strategy and national national boundaries to influence lective protection of the environment security. Armies of disaffected youth domestic events in other countries. or to conserve resources. Similarly, are not massing in the mega cities of An outbreak of a disease in one coun- the world is in no immediate danger of the world, but young people are try, for example, might cause officials exhausting its petroleum reserves, but being recruited by terrorist networks in a second country to alert domestic the continued growth in the world to undertake nefarious schemes. public heath officials to monitor hos- economy has tightened world energy Cases in point revealed that opera- pital admissions for patients who markets. Industrial economies around tives from disaffected youth were might be exhibiting signs of the infec- the globe can now see domestic recruited from different countries and tion related to the disease. Such a economies threatened by oil markets have organized themselves more or precautionary measure would entail that are highly sensitive or vulnerable less spontaneously to undertake some costs and be a matter of poten- to foreign interest. Resources issues attacks on urban transit systems. tial public concern, but it would not are not sparking wars, but the threat Demographics alone have not creat- pose a fundamental disruption to life of war or war itself is no poised to ed a specific threat, but they have in any of the two countries. By con- have significant impact on the sup- helped to alter the general security trast, vulnerabilities can cause signifi- ply of raw material and the global environment facing police and mili- cant disruption to domestic econom- economy. tary forces. In response to the inter- ic, social, or political activity, if the emergence and spread of the infec- tion crosses the line from sensitivity to vulnerability because it significantly affects international travel and then the economies of the countries involved. Since the 1990s, several non traditional security issues have moved from being best considered as hypo- thetical scenarios, to creating sensitivities in some countries, to creating significant vulnerabilities in other nations. For instance, commons issues related to environmental degradation, while unlikely to produce Malthusian consequences, are emerging as sensitivities in countries whose policy-makers worry that environmental restrictions could hamper the exploitation of local natural resources. The tragedy of the commons is an example of the tyranny of small decisions, a situation in which unintended and negative consequences are produced by individuals 26 following their reasonable, albeit nar-

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national terrorist threat, many coun- that traditional ways of thinking about By contrast, the purpose of this tries have altered their domestic security are simply not up to the chal- thought was not to dismiss these security and foreign policy strategies lenge of dealing with emerging twen- global trends and transnational issues and policies. Ideology, disease, poli- ty first century issues. A decision not as threats to national or individual tics, economics, and demographics to treat the emergence of a new drug security or to minimize the gravity of have interacted to produce significant resistant strain of influenza as a the challenge created by environmen- threats to national security. threat to national security for exam- tal damage, disease, or population A critical point of including resource, ple, would thus be viewed as an growth in the developing world. environmental, or population issues effort to minimize the importance of Instead, it offered a mixed assess- on national security agendas might the issue. But the fact that some- ment of the ability of strategy or mili- suggest that many of these global thing is a threat to health and welfare tary force to respond to global issues. developments threaten the health can not automatically make it a secu- On balance, there was a significant and welfare of both individuals and rity problem in the sense that strate- and growing interaction between states and therefore should be con- gy or military force can minimize it. strategy and many of the items on sidered as threats to security. They Hundreds of thousands of people the new agenda for national security. might suggest as well that the fact every year are killed in automobile While not a security issue per se, that military forces or strategists accidents, but no one would suggest demographics or resource issues require to be adapted to deal with that military force should somehow (tight energy markets) are interacting emerging problems demonstrates be used to improve highway safety. with other trends to shape the global security environment and influence strategy. The spread of infectious disease also might play a greater part in the making of strategy and defence policy in the years ahead. Environmental damage caused by the manufacture, maintenance, and dis- posal of weaponry is also an issue of concern to strategists. Indeed, the issues that appear to be beyond the reach of strategy are the environmental, resource, and commons problems that generated interest in a new concept of security in the first place. Those who see these issues as important should be relieved by the assessment presented to this matter. Defining these issues as engineering, public health, or educational problems is far more constructive than somehow trying to resolve them by the threat or use of force. But in an increasingly globalized and complex world, issues of low politics appear to be capable not of creating conflict, but of exacerbating the effects of political and military disputes. QQ 27

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FROM THE STAFF

STEADFAST COBALT 2013 (SFCT 13) EXERCISE -The right venue for new CIS

solutions Î by Captain ITA (A) Domenico D’Alò Î Photo by: PAO NRDC - ITA

FCT 13 has been the NATO 2014. Main objective of the exercise supporting transformation, towards Response Force (NRF) CIS was to assess the level of interoper- new concepts as the Comprehensive Interoperability exercise for ability between headquarters and Approach or Cyber Defence. More Commanderss in preparation of NRF commands and prepare future NRF than 19 Countries were represented

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and involved, either as training audi- phase which allowed us to ence or observers and convened in rent and acquire last genera- WALCZ, a nice village in POLAND. tion equipment using funds Their Deployable Communication shrewdly. Information System (CIS) Units sup- The deployment was really com- ported both NATO COMMAND plex and G6 Branch had the full lead STRUCTURE and NATO FORCE of the operation, deploying abroad STRUCTURE and at the same time the containers and Command Post shel- Joint Force Command Brunssum ters, fully equipped to provide all CIS rational Picture (NCOP), which, as acted as JTF HQ due to its role to be support including satellite links, Video soon as the experimental phase is played if NRF 14 is activated. Teleconference, Voice capabilities and concluded, will represent the new Under the lead of SHAPE J6, NRDC- all NATO networks. platform for all NATO FASs. ITA gave its contribution to the suc- 1st Signal Rgt deployed a very well Particularly significant the NRDC ITA cess of SFCT13, installing and running trained platoon and the exercise was a contribution to the Testing phase, communication systems and all paramount opportunity to share CIS which was interesting because exper- Functional Area Services (FaS) that backgrounds and know how with all imental solutions and tools were were required for the Joint Task Force other National CIS Units. showed to support brand new NATO headquarters. This training was mainly NRDC-ITA deployed G6 personnel and concept as Comprehensive Approach focused in three key areas: Subject Matter Experts for each and Cyber Defence. 1. Communication (COMMs); Functional Area Systems which nor- At SFCT 13, NRDC-ITA, once for good 2. Information Systems/CORE mally is implemented on the NATO demonstrated its ability to support SERVICES (IS/CS); Networks. Such Staff worked closely exercises and future operations. 3. FaS. with all NATO CIS and Operational Moreover, SFCT13 was a venue that community, having the chance to see perfectly demonstrated how NRDC NRDC ITA played the exercise active and test C2 tools normally exploited in ITA can interface with NATO Com- phase from 09 to 21 May, but it was a JTF context, which contribute to mand/Force structure, NATO CIS prefaced by a successful planning populate the NATO Common Ope- Groups and belonging units. QQ

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FROM THE STAFF

Three old glories by Lieutenant Colonel ITA (A) Pietro Scinardo Photo by PAO NRDC - ITA

hen they arrived from the Ugo Mara Barracks. Through the to clean up the cannons. After two Grosseto, we could not Historical Office of the Army General months, they were ready for display. believe our eyes. We Staff and the Logistic Command of the whad in front of us three guns, three Army, we received three beautiful The 140/30 was an artillery piece used pieces of artillery of great value. pieces: an British cannon 5.5 inches by the British Army. It was designed Different in history and past, but with BL Mk. III l/30 (U.S. 140/30 ), and two to replace the Howitzer 6, and started a common destiny, saved from scrap- Italian cannons, a 105/28 caliber and a to be used in 1941, during the battle of ping to become a symbol of ancient 90/53 caliber. El Alamein. It was eventually replaced glories of war. by the 155 mm FH70 NATO in the It was the end of 2011 when the All those pieces were in a pitiful state, early 1980s. The British Artillery Commander of NRDC-ITA, Lieutenant rusty and ruined by time, so we started Regiment during World War Two had General Giorgio Battisti, told us that in to work on them. I first began to collect eight of these guns in their Batteries. the Grosseto Artillery Deposit there information about the history of the Even in Italy from the late 1940s and were some pieces of old guns, avail- three pieces and at the same time a throughout the post-war period, this 30 able to build an open air museum in team of mechanics and painters started piece was used. The 149/19 was used

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In Cyrenaica there were 8 groups and 4 batteries, forming around a hundred pieces. Unfortunately all the pieces were lost during the British counter- offensive in December 1940 - Ja- nuary 1941. In the following months it is unknown how many pieces were saved and delivered to Italy, because of the attacks of the British naval ships. In Tunisia the number of 105/28 was only 33 pieces, but none came back to Italy. In June 1943, the Ravenna Division, 11th Artillery cannon 105/28 was also used in the Regiment. area of Anzio, in a unit of the 3rd Sforza Division, 17th Artillery “Colleoni” Artillery Regiment, “Bar- Regiment. barigo” Battalion. Cosseria Division, 37th Artillery There is no specific information about Regiment. the pieces available in areas already Ariete Division, 132nd Artillery occupied by the Allies, apart from 32 Regiment. pieces in Sardinia. After the Second Centauro Division, 131st Artillery World War, it was dismissed post-1951. Regiment. Littorio Division, 133th Artillery The 90/53 is another old glory of the Regiment. Army, similar to the most famous Celere Division “Emanuele Filiberto German 88 mm. We are currently in Testa di ferro”, 134 h Artillery Regiment. the process of restoring it.

in Heavy Artillery Regiments, before being replaced by the155/23 USA. The Heavy Artillery Regiments that still used, in the mid- 50s the 140/30, were the 3°,4°,6°,8°,22°,27° and 41°.

The cannon 105/28 was an artillery piece used by the Royal Army during the First and Second World Wars as heavy artillery. The production of the gun 105/28 began in September 1914, but it was only used in September 1916. At the end of the year, 14 armed groups with this gun were lined up on the front. On 10 June 1940, when Italy entered World War Two, there were 956 pieces of 105 /28. These artillery groups operated in different units: 31

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game in not exciting when played with Journey mammy. She is a girl after all! Doesn’t have a clue how to kick the right goal! of 187 Why the favourite food tastes different, not like when Babbo is preparing it. As I joke – I am on natural diet. (Can’t complain days… about that! Especially when your waist- line gets slimmer! Haha!) Many, many even if for him it means to leave his clos- more day-to-day situations are completely

Î by Baiba Silicka Sechi Î est and loved ones behind. But just phys- different. ically – his heart is at home. And this is something that not everyone could do. It is difficult. And no one said it Will Be This is why I admire and I am so proud of easy! But we adults can understand it f I say that the news on TV can be my Man. He is able not only to save lives, and bare it. However, kids will tell you my best friend and fiercest but also to keep his family happy – from exactly what they feel. Either tell - enemy,i would you believe me? far away! either ignore you!=)

If I tell you that I don’t live by the solar cal- Do we Mothers and Wives have our dark There are moments when kids are not endar but by my very own, would it be days? Oh, yes!!! Of course we do! There talking or talking very little with their true? are days when every single thing seams father. Moments that are difficult for all of to spin out of control! What do we do? us. For young kids it is because they can’t At the moment my calendar is 187 Well it depends, how difficult the situation explain why they don’t want to talk right days, which for ordinary situations is! =) (or we think it is difficult! As we are now, however, after 15 minutes they run would be nothing. This period would fly women, we can have our little drama back to you crying that they want to talk by. But now – every single day feels like moments too!) So there are few options to Babbo. For my husband because he one year long. The only good thing is – we think, we cry, we find a back door, knows that at the moment he can’t that I still look the same as when those but we always get up and move on smil- change anything and feels a bit guilty 187 days begun!!! =) ing like if sun is shining brighter than ever! because of his helplessness. And for me =) Mostly probably for the sake of our – well, I have to keep calm both sides – We who stay home must be strong for family and kids. You don’t want to upset kids and father.=) As I said before – we all our kids and our husbands. There is no anyone. Because our kids don’t under- are on duty! =) And this is one of the situ- time to relax really – even though, now stand Why mammy was smiling 10 min- ations. =) and then, we women get together and utes ago and now she is being upset. talk, laugh, travel, cook lunch together. Even more, no matter how many calen- But we all look to the bright side! One of And it’s all wonderful, because none of us dars with stickers you put on the walls the little benefits is that while Babbo is need to say what we feel inside. It is all around your house, how much you talk to not home, we can prepare so many nice written in our eyes. We ALL are on duty. your children – they don’t understand yet, surprises for him, without being caught!!! why it is Babbo (Daddy, Papá) who has to =) We can win the games of football, we We have to have an extremely good go and save someone? Why can’t he just can learn something new about life and in sense of humour – to cheer up our men go to work and in the evening come some sense to grow up a little. We can and kids when they feel down. With home again? What has changed? Why? learn alphabet and numbers, and count smile.With loving word.With anything we Have I done something wrong? until 20 (in English and Italian), rhymes, can do for them. stories, paint so many nice paintings. And this is the reason why the usual Learn songs for the big day when Babbo Do I see it as my husband’s job. No, I see games are not so fun anymore. Why the comes home! The day when they can 32 it as a sacrifice that he makes for others, bicycle is catching dust. Why the football show to their father how well he has

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cared for them and loved them – they tions that words or helping hands can’t you are always here for us!!! have grown into these wonderful per- say and give. sons. To show that all the hard work was Message from kids: not just a waste of time and health. We are thousands of miles apart, but clos- “Ti vogliobeneBabbo!” er and stronger than ever. iSeki =) Our lives are full of challenges, tears, joy, respect, understanding, proudness, We are extremely proud of our Babbo To the all families – stay strong and longing, laughter, and many more emo- and we are always there for you, like tomorrow you will be even stronger. QQ

Stramilano and the

Milan City Marathon Î by Captain ITA (A) Paola Gori Î Photo by: CPL ITA (A) Marina Dore e CPL ITA (A) Federica Bello

he rain does not stop 900 Bersaglieri Fanfare, kicked off the A special award, for the largest mili- soldiers at the Strami- three races: “Stramilano dei 50,000”, tary group with 351 athletes, was won t st lano 2013, Milan “Stramilanina” for kids and “Stra- by the 1 Signal Regiment. The prize, milano Agonistica Internazionale” for received by the Commander, Giordano 24th March 2013 - Sunday usually is a top athletes. Eusepi, was dedicated to the memory day of rest, but despite a gloomy and of the Italian Army Captain Massimo rainy day the soldiers Among the participants of Ficuciello, who died 10 years ago in of the NATO Rapid the NATO Command HQ, Nasiriyah. Deployable Corps – represented by General Italy, and their subordi- Rosario Castellano, Chief A new challenge nate Units flooded the of Staff of the NRDC-ITA, for the heart! streets of Milan for about 900 Officers, NCOs the 42nd “Stramilano” and Volunteers of the 15 7th April 2013 - Marathoners running marathon, dedicated to the Allied Nations, with their families, and relay runners joined the world running champion Pietro spent quality time together participat- thirteenth edition of the Milan Mennea . ing in the “Stramilano dei 50.000” City Marathon 2013, to run The legendary cannon shot of the over 10 km, through the city centre of for SOS Children's Foundation, sup- Horse Artillery "Voloire" Regiment, Milan, from Duomo Square to the porting the association and becoming accompanied by the notes of the Civic Arena . ambassadors for a day. The major 33

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international marathons have estab- Navigli, the Civic Arena and the classic for children with heart problems in lished a real Charity Program, to allow streets of Porta Venezia, the fashion Ethiopia. participants to combine a passion for district, Piazza Scala and Foro travel with solidarity. Bonaparte, to the finish in Piazza Every year the sporting events for the Castello. NATO Command offer an opportunity Five thousand athletes, among them a for communication and fundraising; mil- large NRDC-ITA military presence, Three relay teams and two athletes itary personnel pick up their running took part in the Milan City Marathon from NRDC-ITA, competed in the full shoes and start out on a sporting jour- 2013. The race started from Milano marathon distance of 42,195 km, in ney, with the aim to reinforce the mutu- Rho, through the symbol of Milan San support of the “Bambini Cardiopatici al respect and goodwill that exists Siro stadium, the Arch of Peace, the nel Mondo”, a non-profit and inde- between these NATO nations in an Parco Sempione, the Duomo, the pendent organization that helps care atmosphere of friendly partnership. QQ

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Family Support Happy to be Centre: Here a NIWIC we are again

member! Î by E.Mouille Î

Î by Warrant Officer Class One ITA (A) Antonio Spinelli Î Photo provided by the Autor

ine months has passed since hen I first arrived the first, was that I was n the last news from the Family w in Italy I was anx- worried that I might be Support Centre, more or less the ious for two reasons. Firstly alone, without friends and same period spent by our soldiers in because I had left, not only thus have nobody with the ISAF Mission in Afghanistan. my country, but more impor- whom to chat, to share a During this time, the Family Support tantly my city where I knew coffee or spend time Centre worked very hard in collabora- everybody and everybody together. tion and coordination with the NATO knew me. I had my routine, International Wives Club, and organiz- and even though I had pre- Obviously these concerns ing families’ events, to stay together cious little free time, I managed to jug- have been quickly swept away. Today like in a big family. The relationship gle my work, my family and my I did indeed spend time with some with the municipalities of Valle Olona, friends. The second reason related to friends and share a coffee! I have to and Solbiate Olona, helped the staff to go on. Thanks to the assistance of the City of Solbiate Olona, we had the opportunity to make a computer course for beginners, with exciting results from participants who have requested an update in the future. The kindergarten, inside the HQ, once again, raised the percentage of enrollment, in particular amongst civilians. The Family Support Centre, being the first point of contact for all newcom- ers, has provided a very big contribution in terms of housing inside and outside the Barracks, trying to facili- tate the integration in the area. We can say that the Centre, however, is open to any suggestions because the motto is and always will be: “We will 36 never walk alone!” QQ

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tiative to go join in and get involved that they have welcomed me. It is this experience that makes me want to be part of NIWIC and help organise fun and interesting activities whose success relies on your participation.

Come and give it a go. We would love to meet you at our next meeting.

Testimonials

Moi j'aime aller à la rencontre de vous toutes... J'ai besoin de contact, de découvrir d'autres cultures et passer de bons moments de rigolades. THERESE

Io ho cominciato a partecipare al NIWIC, perchè non conoscevo nes- suno appena arrivata e volevo incon- trare persone che avessero qualcosa in comune con me, per fare nuove amicizie. GIANCARLA

Tomo parte de las actividades de la NIWIC porque cuando te quedas en el extranjero todo lo que te va a pasar es una experiencia genial. BELEN say that it is partially thanks to NIWIC and its dynamic members. From my I like participating in NIWIC activi- arrival I was welcomed and judged for ties as I feel it is a good way to what I am, a French lady who speaks meet and socialise with an inter- English and Italian very badly but who national community. I like learning tries. In fact all this trying means that I about other nationalities and enjoy can now communicate much better in the learning opportunities that both languages. Thanks to my dear NIWIC affords with regard to friends and their patience. Italian language courses. I also enjoy taking part in the varied But it is necessary to say the whole activities that are organised! 37 truth: it is because I have made the ini- LEIGH QQ

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The NRDC-ITA

celebrates Family Day 2013 Î by Lieutenant Colonel ITA (A) Tommaso Martello Î Photo by: CPL ITA (A) Giusy Sorgente e CPL ITA (A) Federica Bello

ne of the features of NRDC- mum benefit from the multinational o ITA is to be a multinational experience. organization, which takes advantage of staff experience from 15 different To strengthen interpersonal ties and countries, from both the professional promote these cultural exchanges, and cultural point of view. For that once a year all the HQ organizes a reason it is necessary that different special day, when families are the pro- cultures come together in order to tagonists and where all can enhance celebrate the best of each other, unit- synergies with institutions, associa- ed by a sense of participation and tions and organizations of the neigh- belonging, complementing each boring territory. On 28th September, other, in the social environment of the NRDC-ITA celebrated the Family Day 38 host country in order to gain maxi- in Solbiate Olona, organizing a day of

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celebration and social interaction, but also an opportunity to talk about the traditions and culture of the profes- sionals in uniform. Moreover, this year the event had a special meaning, because many colleagues are deployed in Kabul, engaged in the ISAF mission in Afghanistan.

Immediately after the spectacular air- drop of ANPI paratroopers (Italian silence all the missions abroad and National Paratroopers Association) our absence from everyday life.” who landed in the middle of the event with Italian flag in hand, the NRDC-ITA Particularly popular during the event Commander, Lieutenant General was the opening parade, organized Giorgio Battisti, greeted the 2,500 by the Club veicoli militari storici participants present through a video- sharing their passion for military conference message from Kabul, vehicles, followed by the fabulous Afghanistan. Cava dei Tirreni flag-wavers, who captivated the attention of the General Battisti stressed the impor- crowd. A unique event was the spec- tance of family for the military person- tacle of the Hungarian Special nel: "Behind every great soldier there Military Parade Group, with their is always a great family, families are weapon display, followed by La called to deal with enormous sacri- Baldoria, the historical Italian Alpine fices, suffering patiently and in Military Band, famous worldwide for 39

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their historic uniforms taken from the Campagnari staff, in which Italy was those of the staff of NRDC–ITA, used Cacciatori delle Alpi unit. And what represented by selected products to living in the "Ugo Mara” Barracks, better place for this "melting pot" of from the Agricultura District and but a much appreciated event to cultures than the food stand, with Food Quality of the Valtellina. strengthen the spirit of cohesion of the taste of different national special- the families and different cultures ties all masterfully prepared by A day definitely atypical compared to present amongst us. QQ

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ISTITUTO RICERCHE STUDI INFORMAZIONI DIFESA