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Amy Comeau Assistant Project Manager: Ricardo Gomez

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Amy Comeau Assistant Project Manager: Ricardo Gomez Project Manager: Assistant Project Manager: Amy Comeau Ricardo Gomez PROJECT FUTURE MARS SCOPE “Define the essential needs of a Martian society that will be truly self-sustaining—in other words, a colony that can live on to the distant future without any assistance from Earth.” Our Mars city houses 10,000 people in a lava tube. Artist’s rendition of O’Neil’s cylinders. Credit: NASA Ames Research Center Many great thinkers have envisioned grander projects • Gerard O’Neil, Thomas Heppenheimer, Wernher von Braun, Isaac Asimov, Robert Zubrin, and Elon Musk Rendering of SpaceX’s plan for a colony on Mars. Credit: SpaceX 2 LIVING IN A LAVA TUBE ON MARS • Protects from radiation, dust storms, micrometeoroid impacts etc. Regolith 17 km Collapsed Skylight trench entrance Basalt Basalt Our lava tube is identified with collapsed sections. Image created using JMARS. 3 WHERE IS THE CITY LOCATED? Image created with FreeFlyer Water Extraction City Farthest extraction site 8000+ km City South Pole Alaina Glidden 4 WHAT DOES OUR CITY LOOK LIKE? Rock bolts 50 m Food Hospital Distribution Aeroponics Tube Lining Building Housing 100 m Gym Truss Rail 300Line m 5 AEROPONICS FOOD PRODUCTION 6 WHERE DO OUR RESOURCES COME FROM? 1 - Iron Oxide, 2 - Copper, 3 - Water Ice, 4 - Hematite, 5 - Plagioclase Deposits, 6 - Thorium, 7 - Nitrates/Germanium, 8 - Hydrated Minerals/ Phyllosilicate Clays, 9 - Rocket Support, 4/6/2018 10 - Science telescopes 7 HOW DO WE EXTRACT CRITICAL RESOURCES TO SUSTAIN OUR CITY? Dragline excavator Regolith being transferred to resource railcar Rail system Resource railcar Dragline excavator scooping regolith Maintenance 7 m rover Personnel railcar WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSING SYSTEMS MANUFACTURING FACILITY 10 LAUNCH VEHICLES 66 m Taxi vehicle rolling out of Vehicle Assembly Building Taxi vehicle on launch pad 4/6/2018 11 INTERPLANETARY TRANSPORT SYSTEM Design Trajectory 72 m diameter rotating ring provides Low thrust powered trajectory repeats artificial gravity and living space every two synodic periods (4.29 years) x108 Mars 2 Cycler 1.5 Earth 1 0.5 0 -0.5 Inertia y (km) y Inertia -1 -1.5 -2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 x108 Inertia x (km) 4/10/2018 12 HOW DO MARTIANS ENSURE CONSTANT HD-STREAMING TO EARTH? The Mars-Earth High Data Link constellation: HOW DO MARTIANS COMMUNICATE AROUND THE GLOBE? The Mars Communication Network constellation 4/9/2018 14 HOW ARE SCIENTISTS ADDRESSING KEY QUESTIONS ABOUT MARS? 2.9 m 4.5 m 0.7 m 2.4 m Phobos and Deimos lander Science rovers with core sampling capabilities 0.85 m 90 m X-ray and optical telescopesAlaina Glidden Seismographs across Mars’ surface 15 LESSONS LEARNED The easy ones The hard ones • Water is easy to find and • Heating the city is not the get. problem, cooling is. • Silicon is everywhere. • Molybdenum is rare and • Lava tubes provide “free” necessary. shelter. • Nitrogen extraction is vital. • Rail system is best for • Radiation mitigation transport. needed on surface. 16 TEAM MEMBERS CAD Communications & Control Power and Thermal Propulsion **Logan Kirsch **Mitchell Hoffmann **Syed Feroz **Diego Martinez Adit Khajuria Alex Blankenberger Aleksander Garnder Ana Paula Pineda Bosque Anand Iyer *Islam Nazmy Duncan Harris Annie Ping Samuel Zemlicka-Retzlaff Nicholas Dwyer Johnathan Bensman Christopher Hunnewell Sean Thompson Noah Gordon *Stephen Kubicki Connor Lynch Subhiksha Raman Samuel Albert William Chlopan Tyler Duncan Human Factors Mission Design Science Structures **Kyle Tincup **Richard Viveros **Matthew Prymek **Halen Blair Andrew Pharazyn Andrew Blaskovich Alaina Glidden *Christopher Johnson Connor Foley Eliot Toumey *Brandon Smith *Eric Thurston Johnathan Rohwer Henry Heim Daniel McGahan Jacob Roe *Kelsey Delehanty *John Cleveland Megan Harwell Stuart McCrorie Lucas Moyer Michael Rose Nicholas Jancich Swapneel Kulkarni Nicole Futch *Ryan Duong Trevor Waldman William Adams *Indicates Vehicle & System Lead **Indicates Discipline Lead 18 CITY INFRASTRUCTURE APPENDIX 19 TOTAL LAVA TUBE INFRASTRUCTURE Manufacturing Modules Living Modules 900 m Tunnel Reactor Buildings 600 m 20 APPENDIX: CITY INFRASTRUCTURE Requirements: Shape Semi-elliptical Semi-major axis 150 m 1. The city must be a joy to live in. Semi-minor axis 100 m Roof thickness 50 m 2. The city must be located inside a Number of lava tubes 2 Martian lava tube. Length of first lava tube 1.5 km Length of second lava tube 1.6 km 3. The city must house 10,000 colonists. Distance between lava tubes 1 km Material Mass Totals (Mg) Sulfur Concrete 2,190,000 Key Components: A36 Structural Steel 533,500 • The city is nuclear powered. Polyethylene 441,600 • The city housing rests atop the food production buildings. • The city is split into modules of 300 m by 300 m. 21 APPENDIX: THE SYSTEMS AND MASSES INVOLVED • Lava tube support • ECLSS • Pressure Bulkheads • Transportation between the two lava tubes • Rail lines for large goods • Tunnel for smaller goods • Entertainment • Aeroponics buildings • Housing 22 APPENDIX: APARTMENT LAYOUT • Number of apartment floors: 13, 18, 20, 21, 22 • 4 apartments/floor, 2 people/apartment • Can have maximum of 3 people/apt if needed • Apartment floor area: 80 m2 (Volume: 220 m3) • Interior wall: 0.165 m, Exterior: 0.3 m • Hallway: 1 m • Freight Elevator: 1.5 m x 3 m • Kitchen: 12 m2 • Living and dining: ~28 m2 • Master Bedroom: 16 m2 • Guest Bedroom: 15 m2 • Bathroom: 7.5 m2 • Includes toilet, sink, bathtub and/or shower S. Raman 23 APPENDIX: FOOD DISTRIBUTION BUILDING LAYOUT • Four food distribution buildings in each module • Each building will have two floors. Grocery Store: • Residents have a set quantity of food to eat every day • Total food distributed daily: 37 m3 • Each building will have 9 or 10 piles of food each day • 1 pile supports ~270 people Restaurants: • Takes up most of the space in the building • ¾ of first floor, all of second floor • Adds another level of comfort while living in the city S. Raman 24 APPENDIX: COMPUTER BUILDING LAYOUT Computer Stairs • Each city module contains 200 computers • All are in one 13-floor building • Only 3 floors are being used for computer lab space • Each floor contains 66 or 67 computers • Each floor contains 5 printers Bookcase • Each computer unit includes one monitor, one keyboard, one mouse, one CPU tower Printer Trashcan S. Raman 25 APPENDIX: MOVIE THEATER BUILDING Stairs Stairs • There are two movie theater buildings in each module • Each building has 13 floors • Only 6 floors are 0.3 used as theaters higher than floor Stairs Stairs 0.1 m 0.2 m higher than higher than floor floor S. Raman 26 APPENDIX: GYM BUILDING LAYOUT Key: Treadmills Spin Bikes Power Cages • There are three gyms • Each building will contain two floors • Each floor will contain: • 75 treadmills • 75 spin bikes Stairs • 75 power cages • Open space can be used as area for stretching or other activities Second floor of building is shown above S. Raman 27 APPENDIX: HOSPITAL BUILDING LAYOUT • City contains two hospitals • Each building has two floors • A clinic style layout • Primarily used for checkups, regular appointments, etc. • Sick patients are separated from healthy patients • Floor plan shows the first floor Vaccine Vaccine Area Area • Second floor contains only examination rooms S. Raman 28 APPENDIX: CITY LAYOUT An apartment Movie Theater Building Hospital Computer Building Hospital Gym S. Raman 29 APPENDIX: REACTOR DESIGN • Power Requirements: 312 MW • 3 Reactors with 333 MW of Power each, for 1 GW total • Scheduled maintenance every two years, 3% chance of mechanical failure • If two reactors are down for maintenance, the entire city can be powered off of 1 • Thorium - Uranium Molten Salt Breeder reactors • Thorium is more prevalent than Uranium, no Uranium enrichment facilities required either as all extra needed Uranium produced by reactors Food Source Manufacturing City Ground Resource Science Space Production Transport Extraction transport Power 5 166 34 44 50 5 8 (MW) A. Gardner 30 APPENDIX: REACTOR DESIGN 20 Year Lifespan, could last longer depending on embrittlement of the core Total Mass: 108000 Mg for 3 reactors Material Concrete Hastelloy-N LiF Water Steel Thorium Uranium Mass 16000 11 357 10 1500 17033 87 0.25 (Mg) 00 Replacement 800 16 54.7 1.6 228 300 16 0 Rate (Mg)/year 5 A. Gardner 31 APPENDIX: POWER OPTION TRADE STUDY • Other options judged inferior • Difficult to produce enough material or not enough information about Mars • Reactors are low mass, high complexity, at 108000 Mg for 1 GW Power Summary Source Mass (Mg) (MW) of Issues In space Solar 3.22x106 1000 Rockets needed to repair Ground Based 6.6x106 1000 Difficult to Solar keep up with city growth Geothermal 1.7x104-8.3x106 1000 Unknown until test holes are drilled A. Gardner 32 APPENDIX: REACTOR IMAGES Below: Reactor Building; Image Credits: Subhiksha Raman Right: Reactor Compared to People A. Gardner 33 SOURCES [1] P. Kasten, E. Bettis, and R. Robertson, “Design Studies of 1000-Mw(e) Molten-Salt Breeder Reactors,” Cent. Res. Libr., 1966. [2] N. Slater-Thompson, “U.S. nuclear outages were less than 3% of capacity this summer.” [3] International Association of Drilling Contractors, “IADC Drilling Manual,” p. 1463, 2000. [4] D. Duchane and D. Brown, “Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA,” Cint.Lanl.Gov, no. House 1987, pp. 1–20, 1994. [5] T. Bazilevskii et al., “Evaluation of the thorium and uranium contents of Martian surface rock - A new interpretation of Mars-5 gamma- spectroscopy measurements.” . [6] C. Paper, S. Lule, P. Z. Lule, and T. Lule, “Convective Heat Transfer Measurements
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