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Rocket and Missiles INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING LECTURE NOTES ROCKET AND MISSILES B. Tech VIII SEMESTER Prepared by V.PHANINDER REDDY (IARE 10741) Contents Contents i List of Figuresv Abbreviations vii Symbols viii 1 ROCKET DYNAMICS1 1.1 Introduction.....................................1 1.2 Rocket........................................1 1.2.1 Classification of Rockets..........................2 1.2.1.1 Chemical Propulsion:......................2 1.2.1.2 Nuclear Thermal Propulsion(NTP):...............4 1.2.1.3 Ion Thruster Propulsion:.....................5 1.3 Missile........................................6 1.3.1 Classification of Missiles..........................7 1.3.1.1 On the Basis of Type:......................7 1.3.1.2 On the basis of Launch Mode:..................9 1.3.1.3 On the basis of Range:...................... 10 1.3.1.4 On the basis of Propulsion:................... 10 1.3.1.5 On the basis of Warhead :.................... 11 1.3.1.6 On the basis of Guidance Systems:............... 12 1.4 Airframe components................................ 13 1.5 Inertia and Non Inertia Reference frames:..................... 15 1.5.1 Types of Reference frames......................... 15 1.5.1.1 Inertial Reference frame..................... 15 1.5.1.2 Non-Inertial Reference frame.................. 16 1.6 Aerodynamic Forces on a Rocket.......................... 16 1.7 Rocket Performance parameters.......................... 18 1.8 General Thrust Equation.............................. 20 2 SOLID PROPULSION AND PYROTECHNICS 25 2.1 Introduction..................................... 25 2.2 Motor Components................................. 26 i Contents ii 2.2.0.1 Casing.............................. 26 2.2.0.2 Nozzle.............................. 27 2.2.0.3 Igniters.............................. 27 2.2.0.4 Insulations............................ 28 2.2.0.5 Grain............................... 29 2.3 Classification of Solid rocket Motors........................ 29 2.3.0.1 On the basis of Case design:................... 29 2.3.0.2 On the basis of Grain Installation:............... 29 2.3.0.3 On the basis of Thrust action:................. 30 2.3.0.4 On the basis of Grain Configuration:.............. 30 2.3.0.5 On the basis of Propellant:................... 32 2.4 Burning Process................................... 33 2.5 Internal Ballistics.................................. 36 2.6 Igniter Design.................................... 38 2.7 Igniter Hardware.................................. 38 2.7.0.1 Pyrotechnic igniters....................... 39 2.7.0.2 Pyrogen igniters......................... 39 2.8 Pyrotechnics..................................... 40 2.8.0.1 Classification.......................... 40 2.8.0.2 Applications........................... 41 2.9 Thrust vector Control................................ 42 2.10 Main Failure Modes................................. 43 2.11 Important parameters................................ 45 2.12 Desirable Properties of Solid Rocket Motor.................... 46 2.13 Solid Rocket Motor Performance.......................... 47 2.14 Classification of Nozzles for solid propellant rocket motors............ 47 3 LIQUID PROPULSION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 50 3.1 Introduction..................................... 50 3.2 Classification.................................... 51 3.2.1 Advantages of Liquid Propellant Engines over Solid Propelleant Engines 53 3.3 Design Considerations of Bi-propellant systems.................. 53 3.4 Engine Cycles.................................... 54 3.4.1 Pressure fed system............................. 55 3.4.2 Turbo pump fed system........................... 55 3.4.3 Expander fed system............................ 56 3.4.4 Stage Combustion cycle.......................... 57 3.5 Valve........................................ 58 3.5.0.1 Classification of Valves Used in Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 59 3.6 Combustion Instabilities.............................. 59 3.6.1 Pogo Oscillation.............................. 59 3.6.2 Sloshing.................................. 60 3.6.3 Low Frquency: Chugging......................... 60 3.6.4 Buzzing................................... 61 Contents iii 3.6.5 High frequency: Screaming mode..................... 61 3.7 Thrust vector control................................ 61 3.7.1 Various methods of vector control of Liquid Rockets........... 61 3.8 Characteristics of Bi-propellant systems...................... 62 3.9 Advantages..................................... 63 3.10 Disadvantages.................................... 64 3.11 Cooling of Combustion Chamber and Nozzles................... 65 3.11.1 Radiation cooling.............................. 65 3.11.2 Ablation cooling.............................. 65 3.11.3 Film cooling................................ 66 3.11.4 Regenerative cooling............................ 66 4 Multistage of Rockets and Stage Separation Dynamics 67 4.1 Guidance phases of flight.............................. 68 4.1.1 Boost Phase................................. 68 4.1.2 Midcourse Phase.............................. 69 4.1.3 Terminal Phase............................... 69 4.2 Classification of Guidance Systems......................... 70 4.2.1 Beam Rider Guidance........................... 70 4.2.2 Command Guidance............................ 71 4.2.3 Homing Guidance............................. 72 4.2.3.1 Active Homing Guidance.................... 73 4.2.3.2 Passive Homing Guidance.................... 73 4.2.4 Inertial Navigation Guidance........................ 74 4.2.5 Celestial Navigation Guidance....................... 76 4.3 Aerodynamic control systems of missiles..................... 76 4.4 Multistage Rocket.................................. 79 5 DESIGN, MATERIALS AND TESTING OF ROCKETS 83 5.1 Design considerations in the selection of liquid rocket combustion chamber vol- ume and shape.................................... 83 5.1.1 considerations for selection of materials to be used for construction of thrust chambers of liquid rocket engine.................. 84 5.2 Materials used for manufacturing case of rockets................. 85 5.2.1 Filament wound reinforced plastic cases................. 85 5.2.2 Ablative material.............................. 86 5.3 Criteria for the selection of materials for Aerospace applications......... 86 5.4 Metal Cases..................................... 88 5.5 Selection of materials................................ 89 5.5.1 Re – entry nose cones........................... 89 5.5.2 Wing leading edges and Rocket Nozzle Throat Inserts:.......... 89 5.6 Rocket testing.................................... 90 5.6.1 Types of testing............................... 90 5.7 Test facilities and safeguards............................ 91 Contents iv 5.8 Safety provisions in a modern testfacility...................... 93 5.9 Terminology for the study of atmospheric diffusion of exhaust.......... 93 5.10 Flight testing.................................... 94 Bibliography 96 List of Figures 1.1 Classification of Rockets..............................2 1.2 Classification of Chemical Rockets........................4 1.3 Nuclear Propulsion.................................5 1.4 Ion Propulsion...................................6 1.5 Classification of Missiles..............................7 1.6 Missiles on the basis of its type...........................9 1.7 Airframe components of a Rocket......................... 14 1.8 Aerodynamic forces of a Rocket.......................... 17 1.9 Rocket Performance parameters.......................... 19 2.1 Solid rocket motor................................. 26 2.2 Classification of Nozzles in SRM.......................... 28 2.3 Classification of SRM based on Grain Installation................. 30 2.4 Classification of SRM based on Thrust action................... 31 2.5 Various grain configurations1............................ 32 2.6 Classification of Grains............................... 34 2.7 Classification of nozzles in SRM.......................... 49 3.1 Liquid Rocket Engine............................... 51 3.2 Monopropellant Rocket Engine........................... 52 3.3 Applications of Engine Cycles........................... 54 3.4 Pressure fed Rocket Engine............................ 55 3.5 Expander combustion cycle............................. 57 3.6 Staged combustion cycle.............................. 58 3.7 Thrust vector control mechanisms......................... 62 3.8 Film cooling mechanisms.............................. 65 4.1 Guidance phases of flight.............................. 69 4.2 Beam rider guidance................................ 71 4.3 Command guidance................................. 72 4.4 Homing guidance.................................. 73 4.5 Active Homing Guidance.............................. 74 4.6 Passive Homing Guidance............................. 74 4.7 Generic missile configuration............................ 77 4.8 Canard tail control and wing configuration..................... 78 4.9 Series staging.................................... 80 v List of Figures vi 4.10 Parallel staging................................... 81 Abbreviations TVC Thrust Vector Control LOX Liquid OXygen LVDT Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine RC Reinforced Concrete vii Symbols Del Elasticity tensor s Stress tensor e Strain tensor Veq Equivalent velocity m˙ Mass flow rate Isp Specific Impulse c Effective exhaust velocity It Total impulse u Exhaust velocity mp Propellant mass me Empty mass Aex Exit Area pex Exhaust pressure PSL−a Ambient pressure at sea level FSL−a Sea level thrust of
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