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Egitto Editore Egypt State Informa- Tion Service (SIS) Egitto Editore Egypt State Informa- tion Service (SIS) Amministratore dele- Indirizzo: 3 El Estad El ,gato Bahary St.، Al Estad Diaa Rashwan Nasr City, Il Cairo Telefono: 02 22617304 Redazione e revisione Fax: 02 22608444 dei testi a cura di Email: feedback@sis. gov.eg Abdel Moety Abo Zaid Sito web: http://www. Capoufficio Media sis.gov.eg Internazionali Le foto riportate nel li- Assistente Redazione bro sono le creazioni di Nabil Bakr diversi artisti e fotogra- fi appartenenti a varie Traduttori epoche storiche, a loro vanno i sinceri ringra- Prof.ssa Marwa Abdel ziamenti della State In- Moneim Tantawy formation Service (SIS) Dott.ssa Sara Shoieb per aver arricchito questa presente pubbli- Visione artistica e cazione nazionale che maquette viene distribuita gratui- Hossam Amin tamente. Direttore artistico Questo libro si distri- Rania Saleh buisce gratuitamente e Soliman Manaa non si vende Merhan Sayed Stampato presso Supervisore della Al-Amiria Press stampa Eman Gafar Cairo 2020 Indice Premessa ........................................................................... 5 Posizione e status ..................................................... 8 - Posizione e superfici........................................ 10 - Geografia, clima ................................................. 11 - Fiori egiziani .......................................................... 12 - Lingua ufficiale .................................................... 14 - Festa nazionale .................................................... 14 - Valuta .............................................................................. 14 - Bandiera egiziana ............................................ 14 - Inno nazionale ...................................................... 14 - Capitale ........................................................................ 15 - Città principali .................................................. 21 - Canale di Suez ...................................................... 25 - Il Nilo .............................................................................. 26 - e l’Alta Diga ............................................................ 27 - Popolazione ............................................................... 28 - Cenni Storici ............................................................ 28 Sistema politico ........................................................ 31 Politica estera ............................................................. 40 Al-Azhar ........................................................................... 43 La Chiesa ......................................................................... 46 Economia ....................................................................... 49 Istruzione ......................................................................... 55 Assistenza sociale ................................................... 58 Cultura e arte .......................................... 77 Archeologia e Turismo .................................... 95 Stampa e mass media ................ 123 Premessa Una lunga storia, un presente prospero e un fu- turo promettente, questo è l’Egitto. Il visitatore della capitale egiziana, il Cairo, può vedere, in un solo giorno, tutte le fasi della storia umana. In effetti, ogni epoca e ogni civiltà hanno lasciato un deposito prezioso sulla sua terra: dalle piramidi alla sfinge dell’antico Egitto; la Fortezza di Babilonia del periodo greco romano; le varie chiese storiche dell’epoca copta; la Cittadella di Saladino, Al-Azhar e i monumenti del Cairo fatimide dell’ep- oca araba islamica; i palazzi di lusso e il Centro del Cairo costruiti durante il Chedivato d’Egitto nel XIX secolo; e infine gli edifici, i palazzi alti e i lussuosi alberghi sulle rive del Nilo, i luoghi d’interesse mod- erni come la torre del Cairo, l’Opera House insieme a tanti altri centri culturali, artistici e creativi, nonché i servizi moderni di trasporto come la rete metropoli- tana che collega la capitale con le diverse periferie vi- cine. Questo è anche il caso delle altre città egiziane, da Alessandria al nord a Luxor e Assuan al sud. L’Egitto è caratterizzato per la sua posizione al centro del mondo, oltre ad avere un popolo mod- erato e aperto a tutte le culture. L’Egitto apre sem- pre le braccia e accoglie tutti i suoi visitatori che vogliono godersi del meraviglioso clima caldo tutto l’anno, delle splendide spiagge sul Mar Rosso e sul Mar Mediterraneo, dei monumenti antichi e moderni e dell’arte creativa, insieme a chi viene alla ricerca di 5 opportunità d’investimento, commercio e cooperazione. In base a questi costanti dati geografici, umani e culturali, l’Egitto ha iniziato negli ultimi anni, una rinascita completa nei campi dell’architettura e della costruzione, in quanto ci sono nuovi cantieri di lav- oro in tutto il paese: nel canale di Suez e la zona cir- costante, nella nuova capitale amministrativa, in Al Alamein sulla spiaggia del Mediterraneo, e in decine di città nuove stabilite sulle rive del Nilo o del mare, o nel cuore del deserto. Questa rinascita globale comprende, anche, im- portanti progetti per costruire nuovi impianti indus- triali, e per migliorare le capacità scientifiche e tec- nologiche dei giovani egiziani, in vista di un futuro più luminoso che collega il presente con la gloriosa storia dell’Egitto. Allo stesso tempo, l’Egitto si è sempre impegnato, sia a livello regionale sia a livello africano e interna- zionale, per il consolidamento della pace, della sta- bilità e della cooperazione costruttiva a beneficio del suo popolo e di tutti gli altri popoli. Questa visione integrata del passato, del presente e del futuro dell’Egitto è ciò che gli autori di questo libro hanno cercato di presentare ai lettori di tutto il mondo nel maggior numero di lingue. 6 7 Egitto: Posizione e status L’Egitto si trova alla confluenza dei continenti del mondo antico: Africa, Asia ed Europa, si affaccia su due mari e due golfi: il Mar Rosso e il Mediterraneo, il Golfo di Suez e il Golfo di Aqaba; questi due mari sono collegati fra loro dal canale di Suez considerato uno dei più importanti canali internazionali. L’Egit- to è un paese intercontinentale: è situato nel nord-est del continente africano, e al contempo si estende in territorio tradizionalmente considerato asiatico, rap- presentato nella penisola del Sinai. Il Paese ha un solo, ma alquanto fondamentale, corso d’acqua, il Nilo, di vitale importanza per tutto il popolo. Data questa posizione geografica unica, l’Eg- itto è ritenuto l’istmo delle tre religioni abramitiche, ed è stato, anche, un punto d’incontro interattivo delle civiltà tra Oriente e Occidente e tra il Nord e il Sud. L’Egitto fu la terra che abbracciò i profeti e il paese dove fecero i loro passi: ci venne Abramo, il padre dei profeti, e si sposò con Agar; ci venne Gi- useppe diventando un ministro e dopo lo segue suo padre Giacobbe; sul Monte Sinai Mosè parlò con Dio; in Egitto fugge la Sacra Famiglia, la Vergine Maria, Gesù Bambino e Giuseppe facendo un viaggio storico benedetto nella sua terra. Dio ha scelto l’Egit- to per essere un rifugio ospitale, un’oasi di pace e un costante punto d’incontro delle religioni monoteiste. Inoltre, nel Corano ci sono cinque versetti in cui è menzionato il nome dell’Egitto sia in modo diretto 8 che indiretto; allo stesso modo, l’Egitto è menzionato 700 volte nella Sacra Bibbia. L’Egitto è stato una culla della civiltà faraonica, una grande incubatrice della civiltà greca e romana, un faro della civiltà copta e un protettore della civiltà islamica; è stato, anche, per secoli un centro d’irradi- azione del pensiero e dell’urbanizzazione, incarnan- do i valori della moderazione, della tolleranza e della convivenza. L’appartenenza dell’Egitto al mondo arabo è uno dei principi più importanti stabiliti negli articoli della Costituzione, dove si sottolinea l’importanza dell’identità araba nella società, nel pensiero e nella politica egiziana. L’Egitto è altrettanto orgoglioso dei suoi legami con i popoli africani cui è legato dai vincoli della fra- ternità ed è parte integrante dell’Africa che vive nei cuori degli egiziani. 9 Posizione e superficie L’Egitto è situato tra le latitudini 22 ° e 32 ° a nord dell’equatore, tra il 24 ° e il 37 ° circa di longitudini a est di Greenwich, si trova nel nord-est del continente africano, con la penisola del Sinai che si estende in territorio asiatico, la superficie è di circa 1.002.000 kmq; l’Egitto è diviso in 27 muhāfaza, o governatora- ti che a sua volta in città, paesi, villaggi, quartieri e comunità urbane. 10 Geografia Il territorio egiziano è in maggioranza pianeg- giante, ad eccezione della parte più montuosa vici- no al Mar Rosso e a quella del Sinai meridionale; il Nilo attraversa l’Egitto da sud verso nord e la valle del Nilo e il suo Delta ospitano la maggior parte della popolazione. Il Clima Il clima egiziano è influenzato da diversi fattori, i più importanti dei quali sono la posizione, la super- ficie, la pressione atmosferica, le aree di bassa pres- sione e i corpi idrici, che hanno contribuito a divi- dere l’Egitto in diverse regioni climatiche distinte. Il clima egiziano si presenta di tipo desertico su quasi tutto il Paese, fatta eccezione per la zona settentrion- ale-mediterranea, dove esso è più temperato, sebbene notevolmente più secco rispetto alla media, con poche piogge in aumento sulla costa d’inverno. Il Nilo 11 Fiori egiziani Fiera dei fiori a Orman Park Gli egiziani hanno conosciuto la coltivazione di molti tipi di fiori grazie ai fertili terreni del Nilo
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