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Kontrolloitu Sopeutuminen. Ortodoksinen Siirtoväki Sotien

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Kontrolloitu Sopeutuminen. Ortodoksinen Siirtoväki Sotien JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 144 Heli Kaarina Kananen Kontrolloitu sopeutuminen Ortodoksinen siirtoväki sotien jälkeisessä Ylä-Savossa (1946–1959) JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 144 Heli Kaarina Kananen Kontrolloitu sopeutuminen Ortodoksinen siirtoväki sotien jälkeisessä Ylä-Savossa (1946-1959) Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Historica-rakennuksen salissa H320 marraskuun 27. päivänä 2010 kello 12. JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2010 Kontrolloitu sopeutuminen Ortodoksinen siirtoväki sotien jälkeisessä Ylä-Savossa (1946-1959) JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 144 Heli Kaarina Kananen Kontrolloitu sopeutuminen Ortodoksinen siirtoväki sotien jälkeisessä Ylä-Savossa (1946-1959) JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2010 Editor Petri Karonen Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Sini Rainivaara Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Editor in Chief Heikki Hanka, Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Karonen, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Matti Rahkonen, Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Petri Toiviainen, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä Tarja Nikula, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Raimo Salokangas, Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Cover picture by Heli Kananen URN:ISBN:978-951-39-4119-2 ISBN 978-951-39-4119-2 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-4070-6 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4331 Copyright © 2010 , by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2010 ABSTRACT Kananen, Heli Kaarina Controlled Integration: Displaced Orthodox Finns in Postwar Upper Savo (1946–1959) Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2010, 318 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities ISSN 1459-4331; 144) ISBN 978-951-39-4119-2 (PDF), 978-951-39-4070-6 (nid.) English summary Diss. This study examines the process of the integration of displaced Orthodox Finns in post- war Upper Savo. Through the development of the situation in Upper Savo, it examines the question of how the evacuees adapted and were integrated back into Finnish soci- ety not only there but also in a broader context. It addresses the inconsistency between the so-called official version of Finnish history and the memories (oral history) of the evacuated Orthodox Karelians. Up to the end of 1990s, the official history portrayed the postwar era of reconstruction almost uniquely as a national success story, and op- posing views and experiences were shut out. “Controlled Integration” offers a new perspective on the question of how Finnish society integrated the otherness that the displaced Orthodox Karelians represented for local communities and consequently also for the national community and collective identity. The source material varies from oral history sources to the archives of the au- thorities that handled the integration at both the local and national levels. The study focuses on the conflict that occurred between the locals and the newcomers, after the latter had had to evacuate their homes and resettle in the remaining part of Finland. The conflict at the grass-roots level can also be understood as an expression of the need for homogeneity that the locals experienced when strangers representing the Orthodox other came into strongly Lutheran societies. A study of how the actions of the local population determined the assimilative and integrative process constitutes the main subject of the beginning of this disserta- tion. However, the analysis is not limited to an examination of local official and unoffi- cial methods of control. The perspective expands to take in the adaptation of the whole local community and the Finnish nation to the postwar situation, which at both the mental and physical levels had permanently altered from the one that existed before the war. It is noteworthy that the mental adaptation to the new situation progressed at the level of local and national collective identities. The integration of groups (the locals and the displaced Karelians) who were initially strange to each other and who were visualized by each other mainly through stereotypical definitions was facilitated not only by an increase in concrete cooperation but also by the construction of a sense of community and commonly shared features of identity and by identification with these. Keywords: acculturation, age of reconstruction, collective identity, coping strategies, displaced persons, identity building, integration, Karelians, naming-calling, oral history, Orthodox, otherness, Russophobia, social control, stereotypes Author’s address Heli Kaarina Kananen Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) FI–40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland [email protected] Supervisors Professor Petri Karonen Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) FI–40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland Professor Kustaa H.J. Vilkuna Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) FI–40014 University of Jyväskylä Finland Reviewers Professor Tapio Hämynen Department of History and Geography Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuun kampus FI–80130 University of Eastern Finland Finland Docent Marko Tikka Department of History and Philosophy Kanslerinrinne 1 FI–33014 University of Tampere Finland Opponents Professor Tapio Hämynen Department of History and Geography Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuun kampus FI–80130 University of Eastern Finland Finland ESIPUHE Mistä on väitöstutkimus tehty? Uteliaisuudesta, luomisen ilosta, johtolangoista, ahaa-elämyksistä. Yksinäisestä puurtamisesta, turhautumisesta, päättymättömistä ajatusket- juista, luomisen tuskasta. Niistä on väitöstutkimus tehty. ******************************** Kohtaamani karjalaiset usein kysyvät, kuinka olen kiinnostunut siirtoväen so- peutumisesta. Selitykseksi he ovat ennakoineet kuulumistani karjalaiseen su- kuun. Henkilökohtainen kytkökseni aihepiiriin toki selittää tutkimuskohteen va- likoitumista. Olen kiuruvetisenä, yläsavolaisena ja suomalaisena lapsuudesta saakka omaksunut käsityksen hyvästä siirtoväen sopeutumisesta, sotien jälkei- sen uudisraivauksen mittavuudesta sekä vallinneesta maahengestä erinäisissä sosiaalisissa tilanteissa. Esiymmärrykseni tutkimusaiheesta on toisin sanoen nojannut empiriaan, kokemukseen paikallisesta ja suomalaisesta todellisuudes- ta, kiuruvetisestä ja kansallisesta identiteetistä. Pohtiessani sidettäni paikallisen identiteetin osaperustaksi nostettuihin asuttamis- ja sopeutumiskertomuksiin tulee väistämättä tunne, että sotien jälkei- sen kauden tulevaisuudenuskoiseen asutus- ja maahenkeen olisi helppo imeytyä mukaan. Tutkimuksessa käsittelemieni myyttisten menneisyyskertomusten ää- rellä on nähtävästi itse kunkin suomalaiset sukujuuret omaavan ja suomalaiseen yhteisöön sosiaalistuneen vaivatonta tuntea ylpeyttä niistä sodat läpi eläneiden sukupolvien saavutuksista, joilla on ollut keskeinen merkitys olemassaolollemme suomalaisina yksilöinä ja eritasoilla vaikuttavina yhteisöinä. Olen kasvaessani myös oppinut pitämään ympäröivän sosiaalisen todelli- suuden perususkomuksia, instituutioita ja merkityksiä luonnollisena. Tästä on seurannut, ettei asuttamistarinaa eli paikallis- ja valtioyhteisön saavutusmyy- tiksi tulkitsemaani suurta kertomusta ole ollut helppo katsoa uudesta näkö- kulmasta. Inkeri Anttilan mukaan yhteisön jäsen useimmiten tyytyy enemmis- tön määrittelemiin ja yhteisössä vakiintuneisiin arvoihin, asenteisiin ja tapoihin sekä sisäistää yhteisön normijärjestelmän. Tutkijanakin voi lopulta saavuttaa vain vajavaisen käsityksen tutkimastaan menneisyydestä, sillä yhteisöjäsenyys estää tutkimuskohteesta riippumatta aina jossain määrin näkemästä oman ajan kulttuurisia itsestäänselvyyksiä; onhan hyvän sopeutumisen kertomus raken- nusaineena myös 2000–luvun alun kiuruvetisten ja vähintään jossain määrin myös muidenkin suomalaisten identiteetissä. Kuitenkin nuo samat, tutkimassani yhteisössä elämäni vuodet (1977-), jot- ka tekevät minusta osan kiuruvetistä, yläsavolaista ja suomalaista, mahdollista- vat sen katselemisen poikkeavasta näkökulmasta. Jäsenyys eri tasojen yhtei- söissä on antanut mahdollisuuden eläytyvään oivaltamiseen ja tilaisuuden hahmottaa yhteyksiä eritasoisten rakenteiden välillä uudella tavalla. Tutkimukset on tehty myös tutkijan saamasta tuesta. Haluankin kiittää kaikkia niitä tahoja, jotka ovat tavalla tai toisella tukeneet tutkimustyötäni ja mahdollis- taneet sen. Olen suorittanut työtäni Jyväskylän yliopiston tutkimusprojektien Maaseutuihmisen selviytymisstrategiat, Rauhan jälkeen jatkunut sota ja Vieraita idästä (128401) suojissa. Erityiskiitos kuuluu emeritusprofessori Toivo Nygårdille, joka uskoi tut- kimusaiheen kantavuuteen ja mahdollisti tutkimuksen käynnistämisen. Suo- men historian professorit Petri Karonen ja Kustaa H.J. Vilkuna osoittivat pitkä- mielisyyttä ohjatessaan työskentelyäni kärsivällisesti ja monin eri tavoin tukien koko prosessia. Kiitos esitarkastajille ja vastaväittäjälle. Tutkimusta ovat eri vaiheissa kommentoineet ja siten edistäneet tutki- muksen rakenteen jäntevöitymistä tohtorikoulutettavakollegat Katariina Husso, Juha Järvelä, Juha Riikonen ja Pasi Saarimäki. Kehityskeskusteluista kiitokset myös Jyväskylän yliopiston historian ja etnologian laitoksen tutkijaseminaari- laisille ja tutkijakollegoille. Tärkeiksi olen kokenut myös karjalaisiin sukuihin syntyneiden henkilöiden kanssa käymäni keskustelut ja niiden oheistuotteena muodostamani huomiot siitä, etten ehkä sittenkään ole ollut hakoteillä.
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