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Gender, Remittances and Asset Accumulation in Ecuador and Ghana

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Gender, Remittances and Asset Accumulation in Ecuador and Ghana www.flacsoandes.edu.ec DISCUSSION PAPER GENDER, REMITTANCES AND ASSET ACCUMULATION IN ECUADOR AND GHANA CARMEN DIANA DEERE WITH GINA ALVARADO, ABENA D. ODURO AND LOUIS BOAKYE-YIADOM New York, June 2015 © 2015 UN Women. All rights reserved. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women, the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations. Paper prepared for the Economic Empowerment Section, UN Women, New York, under the TOR “Evidence-Based Policy Paper on Gender, Remittances and Development.” Carmen Diana Deere is Distinguished Professor of Latin American Studies and Food & Resource Economics, University of Florida; Gina Alvarado is Gender and Evaluation Specialist, International Center for Research on Women; and Abena D. Oduro and Louis Boakye-Yiadom are Senior Lecturers in Economics, University of Ghana. Design: DammSavage ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the UN Women’s Economic Empowerment Section, particularly Yass- ine Fall, Jean D’Cunha and Mamadou Bobo Diallo, and to Gioconda Herrera and Ana Margheritis, for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. We also appreciate the assistance and advice of Zachary B. Catanzarite with the Ecuador analysis. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 5.2 Who remits to whom and decides on their use 21 5.3 The uses of current remittances 21 5.4 21 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: GENDER, ASSET Remittances in kind ACCUMULATION AND MIGRATION 2 5.5 Summary 21 2.1 Asset accumulation and women’s economic 21 autonomy and empowerment 6. THE ACQUISITION OF ASSETS WITH 2.2 The conditions for asset accumulation by REMITTANCES IN ECUADOR AND GHANA migrant women 21 6.1 The incidence of remittances in the acquisition of assets 21 6.2 3. WHAT DO WE KNOW? REMITTERS, RECIPIENTS The incidence of remittance use by location and 21 AND THE USE OF REMITTANCES 3 gender of the migrant 6.3 The ownership of assets purchased with remittances 21 3.1 Migration and remittances in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa 21 6.4 Summary 21 3.2 Who are the remitters? 21 3.3 Who are the recipients? 21 7. RETURN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND STATE POLICY 3.4 The use of remittances 21 7.1 Planning for the return home 21 3.5 The role of remittances in business development 21 7.2 Return migration to Ecuador 21 3.6 Summary 21 7.3 Return migration policies 21 4. CONTEXT AND METHODS: ECUADOR AND GHANA 4 8. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 4.1 Migration and remittances in Ecuador 21 8.1 Main findings 21 4.2 Migration and remittances in Ghana 21 8.2 Methodological contributions and limitations 21 4.3 The household asset surveys 21 8.3 Policy implications and recommendations 21 4.4 Migrants with economic relations to their households of origin 21 References 5. CURRENT REMITTANCES AND THEIR USE IN ECUADOR Endnotes 5.1 The global financial crisis and the reduction in remittances 21 gender, remittances and asset accumulation in ecuador and ghana 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AMCO Área Metropolitana Centro Occidente (Metropolitan Area of the Central West [Colombia]) EAFF Encuesta de Activos FLACSO-Florida (Ecuador Household Asset Survey) ECV Encuestas Condiciones de Vida (Living Standard Survey [Ecuador]) FLACSO Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences) GDP Gross Domestic Product GHAS Ghana Household Asset Survey GLSS Ghana Living Standard Survey IDB Inter-American Development Bank IIUD Institute for International Urban Development IOM International Organization for Migration OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SENAMI Secretaría Nacional del Migrante (National Secretariat of the Migrant [Ecuador]) UN-INSTRAW United Nations International Research and Training Centre for the Advancement of Women gender, remittances and asset accumulation in ecuador and ghana 4 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Incidence of property ownership in country Table 4.6 Households with economic relations to of origin, by sex, Latin American and Afri- migrants, by wealth quintile and location can immigrants in Spain of migrants, Ecuador and Ghana Table 3.1 The propensity to remit and median remit- Table 5.1 Distribution of migrants according to tance, by sex, Latin American and African remittance behaviour during 2009–2010, immigrants in Spain by sex and location, Ecuador Table 3.2 Remittance transactions of female immi- Table 5.2 Average amount remitted during 2009– grants in Spain, by country of origin, 2006 2010, by sex and location of the remitter, Ecuador Table 3.3 Share of individuals who receive inter- national remittances and gender of the Table 5.3 Changes in remittance patterns during recipients, Latin America 2009–2010 compared to previous year, by sex and location of remitter, Ecuador Table 3.4 Share of individuals who receive interna- tional or internal remittances and gender Table 5.4 Sex and location of the remitter and sex of of the recipients, Africa the recipient, Ecuador Table 3.5 Uses of remittances as reported by the Table 5.5 Sex and location of the remitter by rela- recipient, Latin America tionship to the person who receives the remittance, Ecuador Table 3.6 Distribution of the value of remittances, by use and the gender of the recipient and Table 5.6 Incidence of formal savings accounts, remitter, Guatemala, 2007 remittance recipients vs. non-recipients, by sex, Ecuador Table 4.1 Indicators of gender inequality, Ecuador and Ghana Table 5.7 Recipients and administrators of remit- tances, by sex and location of the remitter, Table 4.2 Distribution of households with eco- Ecuador nomic relations to migrants, by urban and rural locale of household and location of Table 5.8 Sex of the administrator of remittances, by migrants, Ecuador and Ghana sex and location of the remitter, Ecuador Table 4.3 Current migrants with economic relations Table 5.9 Incidence of receiving instructions, by sex to households, by sex and location, Ecuador of the administrator and sex and location and Ghana of the remitter, Ecuador Table 4.4 Current migrants with economic relations Table 5.10 Average amount received by administra- to households, by level of education, sex tors from all remitters, by whether they and location, Ecuador and Ghana receive instructions and by sex of the administrator, Ecuador Table 4.5 Current migrants with economic relations to households, by marital status, sex and Table 5.11 Distribution of number of uses of remit- location, Ecuador and Ghana tances, by sex and location of the remitters, Ecuador gender, remittances and asset accumulation in ecuador and ghana 5 Table 5.12 Use of the remittances by sex and destina- Table 6.6 Incidence of acquisition of assets by tion of remitter, Ecuador international migrant households with remittances, by sex of migrant who remit- Table 5.13 Distribution of assets purchased with cur- ted, Ecuador rent remittances, by sex and location of remitters, Ecuador Table 6.7 Incidence of acquisition of assets by inter- nal migrant households with remittances, Table 5.14 Incidence of recipients acquiring assets by sex of migrants who remitted, Ecuador with current remittances, by sex and loca- tion of remitter, Ecuador Table 6.8 Migrant households that acquired the asset with remittances as a share of house- Table 5.15 Incidence of recipients acquiring assets holds who own, by destination, Ghana with current remittances, by sex of recipi- ents and location of remitter, Ecuador Table 6.9 Incidence of purchase of assets by international migrant households with Table 5.16 Incidence of administrators acquiring remittances, by sex of migrant who remit- assets with current remittances, by sex ted, Ghana of administrator and location of remitter, Ecuador Table 6.10 Incidence of purchase of assets by internal migrant households with remittances, by Table 5.17 Incidence of administrators acquiring sex of migrant who remitted, Ghana assets with current remittances who receive instructions, by sex of administra- Table 6.11 Type and sex of owner of principal tor and location of remitter, Ecuador residence, by sex of all migrants who con- tributed remittances, Ecuador Table 5.18 Percentage of migrants who gift in kind, 2009–2010, Ecuador Table 6.12 Type and sex of owner of principal residences, by sex of all migrants who con- Table 5.19 Distribution by type of gifts in kind, by sex tributed remittances, Ghana and location of the remitter, Ecuador Table 6.13 Type and sex of owner of businesses, by Table 6.1 Acquisition of assets with the use of remit- sex of all migrants who contributed remit- tances, all households, Ecuador tances, Ghana Table 6.2 Acquisition of assets with the use of remit- Table 6.14 Type and sex of owners of consumer tances, all households, Ghana durables, by sex of all migrants who con- Table 6.3 Acquisition of assets with the use of tributed remittances, Ecuador remittances, by households with current Table 6.15 Type and sex of owners of consumer migrants, Ecuador durables, by sex of all migrants who con- Table 6.4 Acquisition of assets with the use of tributed remittances, Ghana remittances, by households with current Table 6.16 Type and sex of owners of savings, by sex of migrants, Ghana all migrants who contributed remittances, Table 6.5 Migrant households that acquired the Ecuador asset with remittances as share of house- Table 7.1 Homeownership by returned migrants, by holds who own, by destination of the sex, Ecuador migrant, Ecuador gender, remittances and asset accumulation in ecuador and ghana 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper explores whether women—as migrants or recipients of remittances—are able to accumulate physical and financial assets on par with men and, if not, the gendered constraints to this process.
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