La Politica Industriale Nel Settore Della Difesa

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La Politica Industriale Nel Settore Della Difesa CENTRO ALTI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PER LA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Claudio Catalano La politica industriale nel settore della Difesa con particolare riferimento ad un quadro completo e sistematico dell'industria italiana dell'Aerospazio e Difesa quale assetto strategico nazionale di primaria importanza per le capacità operative delle Forze Armate ( codice AI-SA-27 ) 1 ∞ CENTRO ALTI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PER LA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Claudio Catalano La politica industriale nel settore della Difesa con particolare riferimento ad un quadro completo e sistematico dell’industria italiana dell’Aerospazio e Difesa quale assetto strategico nazionale di primaria importanza per la capacità operative delle Forze Armate (codice AI-SA-27) La politica industriale nel settore della Difesa con particolare riferimento ad un quadro completo e sistematico dell’industria italiana dell’Aerospazio e Difesa quale assetto strategico nazionale di primaria importanza per la capacità operative delle Forze Armate NOTA DI SALVAGUARDIA Quanto contenuto in questo volume riflette esclusivamente il pensiero dell’autore, e non quello del Ministero della Difesa né delle eventuali Istituzioni militari e/o civili alle quali l’autore stesso appartiene. NOTE Le analisi sono sviluppate utilizzando informazioni disponibili su fonti aperte. Questo volume è stato curato dal Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Direttore Amm. Div. Mario Caruso Vice Direttore Capo Dipartimento Relazioni Internazionali Col. A.A.r.n.n. Pil. (AM) Marco Francesco D’ASTA Progetto grafico Massimo Bilotta - Roberto Bagnato Autore Claudio CATALANO Stampato dalla tipografia del Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Dipartimento Relazioni Internazionali Palazzo Salviati Piazza della Rovere, 83 - 00165 – Roma tel. 06 4691 3204 - fax 06 6879779 e-mail [email protected] Stampata a novembre 2016 ISBN 978-88-99468-26-2 INDICE LA POLITICA INDUSTRIALE NEL SETTORE DELLA DIFESA CON PARTICOLARE RIFERIMENTO AD UN QUADRO COMPLETO E SISTEMATICO DELL’INDUSTRIA ITALIANA DELL’AEROSPAZIO E DIFESA QUALE ASSETTO STRATEGICO NAZIONALE DI PRIMARIA IMPORTANZA PER LE CAPACITÀ OPERATIVE DELLE FORZE ARMATE SOMMARIO pag. 4 ABSTRACT pag. 5 Parte I Concetti generali pag. 6 Capitolo 1 – Il ruolo dello Stato e il consolidamento industriale europeo pag. 7 Capitolo 2 – Indipendenza tecnologica e collaborazione pag. 15 Capitolo 3 Libro Bianco: competenze sovrane e collaborative pag. 20 Parte II Quadro complessivo europeo pag. 27 Capitolo 4 Politiche industriali nazionali pag. 28 - Regno Unito pag.28 - Francia pag.32 - Germania pag.37 - Svezia pag.41 - Spagna pag.45 - Polonia pag.48 - Finlandia pag.53 - Belgio e Paesi Bassi pag.56 Capitolo 5 La cooperazione intergovernativa pag.60 2 Parte III Quadro di riferimento industria AD&S italiana pag.71 Capitolo 6 Panorama industria AD&S italiana pag.72 Capitolo 7 Posizione industria AD&S italiana in Europa e nel mondo pag.78 Capitolo 8 Competenze sovrane e collaborative nei programmi di armamento pag.82 Capitolo 9 Mercati emergenti negli armamenti pag.94 Capitolo 10 – Conclusioni pag. 105 Annessi pag.116 Abbreviazioni ed acronimi pag. 137 Bibliografia pag. 141 NOTA SUL Ce.Mi.S.S. e NOTA SULL' AUTORE pag. 146 3 SOMMARIO La politica industriale nel settore della Difesa con particolare riferimento ad un quadro completo e sistematico dell’industria italiana dell’Aerospazio e Difesa quale assetto strategico nazionale di primaria importanza per le capacità operative delle Forze Armate Il presente lavoro intende fornire una valutazione qualitativa dell’industria Aerospazio, Difesa e Sicurezza e della politica industriale nazionale del settore difesa. Si avrà particolare riguardo al controllo dello Stato attraverso la struttura azionaria degli assetti societari (pubblici, privati o esteri), dell’indipendenza o dipendenza tecnologica di un sistema paese e quindi del trade off tra sovranità e collaborazione negli investimenti in tecnologia per ottenere capacità militari, attraverso competenze sovrane o collaborative. La prima parte identificherà i concetti generali del ruolo dello Stato nel settore, con l’identificazione della domanda e dell’offerta, i modelli di controllo statale e il consolidamento dell’industria AD&S europea degli ultimi 15 anni. Si tratterà dei concetti di indipendenza tecnologica e di converso della reciproca dipendenza, che è alla base della collaborazione multinazionale negli armamenti, citando esempi vari della prassi. I concetti di indipendenza e reciproca dipendenza servono a introdurre la questione delle competenze tecnologiche distintive sovrane e collaborative, oltre alla necessità di competenze esortative per la competizione nei mercati emergenti. La seconda parte consiste in una rassegna delle principali politiche industriali della difesa in Europa e della cooperazione intergovernativa, sia dal punto di vista degli accordi tra Stati, che degli enti, organi e agenzie per la cooperazione negli armamenti in ambito europeo e NATO, nonché degli approcci nazionali in materia. La terza parte riguarda l’Italia e il panorama dell’industria ADS, le principali aziende, il tessuto industriale, gli assetti proprietari (meglio descritti nell’annesso), il posizionamento mondiale e le principali competenze sovrane e collaborative dell’Italia, analizzate in dettaglio. Chiude la terza parte una riflessione sulla prassi dei paesi europei delle esportazioni nei mercati emergenti. La conclusione identifica il posizionamento del sistema Italia in Europa, eventuali proposte di collaborazione e le migliori prassi nella collaborazione internazionale e nei mercati emergenti. La metodologia seguita è quella dell’analisi delle fonti aperte, non sono state utilizzate fonti riservate o classificate, né dello Stato, né di singole aziende. 4 ABSTRACT The present work aims at providing a qualitative assessment of Aerospace, Defence and Security Industry and the national industrial policy of the defense sector. It will have particular regard to the State control through the shareholding structure (public, private or foreign), the technological dependence or independence of a country and therefore the trade off between sovereignty and cooperation in investments in technology for military capabilities through sovereign or collaborative capabilities. The first section will identify the general concepts of the role of the State in AD&S, with the identification of the supply and the demand, the models of State control and a description of the European consolidation of AD&S Industry in the last 15 years. It will introduce the concepts of technological independence and mutual dependence, the latter being the basis of cooperation in collaborative armaments programmes, thus assessing case-studies of the international practice. The concepts of independence and mutual dependence are utilised to introduce the issue of sovereign and collaborative capabilities, and the technological skills required to export in emerging markets. The second section consists of an overview of the main national defence policies in Europe and the Intergovernmental cooperation, both in terms of the bilateral and multilateral agreements and institutions, bodies and agencies for armaments cooperation in the Europe and NATO, as well as the national approaches. The third section deals with the Italian AD&S industry scenario, by describing major companies, the industrial landscape, the ownership structures (these are described in detail in the annex), Italian companies in the world ranking, and eventually a detailed description of sovereign and collaborative capabilities. A study on lessons learned on case-studies of European armaments exports in emerging markets closes this section. The conclusion identifies the positioning of the Italian country-system in Europe, and it advances proposals for collaboration and best practice in international cooperation and in emerging markets. The methodology used is the open sources analysis, confidential or classified sources of State or of individual companies have not been utilised. 5 PARTE I CONCETTI GENERALI 6 Il ruolo dello Stato e il consolidamento 1 industriale europeo Il mercato del settore AD&S è costituito dalla domanda, ovvero lo Stato rappresentato dal governo, e dall’offerta costituita dalle imprese operanti nel settore, la cosiddetta industria AD&S. È per legge un monopsonio, perché in Italia solo lo Stato può possedere armamenti, per cui accentra in sé tutta la domanda di beni.1 Il monopsonista definisce il prezzo del mercato, ma lo Stato pone le regole stesse del mercato, attraverso l’attività normativa, nonché le specifiche dei beni, attraverso i requisiti militari. Lo Stato crea la domanda di beni attraverso due tradizionali attività sovrane di indirizzo politico, la politica di difesa e la politica di bilancio, per mezzo del bilancio difesa e degli altri dicasteri collegati al settore AD&S e alla R&S militare o a duplice uso. Nell’ambito della politica di difesa, la politica industriale della difesa si esplica nell’indirizzo delle attività di studio, R&S, acquisizione e produzione finalizzate a dotare le FFAA dei mezzi e materiali necessari, attraverso la definizione di requisiti militari. Nella politica industriale rientrano anche le iniziative poste in atto sia per esigenze di sicurezza, sia per la salvaguardia e lo sviluppo del “sistema Paese” e dell‘Industria nazionale. Dal lato dell’offerta, l’industria AD&S fornisce le soluzioni tecnologiche per i requisiti militari. Oltre all’industria AD&S propriamente detta, concorrono
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