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Sudán, País De Contrastes SUDÁN, PAíS DE CONTRASTES Leopoldo García García General de brigada. Gobierno Sudán inició el año 1998, con unos debates en la Asamblea Nacional sobre la inclusión del derecho al multipartidismo en una nueva Constitución, según informó el periódico lon- dinense Al-h’ayat. Podíamos estar ante una maniobra gubernamental, para separar al Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Sudán (SPLA), de su rama política, el Movimiento de Liberación de los Pueblos de Sudán (SPLM) y de otras formaciones de la oposición, La nueva Constitución, si se concreta, debería ser sometida a referéndum y no sería extraño que, antes de dar ese paso, el Gobierno sometiera el proyecto a la consideración del SPLA, para intentar el apoyo de la población del sur. Las diferencias políticas entre estudiantes y más particularmente en la Universidad El-Nilein, pasaron de las aulas a la calle con fuertes enfrentamientos, que hicieron nece- saria la intervención de la Policía. Esta vez la chispa fue el proceso de elección de los car- gos directivos de la Unión de Estudiantes, que dio la victoria a los estudiantes proguber- namentales. En otras ocasiones el motivo es una exposición de libros cristianos o los ataques verbales o físicos entre estudiantes. A finales de enero del año 1998, el Partido de la Ummah celebró su convención en la capi- tal de Eritrea, Asmara. Algunos oradores pusieron el énfasis en las riquezas que se podrían perder si el sur de Sudán fuera independiente, mientras que otros se centraron en la importancia de la religión en la política. Las conclusiones sobre los dos problemas prin- cipales: las relaciones Norte-Sur y el papel constitucional y político de la religión, no fue- ron alentadoras. El dia 12 de febrero de 1998, en un accidente de aviación, perdió la vida el primer vice- presidente del Gobierno, Al-Zubair Mohamed Saleh, junto con otras 13 personas, cuando se dirigían hacia el sur de Sudán. El presidente Bashir aprovechó la ocasión para reajustar su Gabinete, como parte de los esfuerzos del Gobierno -dominado por los islamistas- para preparar el terreno a las conversaciones de paz con los rebeldes y la celebración del referéndum de la posible nueva Constitución. Aunque hubo un reajuste general, la realidad es que los puestos claves siguieron domi- nados por los islamistas, dejando sin tocara los Ministerios de Asuntos Exteriores e Inte- rior. No obstante, Hassan Abdel-Rahman Ali fue sustituido en la cartera de Defensa por Ibrahim Suleymán, quien había sido jefe de Estado Mayor de la Defensa, durante más de - 43 - dos años, hasta el año 1997, año de su retiro. El nuevo ministro de Sanidad es Mahdi Babu Nimir, un ex jefe de Estado Mayor. Sustituye a Ilhsan al-Ghabshawi. Otro nuevo en el Gabinete ha sido Sharif al-Tuhami, un ex ministro de Energía, depuesto por el presi- dente Numeiri, que ha sido nombrado ministro de Hidráulica. Ambos en su momento, fue- ron miembros del Partido de la Ummah. El puesto de gobernador del Banco Central será ocupado por Sabir Mohammed al-Hassan, quien previamente fue ministro de Finanzas. Sabir recientemente -año 1998- estuvo en Washington, donde mantuvo conversacio- nes con el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), para reabrir una oficina de este orga- nismo en Jartum y para retrasar cualquier medida punitiva, por lo menos en un año. El ex gobernador del Banco Central, Abdallah Hassan Ahmed ha sido nombrado ministro de Cooperación Internacional e Inversiones. El nuevo Gobierno de Sudán, anunciado el 8 de marzo de 1998, fue el siguiente: - Presidente de la R$?pública: Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir. Gabinete: - Primer vicepresidente: Ali Osman Mohammed Taha. - Vicepresidente: George Kongor. - Interior (sin cambio): Abdul-Rahim Mohammad Hussein. - Defensa: Ibrahim Suleymán. - Asuntos Exteriores (sin cambio): Mustafa Osman Ismail. - Asuntos Presidenciales: Bakri Hassan Salih. - Relaciones Federales: Abdul Wahab Osman. - Cooperación Internacional e Inversiones (nuevo): Abdallah Hassan Ahmed. - Educación e Investigación Científica (sin cambio): Ibrahim Ahmed Omar. - Turismo y Medio Ambiente (sin cambio): Mohammed Tahir Eila. - Energía y Minas (sin cambio): Awad Ahmed.al-Jaz. - Cultura e Información: Ghazi Salah al-Din Ataban¡. - Agricultura y Bosques: Nafie Ali Nafie. - Planificación Social: Al-Tayib Ibrahim Mohammed Kheir. - Sanidad: Mahdi Babu Nimir. - Recursos Hidráulicos e Irrigación: Abdul Basit Sabdarat. - Justicia: Ali Mohammed Osman Yassin. - Comercio (sin cambio): Osman al-Hadi Ibrahim. - Transporte: Lam Akol. - Industria (sin cambio): Badr al-Din Suleiman. - Servicios Públicos: Agnes Lukudo. - Carreteras y Comunicaciones (sin cambio): Al-Hadi Bushra. - Aviación: Hamid Mohammad Ali Turain. - Ganadería: Joseph Malwal. - Gobernador del Estado de Jartum: Majzub Alkhalifa. - Relaciones con la Asamblea: Abdul Gassim Mohammad Ibrahim. - Asuntos del Gabinete: Mohammad al-Amin Khalifa. - Ministro de Estado de Defensa: Ibrahim Shamseddin. Si Hassan Turabi es el número uno de Frente Nacional Islámico (FNI), Ali Osman Moham- mad Taha es el número dos y Nafi Ali Nafi es el número tres. - 44 - Los debates de la Asamblea Nacional siguieron pero, hubo un giro en el sentido de que, ya no se trataba de considerar la formación de partidos políticos, sino simplemente de ofrecer un amplio abanico de libertades. No había fecha para el referéndum, pero no se esperaba que fuera antes de las conversaciones con los rebeldes, programadas para el mes de abril de 1998 en Kenia. El texto del anteproyecto de Constitución contemplaba la libertad de formar asociaciones políticas y sociales, prohibidas en Sudán desde el año 1989. Pero, sometidas a tcontro- les que prevengan los conflictos, así como la influencia y la financiación extranjeras>. El texto definía un régimen presidencialista en el que el jefe del Estado seria elegido por sufragio universal y una Administración de Justicia independiente. Contemplaba una liber- tad de creencias, sin atentar a las de los demás y una libertad de expresión, que excluía la difamación. El día 2 de abril de 1998, se tuvo conocimiento de que un barco con desertores, que habían huido del campamento de Ailefun -30 kilómetros al sur de Jartum- se había hundido con un balance de 55 muertos y 260 desaparecidos. Se promulgó un decreto presidencial trasladando el servicio militar obligatorio al final de los estudios universita- rios, en lugar de hacerlo al final de los estudios de bachillerato. A final del mes de abril de 1998, una disposición emanada del ministro de Estado de Defensa hacía obligatorio el certificado de haber cumplido el Servicio Nacional <(para obtener un empleo en el sector público o privado,>. El coordinador general del Servicio Nacional declaró a primeros de junio, que, no obstante el decreto presidencial, 100.000 nuevos bachilleres serían enrolados a partir del día 6 de julio, de acuerdo con el sistema establecido en el mes de mayo de 1997. En Jartum se distribuyeron panfletos, firmados por la Unión de Mujeres y la Unión de la Juventud Suda- nesa, movimientos prohibidos a partir del año 1989, en los que se atacaba al sistema de reclutamiento de estudiantes. Ante el movimiento de deserción, se creó un tribunal espe- cial para juzgar a los desertores. Entre los días 4 y el 6 de mayo de 1998, representantes del SPLA y del Gobierno de reu- nieron en Nairobi, para hablar de paz, aunque con unas perspectivas muy sombrías. Las primeras sesiones se dedicaron, como siempre, a hacerse reproches y descalificaciones. Un portavoz del SPIA acusó a Jartum de utilizar las ayudas alimenticias como ((arma de guerra,,, mientras que las agencias humanitarias agitaban la amenaza de un hambre catastrófica en el sur del país, Desde el fracaso de las negociaciones de noviembre de 1997, las dos partes no habían planteado las dos cuestiones candentes: la relación de la religión y el Estado y la autodeterminación del sur. La delegación gubernamental estaba presidida por el ministro sudanés de Asuntos Exte- riores, Mustafa Osman Ismail, prueba de la importancia que el Gobierno sudanés conce- día a esta reunión. Por su parte, el ministro keniata de Asuntos Exteriores, Bonaya Godana, insistió sobre el [[hambre provocada por la guerra)> e insistió sobre la necesidad de que se encontrara una solución a la guerra que duraba ya 16 años. Al final, las dos delegaciones llegaron al acuerdo de celebrar, en un plazo de cuatro arios, un referéndum para la autodeterminación del sur, pero no se llegaron a definir las fronte- ras, ni se pusieron de acuerdo sobre el tema de la religión y el Estado. No era la primera - 45 - vez que se llegaba al acuerdo de la celebración de un referéndum de autodeterminación del sur de Sudán, pero luego no se llevaba a efecto. Esta vez el tema no pasaría de ser un proceso de intenciones. De igual manera, el plazo de cuatro años llegó un momento en que el sur consideró que era muy largo y se cambió a dos años. Al parecer, Jartum había propuesto la celebración de otra conferencia para decretar un alto-el-fuego, con la finalidad de aportar la ayuda alimenticia, pero el SPLA deseaba una tregua negociada por separado. La delegación gubernamental comunicó a la representación del SPL4 el proyecto de Constitución, que se iba a someter a referéndum. Por su parte, el SPLA planteó el tema de la composición del sur de Sudán, que en su opinión comprendía las provincias de Bahr el-Ghazal, Equatoria y Alto Nilo, mientras que Jartum era partidario de dejarlo en las fron- teras establecidas en la independencia de 1956. Al parecer, era la primera vez que se planteaba t:te tema, que con el tiempo, se iría modificando por el ~~apetito~~del SPLA. El ministro keniata de Asuntos Exteriores, Bonaya Godana, comunicó que se había Ile- gado al acuerdo de mantener nuevas conversaciones de paz, en un plazo de tres meses. En el mes de marzo de 1998, la Asamblea Nacional adoptó la nueva Constitución, que fue sometida a referéndum popular, primero en el país y después en Jartum.
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