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Darfur Destroyed (2004) About the authors Julie Flint is a journalist and film-maker. She divides her time between London and the Middle East. She has worked in countries ranging from Colombia to China and has won several awards. She has been writing about Sudan since 1992, initially as Horn of Africa correspondent for the Guardian and later as a freelance jounalist with a special interest in human rights. Her work includes the BBC film Sudan’s Secret War (1995), The Scorched Earth (2000) and Darfur Destroyed (2004). Alex de Waal is a programme director at the Social Science Research Council, a fellow of the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative and a director of Justice Africa. His books include Famine that Kills: Darfur, Sudan (1989), Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa (1997), Islamism and Its En- emies in the Horn of Africa (2004) and AIDS and Power: Why There is No Political Crisis – Yet (2006). African Arguments African Arguments is a series of short books about Africa today. Aimed at the growing number of students and general readers who want to know more about the continent, these books highlight many of the longer-term strategic as well as immediate political issues confronting the African continent. They get to the heart of why Africa is the way it is and how it is changing. The books are scholarly but engaged, substantive as well as topical. Series editors alex de waal, Social Science Research Council richard dowden, Executive Director, Royal African Society Editorial board emmanuel akyeampong, Harvard University tim allen, London School of Economics and Political Science akwe amosu, Open Society Institute breyten breytenbach, Gorée Institute craig calhoun, Social Science Research Council peter da costa, journalist and development specialist william gumede, journalist and author alcinda honwana, Open University abdul mohammed, InterAfrica Group robert molteno, editor and publisher Titles already published Julie Flint and Alex de Waal, Darfur: A Short History of a Long War Tim Allen, Trial Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Lord’s Resistance Army Alex de Waal, AIDS and Power: Why There is No Political Crisis – Yet Raymond W. Copson, The United States in Africa: Bush Policy and Beyond Chris Alden, China in Africa Tom Porteous, Britain in Africa Forthcoming Jonathan Glennie, Aid and Africa: Getting it Right Peter Uvin, Life after Violence: A People’s Story of Burundi Published by Zed Books and the IAI with the support of the following organizations: InterAfrica Group The InterAfrica Group is the regional centre for dialogue on issues of development, democracy, conflict resolution and humanitarianism in the Horn of Africa. It was founded in 1988 and is based in Addis Ababa, with programmes supporting democracy in Ethiopia and partnership with the African Union and IGAD. <www.sas. upenn.edu/African_Studies/ Hornet/menu_Intr_Afr.html> International African Institute The International African Institute’s principal aim is to promote scholarly understanding of Africa, notably its changing societies, cultures and languages. Founded in 1926 and based in London, it supports a range of seminars and publications including the journal Africa. <www.internationalafricaninstitute.org> Justice Africa Justice Africa initiates and supports African civil society activities in support of peace, justice and demo cracy in Africa. Founded in 1999, it has a range of activities relating to peace in the Horn of Africa, HIV/AIDS and democracy, and the African Union. <www. justiceafrica.org> Royal African Society Now more than a hundred years old, the Royal African Society today is Britain’s leading organization pro moting Africa’s cause. Through its journal, African Affairs, and by organ izing meetings, discussions and other activities, the society strengthens links between Africa and Britain and encourages understanding of Africa and its relations with the rest of the world. <www.royalafricansociety.org> Social Science Research Council The Social Science Research Council brings much-needed expert knowledge to public issues. Founded in 1923 and based in New York, it brings together researchers, prac titioners and policymakers in every continent. <www.ssrc.org> julie flint & alex de waal Darfur: a new history of a long war revised and updated edition Zed Books london | new york in association with International African Institute Royal African Society Social Science Research Council Darfur: a new history of a long war was first published in association with the International African Institute, the Royal African Society and the Social Science Research Council in 2008 by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London n1 9jf, uk and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010, usa www.zedbooks.co.uk www.internationalafricaninstitute.org www.royalafricansociety.org www.ssrc.org Copyright © Julie Flint and Alex de Waal, 2008 The right of Julie Flint and Alex de Waal to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accord ance with the Copy- right, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. Cover designed by Rogue Four Design Set in OurType Arnhem and Futura Bold by Ewan Smith, London index: <[email protected]> Printed and bound in the United States by RR Donnelley, Harrisonburg, VA and in Malta by Gutenberg Ltd. Distributed in the usa exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin’s Press, llc, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library us cip data are available from the Library of Congress isbn 978 1 84277 949 1 hb isbn 978 1 84277 950 7 pb Contents Acknowledgements | viii Preface to the second edition | ix Maps: Sudan| xiii, Darfur | xiv 1 The people of Darfur . 1 2 The Sudan government . 16 3 The Janjawiid . 33 4 The rebels. 71 5 A war of total destruction, 2003–04 . 116 6 Wars within wars, 2005–06 . 150 7 International reaction . 167 8 The Abuja peace talks . 200 9 Endless chaos . 230 Chronology | 277 Glossary | 281 Dramatis personae | 283 Notes | 288 Bibliography | 307 Index | 311 Acknowledgements This book was possible because of the extensive co- operation and sharing of insights by a large number of people from Darfur and elsewhere in Sudan. Many of these must remain unnamed, at least for now. We extend special gratitude to many individuals in all parts of Darfur who extended hospitality despite their own hardships. Hafiz Ismail and Sid Ahmed Bilal translated documents and interviews. Airserv provided many kindnesses in Chad. Phil Cox, Olivier Jobard and Jérôme Tubiana graciously let us use some of their photographs. Lars Bromley made superb maps. The first edition of this book was funded by a grant from the Ford Foundation to Justice Africa. The second edition benefited from support from the UK Department for International Development, IDEA and several NGOs, all with long traditions of stand- ing in solidarity with suffering people, which prefer to remain anonymous. Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. viii Preface to the second edition This is a new history of Darfur’s war. Since the publication of the 2005 edition of this book, the war has been continuous, and we recount three additional years of conflict, suffering and attempts to bring peace. This new edition is also an expanded history of the origins of the war, and we have revised chapters 3, 4 and 5 to include fresh perspectives and important new detail about how the war was fought during the years of fire and carnage of 2003–04. New information comes from original research, includ- ing investigations by the authors on both sides of the battle lines in 2007, and personal engagement in key episodes including the Abuja peace negotiations, efforts to press the rebels towards unity, and activism in support of human rights. Many aspects of Darfur’s crisis were only summarily dealt with in the first edition. Some of those gaps have been remedied. Among them are a greater examination of the plight of the Arabs, whose war-affected civilians are the forgotten victims of the conflict; a fuller account of the conduct of the rebels, especially the forces of Minni Minawi; and more detail on the SPLA’s role in the early stages of the war. Much has happened in the years since the first edition was completed. The rebel groups have disintegrated. Darfur’s Arabs have begun to assert their in- dependence from the government. A peace agreement was born, and died, in Abuja. The African Union Mission in Sudan failed to fulfil the hopes invested in it and a sustained activist campaign has brought a ‘protection force’ of UN troops to Darfur in place of AMIS. Each of these developments is examined in this second edition. Many people, episodes and even words in the recent history of Darfur are controversial. The roles played by many of the protagonists of the current crisis – men such as Abdel Wahid al ix Nur, Minni Minawi, Khalil Ibrahim and Ali Osman Taha – are fiercely debated. Others, such as Musa Hilal and Majzoub al Preface Khalifa, have been widely condemned for the roles they played. We explore more deeply their motivations and actions. We have listened to civilians, fighters, politicians and supporters of all the warring parties and where possible we quote them directly, allowing the reader to judge them from their own words. Episodes such as the attack on al Fasher airport, the attempts to unify the Sudan Liberation Army and the conclusion of the Abuja peace talks are also debated, often acrimoniously. We present the facts as we know them, after extensive research.
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