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ENHANCING CAPACITY FOR LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (EC- LEDS) CLEAN ENERGY PROGRAM COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. 114-A-13-00008
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. 114-A-13-00008
APRIL 2017
This publication was produced for review by the United States AgencyMITIGATION for International MEASURES FOR Development.WASTE SECTOR It I was prepared by Winrock International in cooperation with Sustainable Development Centre Remissia
ENHANCING CAPACITY FOR LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (EC-LEDS) CLEAN ENERGY PROGRAM
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR
April 2017
DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR II
TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...... iii Figures ...... iv Tables...... iv Acronymes ...... v 1 Introduction ...... 1 2 Low emission development pathway ...... 1 References ...... 13 Annex 1. Separation/recycling of specific waste streams ...... 1 1.1. Introduction ...... 1 1.2. Portable batteries (NiMH, NiCd, Li-ion etc.) ...... 1 1.2.1. GHG/recycling potential ...... 1 1.2.2. mitigation measures ...... 4 1.3. Automotive batteries (accumulators) - PbA ...... 6 1.3.1. GHG/recycling potential ...... 6 1.3.2. Indirect mitigation measures ...... 6 1.4. Tires ...... 9 1.4.1. GHG/recycling potential ...... 9 1.4.2. Indirect mitigation measures ...... 9 1.5. Waste oils ...... 12 1.5.1. GHG/recycling potential ...... 12 1.5.2. Indirect mitigation measures ...... 12 1.6. Waste from electrical/electronic equipment (WEEE) ...... 15 1.6.1. GHG/recycling potential ...... 15 1.6.2. Indirect mitigation measures ...... 17 1.7. End-of-life-vehicles (ELV) ...... 19 1.7.1. GHG/recycling potential ...... 19 1.7.2. Indirect mitigation measures ...... 19 1.8. Packaging waste ...... 21 1.8.1. GHG/recycling potential ...... 21 1.8.2. Indirect mitigation measures ...... 23 1.9. Total quantities collected – GHG emissions avoided (2030) ...... 25 1.10. Conclusions ...... 26 1.11. References ...... 26
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR III FIGURES
FIGURE 1. AVERAGE CTG CO2 EMISSIONS ± ONE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A KG OF VARIOUS BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES ...... 2
FIGURE 2. WEEE DISTRIBUTION IN EU (2005) ...... 16
TABLES TABLE 1. CO2 REDUCTION POTENTIAL BY RECYCLING OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BATTERIES ...... 2
TABLE 2. MATERIAL COMPOSITION OF ALKALINE BATTERIES ...... 3
TABLE 3. PORTABLE BATTERIES COLLECTION TARGETS – GHG AVOIDED ...... 3
TABLE 4. TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF A PBA BATTERY ...... 6
TABLE 5. COLLECTION TARGETS FOR PBA BATTERIES (ACCUMULATORS) – GHG AVOIDED ...... 6
TABLE 6. TIRES COLLECTION TARGETS - GHG AVOIDED ...... 9
TABLE 7: WASTE OILS COLLECTION TARGETS - GHG AVOIDED ...... 12
TABLE 8. GHG EMISSIONS FROM EEE (MANUFACTURING, USAGE, RECYCLING) ...... 16
TABLE 9: WEEE COLLECTION TARGETS ...... 17
TABLE 10: ELV COLLECTION TARGETS - GHG AVOIDED ...... 19
TABLE 11: GHG EMISSIONS FROM VARIOUS PACKAGING MATERIALS...... 22
TABLE 12: PACKAGING WASTE QUANTITIES IN EU COUNTRIES ...... 22
TABLE 13: PACKAGING WASTE COLLECTION TARGETS - GHG AVOIDED ...... 23
TABLE 14: TOTAL QUANTITIES AND INDIRECT GHG EMISSIONS (AVOIDED) OF SPECIFIC WASTE STREAMS (2030) ...... 25
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR IV ACRONYMES
BAU Business as Usual
CH4 Methane
CO2 Carbon Dioxide EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC-LEDS Enhancing Capacity for Low Emissions Development LEDS Low Emissions Development Strategy IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
N2O Nitrous Oxide UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Gg Gigagram (109 grams =103 tons)
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR V 1 INTRODUCTION This report covers description of emission mitigation measures for waste sector. These descriptions will be included into the Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS) as a component part of its Waste chapter. Measures to be taken for GHG emission mitigation in waste sector are presented in form of tables in this chapter. The list of measures is largely based on 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy and 2016-2020 National Action Plan [1] as well as plans of specific organizations involved in management of waste water and solid waste (such as solid waste management company, Tbilservice Group, Georgian Water and Power, Batumis Tskali). It should be noted that besides the measures described in this document, National Waste Management Strategy contains some other actions designed for waste management improvement as well, but due to absence of their impact on GHG they are not reviewed in this report. One of the important measures considered in Solid Waste Management Strategy is the prescribing of the separated collection of specific waste streams (portable batteries, accumulators, tires, and other) using Extended Producer Responsibility principle. This measure does not have direct effect of reduction of GHG emissions, since considered waste doesn’t cause methane emissions at landfills. Despite this, the measures has indirect effect, because recycling of these streams will reduce energy and associated emissions from production and mining of materials for these products. Although since the vast majority of waste covered under this scheme is not produced in Georgia and is imported, these reductions will happen outside of Georgia. Still these activities will have effect on global emissions. In addition, these measures have significant effect on reduction of other local pollutants in Georgia and help to reduce the waste disposed to landfills, thus extending their lifetime and improving management. More detailed description of these measures and their associated affects can be found in annex 1.
2 LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT PATHWAY The measures described in this chapter will allow for reduction of emissions by 790 Gg CO2eq by 2030 in waste sector. Another 0.176Gg CO2eq will be reduced in energy sector as a result of using methane collected at Adlia wastewater treatment plant for energy purposes (Measure W10). The EC-LEDS BAU scenario report [2] explained two Business as Usual (BAU) scenarios for Georgia, describing the possible evolution of waste sector emissions if mitigation measures are not implemented. BAU1 scenario assumed the same rates of solid waste collection as today, as well as operation of only existing three wastewater treatment Plants. BAU2 made assumptions on increase of collection rates as planned in 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy [1] and increase of the number of wastewater treatment plants, based on already started projects in several Georgian cities. The mitigation measures, as described in this section will result in the decrease of Waste sector emissions in 2030 by 58.3% from BAU1 scenario and by 53.3% from BAU2 scenario, which shows relatively high mitigation potential in this sector. Solid Waste Disposal: Mitigation measure Measure W1. Setup of paper, plastic, glass and metal separation system in municipalities Type Legislative, capacity building, economic, technological, awareness raising Implementing entity Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (legislation), Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, private sector (supporting the construction of treatment plants, source
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 1
separation, and recycling) Municipalities (implementation of separation at source/control, awareness rising) Implementation 2017-2025 year/period GHG covered Methane
5.10 Gg CH4 (107.19 Gg CO2 eq) Emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the In compliance with Waste Management Code [3], gradual introduction and measure proper functioning of municipal waste separate collection system will be ensured, which implies reduction of waste at landfills, as well as facilitation of their reuse and recovery, including recycling. In addition, if a separate waste collection system is introduced by a municipality, producers of municipal waste are obliged to use it. According to 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy and 2016- 2020 National Action Plan, separation of waste shall take place at the source of generation, which will simplify its reuse or recycling. According to National Waste Management Action Plan, specific activities to be performed by 2020 include the following:
• Introduction of practices of glass, paper, plastic and “other waste” separation at the source of generation; Introduction of separation in pilot municipalities (Tbilisi and other selected cities) - 2017-2020
• Elaboration of fiscal incentives measures for separation at the source (2018-2020)
• Elaboration/introduction of alcoholic and soft drinks bottles and cans return system (2019-2021)
• Creation of paper collection system and capacity building for processing facilities (2017-2020). According to 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy, following target indicators are to be achieved: • Paper - 30% (2020), 50% (2025 ), 80% (2030 ) • Glass - 20% (2020 ), 50% (2025 ), 80% (2030 ) • Metal - 70% (2020 ), 80% (2025 ), 90% (2030 ) • Plastic - 30% (2020 ), 50% (2025 ), 80% (2030 )
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 2 Assumptions and For the purposes of assessment of measure, the assumption was admitted assessments that separation target indicators defined by 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy will be achieved. In order to calculate emission Decrement effects of measures, IPCC waste model [3] and baseline scenario (BAU2) 1 [2] assumptions (by which amounts of collected paper and inert material such as paper, glass, metal and plastic were reduced according to target indicators defined by strategy) have been used. Note that emission reduction will be achieved through reduction of the amount of paper disposed at landfills. Progress indicators Reduction of waste in landfills, setup/proper functioning of collection system designed for different fractions of waste, putting in service the plants for processing different fractions, amounts of recycled paper, glass, metal and plastic. Estimated investments Estimated cost of activities to be performed by 2020 is presented in 2016- 2030 National Waste Management Strategy[1]:
• Introduction of separation in pilot municipalities (including Tbilisi) – EUR 2.5 mln • Different incentives for separation - EUR 100 000 • Introduction of system designed for return of bottles and cans by producer - EUR 250 000 • Introduction of paper collection system - EUR 200 000 Estimation of full cost of measure is difficult due to its dependence on many important factors such as population density, methods used for separation, distance form landfill etc. Assuming that the pilot municipalities determined for first activity cover at list 1/3 of population (as they include Tbilisi), it can be said that implementation of separation throughout all municipalities will cost about EUR 7.5 mln. Financial aspects Municipality budget Donor contribution
Mitigation measure Measure W2. Construction of solid municipal waste processing plant in Tbilisi
Type Technological (catalytic depolymerisation technology)
Implementing Tbilisi municipality, KDV Georgia Ltd (on the basis of memorandum signed entityImplementing between Tbilisi Municipality City Hall and KDV Georgia Ltd, 5.05.2016) entity
Implementation In case of positive ecological Examination report – Starting from 2017, for year/period 25 years period
GHG covered Methane
1 Which assumes that solid waste collection rates reach 100% by 2025.
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 3 Emissions reduction in 14.57 Gg CH4 (306.03 Gg CO2 eq) 2030 [Gg CO2- eq]Emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
Description of the Purpose of the measure is to enable processing of domestic solid waste measure generated all over Tbilisi. The measure includes following activities; 1. Daily delivery of domestic solid waste to the plant 2. Segregation of delivered waste (glass, ferrous and colored metal) 3. Catalyst depolymerization of waste organic fractions 4. Euro standard diesel EN 590, bitumen and oil production and sale (abroad)
Assumptions and In view of the fact that complete reprocessing of solid waste generated assessments throughout Tbilisi is planned, from 2020 onward, only unusable, nontoxic, inert inorganic fractions (ceramics, stones, street dust and other inert ballast), which are not the source of methane emissions at landfills and account for around 10-12% of total waste volume generated in Tbilisi, will be allocated to Norio landfill. Therefore, methane emissions will be lower in comparison with scenario of placing all waste in landfill.
IPCC waste model [4] and baseline scenario (BAU2) [2] assumptions were used to estimate the mitigation potential of the measure. Since the emission reductions from separation of paper is already accounted in measure W1 and to avoid double calculation, emission decrement is calculated after deduction of effects of measure W1. Note that emissions related to energy consumption at the plants are not considered, since are not known at the moment.
Progress indicators: Amount of processed waste, amount of produced diesel, oil and bitumen, improvement of air organoleptic parameters in the vicinity of landfill.
Estimated investments 80 mln USD
Financing aspects Private investment
Mitigation measure Measure W3. Setup of biogas flaring/utilization system on Tbilisi (Norio) landfill
Type Regulatory, technological
Implementing Tbilisi municipality (owner), Tbvilservise Group (landfill operator) entityImplementing entity
Implementation Starting from 2018 year/period
GHG covered Methane
Emissions reduction in Only at biogas utilization - 14.66 Gg CH4 (307.92 Gg CO2 eq); 2030 [Gg CO2- eq]Emissions reduction In case of commissioning the waste processing plant in 2020, which will
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 4 in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] reduce the amount of waste delivered to the landfill (see Measure W2) – 3.00 Gg CH4 (63.09Gg CO2 eq)
Description of the “Tbvilservise Group” Ltd plans considerable improvement of the measure parameters of solid domestic waste landfill under its subordination, taking relevant measures for this purpose. In 2016, the company announced public procurement / tender for related construction/installation works. The winner – “Dagi” Ltd will implement the project on system of covering the landfill cells and intercellular space with geomembranne as well as produced biogas collection and processing. The project envisages optimization and further development of existing gas removal system and gas collection through gas wells, its delivery to adjusting shafts, removal of condensator as well as pumpout, allocation and proper utilization of active gas.
Assumptions and It is assumed that 80 % of methane emissions from landfill will be captured. assessments Based on the amount of collected methane, it could be possible to use it for energy purposes as well, although as at this stage no decision has been made regarding specific area of its application and profitability of related infrastructure constriction, the assumption was made that methane combustion will take place in flare system.
IPCC waste model [4] and baseline scenario (BAU2) [2] assumptions were used to estimate emission decrement effect of the measure. The assumption was made that the waste will be allocated to landfill after implementation of separation and utilization measures (see measure W1).
In case of implementation of measure W8, unusable, nontoxic, inert, inorganic fractions (ceramics, stones, street dust and other inert ballast) will be allocated to the landfill after processing some fractions of waste in the plant. These fractions, accounting for 10-12% of total waste volume generated in Tbilsi, are not methane emission sources and therefore, only residual (allocated prior to 2018, generated by mixed waste) methane emissions will be left, which in turn will reduce the savings resulting from methane capture and combustion.
Progress indicators Biogas collection and flaring system setup, improvement of air organoleptic parameters in the adjacent area, amount of collected and flared/utilized methane
Estimated investments Total cost of project is about GEL 8 mln., out of which implementation of measures related to methane reduction costs GEL 4.5 mln (includes covering with geomembrane and cultivation works, collection of biogas from existing pipes and installation of flaring system)
Financing aspects Tbilisi municipality
Mitigation measure Measure W4. Biogas collection and flaring/utilization system setup in new Adjara landfills
Type Regulatory, technological
Implementing Adjara Government ( “Higiena 2009” Ltd under Adjarian Ministry of
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 5 entityImplementing Finance ) entity
Implementation Starting from 2018 year/period
GHG covered Methane
Emissions reduction in 3.38 Gg CH4 (71.09 Gg CO2 eq) 2030 [Gg CO2- eq]Emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
Description of the The measure includes following activities: measure • Construction of European standards-compliant, non-hazardous wastes landfill (for solid domestic waste to serve the population of Adjara and Guria • Installation of landfill gas extraction system (in 3-5 years after opening) • Installation of landfill gas combustion flares (at the initial stage) and in case of collection of sufficient amount of methane - the landfill gas can be converted into electricity
Assumptions and Assumption is made that, starting from 2021, 80 % of methane emissions assessments from landfill will be captured. Based on the amount of collected methane, it could be possible to use it for energy purposes as well, but as at this stage no decision has been made regarding the timing of its application, the assumption was made that until 2030 methane combustion will take place in a flare system.
IPCC waste model [4] and baseline scenario (BAU2) [2] assumptions were used to estimate mitigation potential of the measure. The assumption was also made that the waste will be allocated to landfill after implementation of separation measures (see measure W1).
Progress indicators Biogas collection and combustion system setup, amount of flared/utilized methane
Estimated investments EUR 7 mln (includes complete setup of the landfill)
Financing aspects EBRD
Mitigation measure Measure W5. Biogas flaring/utilization system setup in Rustavi landfill
Type Regulatory, technological
Implementing Waste Management Company entityImplementing entity
Implementation Starting from 2019 year/period
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 6 GHG covered Methane
Emissions reduction in 1.11 Gg CH4 (23.35 Gg CO2 eq) 2030 [Gg CO2- eq]Emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
Description of the Gas extraction system is set up in Rustavi landfill. Flare system installation measure and gas combustion is planned for 2019.
Assumptions and According to assumption admitted for measure assessment purposes, 80 % assessments of methane emissions from landfill will be captured. Based on the amount of collected methane, it could be possible to use it for energy purposes as well, although as at this stage no decision has been made regarding specific area of its application and profitability of constriction of related infrastructure, the assumption was admitted that methane combustion will take place in flare system.
IPCC waste model [4] and baseline scenario (BAU2) [2] assumptions were used to estimate mitigation potential of the measure. The assumption was also admitted that the waste will be allocated to landfill after implementation of separation measures (see measure W1).
Progress indicators Biogas collection and combustion system setup, amount of collected and flared/utilized methane, improvement of air organoleptic parameters in the adjacent area.
Estimated investments GEL 4.3 mln
Financing aspects
Mitigation measure Measure W6. Biogas collection and flaring/utilization system setup in Kutaisi, Telavi and Borjomi landfills
Type Regulatory, technological
Implementing Waste Management Company entityImplementing entity
Implementation Starting from 2019 year/period
GHG COVERED Methane
Emissions reduction in 1.65 Gg CH4 (34.63 Gg CO2 eq) 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
Description of the Gas collection system with flare system on ventilation pipe is set up in measure Borjomi landfill. Presumably, combustion will start in 2019;
For the purposes of reduction of greenhouse gases emissions from Kutaisi and Telavi landfills, the gas extraction system will be arranged with flare
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 7 system on ventilation pipe (to burn the generated biogas).
Assumptions and It is assumed that 80 % of methane emissions from landfill will be captured, assessments Starting from 2025 above-mentioned landfills will stop functioning and no waste will be allocated there.
IPCC waste model [4] and და baseline scenario (BAU2) [2] assumptions were used to estimate the mitigation potential of the measure. The assumption was also made that the waste will be allocated to landfill after implementation of separation and utilization measures (see measure W1).
Progress indicators Biogas collection and combustion system setup, amount of collected and flared/utilized methane, improvement of air organoleptic parameters in the adjacent area,
Estimated investments EUR 2.4 mln
Financing aspects
Mitigation measure Measure W7. Biogas flaring/utilization system setup in new regional landfills of Georgia
Type Regulatory, technological
Implementing Waste Management Company entityImplementing entity
Implementation Construction of regional landfills will start in 2018. According to 2016-2030 year/period National Waste Management Strategy and 2016-2020 National Action Plan [1], they should be fully constructed and commissioned by 2025.
GHG COVERED Methane
Emissions reduction in 7.01 Gg CH4 (147.13Gg CO2 eq) 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
Description of the According to 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy and 2016- measure 2020 National Action Plan [1], setup of new modern regional landfills and waste transfer stations in compliance with European standards must be performed by 2025.
The decision has already been made concerning construction of new regional landfills in Imereti and Kvemo Kartli regions. Feasibility Studies designed for construction of regional landfills in Svaneti and Kakheti are underway. In addition, it is necessary to construct new regional landfills to serve Shida Kartli, Mtsketa-Tianeti and Samtskhe-Javakheti regions.
Biogas collectors setup, methane collection and flaring are planned upon commissioning of landfills
Progress indicators: Biogas collection and flaring system setup, amount of flared/utilized
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 8 methane
Assumptions and It is assumed that 80% of methane emissions from 80% of new regional assessments landfills will be captured in 3-5 years after their commissioning (the other 20% will undergo composting (measure W8). Based on the amount of collected methane, it could be possible to use it for energy purposes as well, although as at this stage no decision has been made regarding specific area of its application and profitability of constriction of related infrastructure, the assumption was made that methane combustion will take place in flare system.
IPCC waste model [4] and და baseline scenario (BAU2) [2] assumptions were used to estimate mitigation potential of the measure. The assumption was also made that the waste will be allocated to landfill after implementation of separation measures (see measure W1).
Estimated investments 1. Setup of Imereti regional landfill - EUR 6,5 mln 2. Setup of Kvemo Kartli regional landfill - EUR 6.2 mln 3. Setup of Kakheti and Samegrelo – Zemo Svaneti regional landfills - EUR 38 mln Financing aspects Setup of Imereti regional landfill - KFW
Setup of Kvemo Kartli regional landfill - EBRD
Setup of Kakheti regional landfill -KFW
Setup of Samegrelo – Zemo Svaneti regional landfill -KFW
Mitigation measure Measure W8. Reduction of biodegradable waste allocation - biodegradable waste composting
Type Legislative, technological
Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection, Ministry of entityImplementing Agriculture, Waste Management Company entity
Implementation Starting from 2025 year/period
GHG COVERED Methane, Nitrous oxide
Emissions reduction in Decrement: 0.85 Gg CH4, (17.86 Gg CO2 eq) 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Increment: 0.013 Gg N2O (4.04 Gg CO2 eq)
Total decrement: 13.82 Gg CO2 eq
Description of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection is to elaborate measure Municipal Waste Management Strategy envisaged by Waste Management Code Article 11 Part 2 until 2019 December 31 [3].
According to National Waste Management Strategy for 2016-2030 and
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 9 National Action Plan for 2016-2020, reduction of biodegradable waste allocation is to be performed by 2025, which includes carrying out the biodegradable waste composting facilitation campaign and implementation of pilot project in the area remote from waste management infrastructure [1].
Supposedly, the compost generated through above mentioned measure could be used in agrosector and planting of greenery.
In order to facilitate the measure, Waste Management Action Plan envisages implementation of pilot projects:
1. Composting of municipal biodegradable waste 2. Composting of winemaking biodegradable waste 3. Composting of agricultural biodegradable waste 4. Implementation of pilot projects on composting the compostable waste generated in gardens and parks
Progress indicators: Percentage of reduction of biodegradable waste landfill allocation, amount of compost
Assumptions and In order to assess the measure, assumption was made that extraction assessments (separation) of organic fraction (food and garden bulk) for the purpose of further composting will be performed in 20% of new regional landfills, similar to the target indicators for paper separation described in 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy: • Food waste and garden bulk - 50% (2025 ), 80% (2030) is used to estimate mitigation potential of the measure
IPCC waste model [4], IPCC 2006 methodology [5] and და baseline scenario (BAU2) [2] assumptions were used to estimate mitigation potential of the measure.
Estimated investments Based on Eastern Europe experience, by 2030, on the basis of these assumptions, the estimated cost of implementation of measures in Georgia per year will approximately amount to 15-30 EUR /ton organic waste[6], amounting to EUR 650 000 – 1 300 000
Cost of pilot projects envisaged by Waste Management Action Plan:
1. Composting of municipal biodegradable waste - EUR 200 000 2. Composting of winemaking biodegradable waste - EUR 150 000 3. Composting of agricultural biodegradable waste - EUR 250 000 4. Implementation of pilot projects on composting the compostable waste generated in gardens and parks - EUR 250 000
Financing aspects
Mitigation measure Measure W9. Incineration and coinsineration
Type Legislative, technological
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 10 Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection entityImplementing entity
Implementation 2019-2025 year/period
GHG COVERED Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide
Emissions reduction in Emission reduction for this measure has not been calculated 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
Description of the measure Waste incineration and coinsineration conditions are defined by the ordinance of Georgian government. F That fraction of waste, reuse and recycling of which is complicated, can be incinerated or coinsinerated, allowing for recovery of energy. Waste incineration or/and coinsineration imply minimization of allocated to landfill waste while recovering the energy. Combined heat and energy generation from waste is the most effective way of energy production. At incineration only heat production provides for 40% energy recovery whereas above mentioned combination results in recovery of 80-85% energy. Nevertheless, investment cost of such combined energy recovery is quite high [1] and in Georgian reality this method is quite uncompetitive.
In addition, application of incineration technologies is quite complicated. Waste combustion produces wide range (including toxic and carcinogenic) of gases, therefore the process requires installation of expensive treatment/filtering systems characterized by low operating potential and frequent breakdowns, negatively affecting human health [6]. Therefore, coinsineration measure, which could be used in large industrial facilities like Heidelberg Cement would be more expedient for Georgia. Coinsineration allows for partial replacement of fuel used in industrial facilities (e.g. coal) with waste inert fraction (tires etc.).
Assumptions and Emission decrement calculation has not been performed for this measure. assessments As for coinsineration, it should be taken into account that in case of inert fraction combustion (tires etc) GHG emissions from waste sector will increase, therefore potential of emission reduction caused by energy reduction should be assessed, which in its turn depends on specific plants, consumed fuel and calorific value of waste fraction (additional information on emission reduction possibilities from co-incineration of tires in cement industry is given in Annex 1).
Progress indicators Reduction of waste deposited to landfills;
Increase of number of incinerators/coinsinerators;
Additional amount of energy/hit/reduction of fossil fuel consumption in plants
Estimated investments Ordinance on incineration and coinsineration conditions EUR 40 000.
Preliminary assessment and facilitation of pilot project implementation for the purpose of energy recovery by incineration plant EUR - 250 000 [1].
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 11 Financing aspects
Wastewater Treatment and Discharge: Mitigation measure Measure W10. Methane collection and application in Adlia water treatment plant
Type Technological
Implementing Batumis Tskali Ltd (operator of wastewater plant) entityImplementing entity
Implementation By 2028 year/period
GHG COVERED Methane, CO2 (energy emissions)
Emissions reduction in 1.12 Gg CH4 (23.4 Gg CO2 eq) from waste sector 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] 0.176 Gg CO2 – energy emissions
Total GHG emissions – 23.6 Gg CO2eq
Description of the Adlia water treatment plant is equipped by 4 anaerobic reservoirs where measure the primary silt precipitation and cold stabilization by bacteria takes place.
For the purpose of GHG atmospheric emission decrement it is possible to cover anaerobic reservoirs with geomembrane during their exploitation, with subsequent capture of produced gases and energy generation.
The captured methane will be more than enough to generate electricity covering the needs of the treatment plant itself. Remaining methane can be flared or utilized for other purposes (in transport, heat generation or other), which will require additional study.
Covering of anaerobic reservoirs and further use of gas will complicate exploitation of the facility, additional manning and trainings on this specific issue will be required. Currently, the treatment plan is focused on phosphorus precipitation practical implementation and gentrification process introduction plans for the distant future, therefore anaerobic reservoirs covering and biogas capture should be considered as distant prospects.
Assumptions and To assess the effect of the measure it was assumed that 80% of methane assessments generated at Adlia wastewater treatment plant will be captured. To calculate baseline emissions in Adlia same methodology and assumptions were used as for BAU2 scenario. This gives the collection of 1.12 Gg of methane by 2030.
It was assumed also that part of the collected methane will be used to generate electricity for the needs of the treatment plant itself. Currently Adlia treatment plant consumes around 1300 MWh of electricity from the grid and around 13 MWh from its own diesel generator. The collected methane will be enough to cover all electricity needs, which will give the
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 12 plant economy of around 155 000 Gel annually (using current tariffs for electricity and diesel) and will consume around 50% of captured methane (assuming 30% efficiency of electricity generator and Net Calorific Value of 6kwh/cub.m of methane). For estimating the overall impact it was assumed that remaining methane will be flared, although it can be used for other energy purposes as well.
To calculate emission impacts associated with reduction of electricity consumption from the grid the average grid emission factor for 2030 from energy sectors BAU scenario was used, which equals to 0.1295 t CO2/MWh. To calculate emission reduction from diesel consumption, the efficiency of diesel generator was assumed to be 30% and diesel’s standard emission factors were applied. As a result it was obtained that 164.3t CO2 will be reduced from the grid and 11.4 tons of CO2 will be reduced from diesel consumption.
Progress indicators Amount of captured methane, amount of generated electricity
Estimated investments Covering of reservoirs with geomembrane – EUR 500 000;
Generator (Capacity - 220 kW considering peak requirements) – EUR 200 000;
Installation of generator, cost of pipe laying, advisory costs - EUR 160 000
Total – 860 000 EUR.
Financing aspects 20% of total funding could be provided by Batumis Tskali, other funding source should be obtained to cover the rest of costs.
Along with Adlia water treatment plant, methane capture and utilization could be implemented in Gardabani water treatment plant as well, although it should be noted that the facility requires substantial reconstruction and improvements (improvement of mechanical purification processes, chemical treatment and addition of biological treatment) which are more urgent than methane collection. Therefore, installation of methane tanks as well as measure on biogas capture and utilization in Gardabani water treatment plant should be considered as distant prospects - presumably they will take place later than 2030.
REFERENCES 1. On approval of 2016-2030 National Waste Management Strategy and 2016-2020 National Action Plan, Georgian government, 2016. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3242506
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 13 2. GHG Emissions Inventory and Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario, Sustainable Development Centre Remisia, EC-LEDS Project Report, 2017.
3. Waste Management Code, Georgian Parliament, 2014. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2676416
4. IPCC waste Model, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, http://www.ipcc- nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/5_Volume5/IPCC_Waste_Model.xls
5. IPCC 2006: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. http://www.ipcc- nGgip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html
6. Tsotsos, D. Cost estimations for various waste management options, EC-LEDS project report, 2016
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR 14 ANNEX 1. SEPARATION/RECYCLING OF SPECIFIC WASTE STREAMS
1.1. INTRODUCTION The National Waste Management Strategy of Georgia for the period 2016 – 2030 prescribes the separated collection of specific waste streams so that they will not be transferred and disposed in landfills. These streams are:
1. Portable batteries
2. Automotive batteries (accumulators) 3. Tires 4. Waste oils
5. Waste from electrical/electronic equipment (WEEE) 6. Packaging waste 7. End-of-life-vehicles (ELV) The management of the whole chain i.e. separated collection, transfer to recycling facilities, recycling has to be undertaken by the relevant producers/importers who, in line with EU practices and the principle of Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR), have to finance and implement all programs needed to meet the strategy’s targets set. In doing so, the relevant Georgian authorities i.e. mainly the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) have to define the relevant framework law and the associated ministerial decrees which will form the legislative basis for the implementation of these programs. In this document a short description of the steps (defined as indirect mitigation measures) to be undertaken for this implementation is given together with an overview of the recycling potential for each waste stream as well as a rough estimation of the relevant GHG emissions reduction expected. It must be noted that, due to the lack of data in Georgia concerning the quantities of each waste stream, information from the literature and from the EU experience is taken into consideration as a kind of “rule of thumb” for first orientation. In this context the experience from Greece is often mentioned since this country showed similar conditions to Georgia before the EPR principle has been introduced (2004): uncontrolled landfilling of these waste streams, inadequate registries of producers/importers, no legislative framework, non-existing experience for separation/recycling, low public awareness of the recycling benefits. The proposed indirect mitigation measures are inevitably similar to each other since the principle of separation and recycling is identical: formulation of the legislative framework and EPR.
1.2. PORTABLE BATTERIES (NIMH, NICD, LI-ION ETC.)
1.2.1. GHG/RECYCLING POTENTIAL
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-1
Single-use batteries are manufactured using several different chemicals, including alkaline manganese, carbon zinc and lithium manganese-dioxide. Recycling diverts batteries from landfill, helping recover thousands of tons of metals, including valuable metals such as nickel, cobalt and silver, and saving on CO2 emissions by reducing the need to mine new materials. The magnitude of avoided GHG- emissions benefits from recycling is highly dependent on the specific materials involved, the recovery rates for those materials, the local options for managing materials, and (for energy offsets) the specific fossil fuel avoided. An estimation of predicted CO2 emissions by manufacturing various types of batteries (cradle-to-gate principle – CTG) is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Average CTG CO2 Emissions ± One Standard Deviation for the Production of a kg of Various Battery Technologies
Table 1. CO2 reduction potential by recycling of various types of batteries Type of battery A) Average CO2 B) Average CO2 C) Avoided CO2 emissions by emissions by emissions due manufacturing recycling to recycling: (kg/kg of battery) (kg/kg of battery) C = A – B (kg/kg of battery)
NiMH 13.6 1.23 12.37
NiCd 7.7 0.38 7.32
PbA 3.2 0.60 2.6
NiMH and NiCd are considered as portable batteries whereas PbA are the automotive batteries (accumulators) which will be dealt in chapter 2.
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-2 Taking into consideration the figures of table 1 an average of 10 kg CO2/kg of battery can be avoided from landfill disposal if these batteries are separated from the overall waste quantities disposed in landfills (see Table 3).
An indication of the general recycling potential from spent alkaline batteries for other materials is presented in table 1 (similar figures can be found for other battery types). It shows that, by landfilling these (and other) batteries, various metals get lost which could otherwise be recycled/ recovered for batteries manufacturing thus reducing the relevant GHG emissions.
Table 2. Material composition of alkaline batteries Material Composition (g/ kg battery)
Manganese 250
Zinc 190
Steel 190
Potassium 26
Graphite 36
Copper 20
Nickel 4
PVC 15
Nylon 15
Paper 15
Quantities of portable batteries placed on the market are estimated to approx. 20 batteries/ person/year; by an average weight of each battery of about 20 g that means that 0.4 kg/person/ year are put on the market. By a population of 3,727,000 in 2014 (expected to remain unchanged till 2030) the total quantity of batteries to be placed on the market is expected to be 74,540,000 pieces/ year (1,491 tons/year). The collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 -2030, the relevant quantities to be collected and the expected GHG emissions reduction are presented in Table 2.
Table 3. Portable batteries collection targets – GHG avoided 2020 2025 2030
Batteries 20 % 50 % 80 %
Tons 298 745.5 1,193
CO2 avoided (Gg) 2.98 7.45 11.93
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-3 1.2.2. MITIGATION MEASURES
Measure to be Law on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) + relevant Ministerial Implemented Decree (portable batteries) Type of the Measure Legislative The Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The Framework Law on recycling will describe the responsibilities of the Measure producers/importers for the separation, collection and recycling of the portable batteries put on the market. The relevant Ministerial Decree(s) will set up the concrete actions to be undertaken by the producers/ importers in order to fulfill the collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 – 2030. The Law/Decree(s) will describe the following: • Collection targets and means applied to meet them • Responsibilities of the producers/importers (setting up of systems, implementation plan, monitoring of results, reporting). Assumptions and A registry of producers/importers has to be available. Assessments Progress indicators Law/Decree approved Estimated investments No costs for the state authorities Financial aspects
Measure to be Establishment of collection schemes/systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management The Implementing Batteries producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The producers/importers, responsible for the collection/recycling, have Measure to establish 1 or more (if necessary) schemes (in form of a non-profit company) which will implement the whole separation, collection and recycling cycle. These schemes will be approved and supervised by MENRP on regular basis (annually/bi-annually). They will be responsible for: • Scheme’s establishment (i.e. registration, office/facilities organization, hiring of personnel etc.) • Purchase and positioning of collection bins • Collection and transport of the batteries to recycling facilities
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-4 abroad • Monitoring/reporting of results • Undertaking of corrective actions (if necessary) • Implement a public awareness campaign. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators Registration of the schemes/systems accomplished Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Implementation of separation/collection/recycling systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management/technical The Implementing Batteries producers/importers, municipalities entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions 11.93 (CO2) reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The collection non-profit schemes/company(ies) will: Measure • Place the collection bins in strategic points (schools, supermarkets, public buildings) • Order tracks to replace the full bins with empty ones • Transport the batteries to recycling facilities abroad • Collect the recycling certificates from the recycling facilities • Conduct the awareness campaign via leaflets, TV/radio spots etc. • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results • Prepare the annual implementation plans. Estimated Cost Costs to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Assumptions and The agreements with schools, supermarkets have to be accomplished.: Assessments The collecting systems have to sign relevant agreements to place the collection bins Progress indicators • Collection bins in strategic points (schools, supermarkets, public buildings) placed (according to annual plans) • Recycling certificates from the recycling facilities collected • Awareness campaign set • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results submitted • Annual implementation plans prepared and approved by MENRP. Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-5 1.3. AUTOMOTIVE BATTERIES (ACCUMULATORS) - PBA
1.3.1. GHG/RECYCLING POTENTIAL
The composition of PbA batteries (accumulators) shown in Table 4 reflects the recycling potential for lead (60 %) which is a hazardous metal which, at the same time, has a considerable economic value as raw material for new accumulators manufacturing.
Table 4. Typical composition of a PbA battery Item Percentage Lead 25 Lead oxides 35 Polypropylene 10 Sulfuric acid 10 Water 16 Glass 2 Antimony 1 http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2010/11/68455.pdf
It is expected that currently the waste accumulators being circulated in Georgia are seldom disposed in landfill sites: they are most probably subject of illegal market where they are sold to lead manufacturers abroad. Their numbers are unknown and cannot be estimated. A very vague rule of thumb can be extracted using the relevant figures for Greece (National Centre of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2010) published in an UN report: 41,000 tons/year (2007, 2008) of used accumulators are reported (Greece’s population: approx. 11,000,000); that means that 33 % of this figure can be applied for Georgia i.e. approx. 13,800 tons/year.
The relevant collection/recycling rates and the avoided CO2 emissions (table 1) are given in Table 5. It is obvious that almost the total accumulator quantities have to be separated by 2030.
Table 5. Collection targets for PbA batteries (accumulators) – GHG avoided 2020 2025 2030 Accumulators 60 % 80 % 90 % Tons 8,280 11,040 12,420 CO2 avoided (Gg) 21.53 28.7 32.3
1.3.2. INDIRECT MITIGATION MEASURES Measure to be Law on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) + relevant Ministerial Implemented Decrees (accumulators) Type of the Measure Legislative The Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The Framework Law on recycling will describe the responsibilities of the Measure producers/importers for the separation, collection and recycling of the accumulators. The relevant Ministerial Decree(s) will set up the concrete actions to be undertaken by the producers/ importers in order to fulfill
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-6 the collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 – 2030. The Law/Decree(s) will describe the following: • Collection targets and means applied to meet them • Responsibilities of the producers/importers (setting up of systems, implementation plan, monitoring of results, reporting). Assumptions and • A registry of producers/importers has to be available Assessments • The Decree has also to include the condition that each retailer has to sell a new accumulator only if an old/used one will be delivered. In this way the illegal accumulators trading can be limited/banned. Progress indicators Law/Decree approved Estimated investments No costs for the state authorities Financial aspects
Measure to be Establishment of collection schemes/systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management The Implementing Accumulators producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The producers/importers, responsible for the collection/recycling, have Measure to establish 1 or more (if necessary) schemes (in form of a non-profit company) which will implement the whole separation, collection and recycling cycle. These schemes will be approved and supervised by MENRP on regular basis (annually/bi-annually). They will be responsible for: • Scheme’s establishment (i.e. registration, office/facilities organization, hiring of personnel etc.) • Formulation of the prices for selling the collected accumulators to recycling facilities (according to international lead prices) • Purchase and positioning of collection bins • Collection and transport of the accumulators to recycling facilities • Monitoring/reporting of results • Undertaking of corrective actions (if necessary) • Implement a public awareness campaign. Assumptions and • No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. • An additional incentive for the producers/importers to establish the collective system(s) will be that they can sell the collected accumulators to lead recycling plants in Georgia (if such plants are/will be established) or abroad (e.g. Turkey).
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-7 Progress indicators Registration of the schemes/systems accomplished Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Implementation of separation/collection/recycling systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management/technical The Implementing Accumulators producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions 32.3 (CO2) reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The collection non-profit schemes/company(ies) will: Measure • Place the collection bins in accumulators retail shops • Order tracks to replace the full bins with empty ones • Transport the accumulators to recycling facilities (in Georgia or abroad) • Collect the recycling certificates from the recycling facilities • Conduct the awareness campaign via leaflets, TV/radio spots etc. • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results • Prepare the annual implementation plans including proposals for investments (e.g. placing of more bins) from the revenues collected. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators • Collection bins in accumulators retail shops placed • Recycling certificates from the recycling facilities collected • Awareness campaign set • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results submitted • Investment plan prepared (after the first 2 – 3 years of implementation) • Annual implementation plans prepared and approved by MENRP. Estimated investments Costs to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-8 1.4. TIRES
1.4.1. GHG/RECYCLING POTENTIAL Due to the high calorific value (approx. 31400 KJ/Kg) low ash content and also low moisture content, tyres are used as an effective fuel in cement kilns, electricity-generating facilities, paper mills, iron foundries etc. Tire derived fuel (TDF) is used in cement kilns as a fuel to replace coal. Therefore tires separation and use as TDF or for other purposes (e.g. as supplementary to asphalt for road paving or in sporting places) is advisable. Waste tires, due to their size, demand a considerable part of the landfill capacity leading to requirements for landfill expansion; additionally, if landfilled, precious materials such as rubber and steel are lost which could otherwise be reused.
Concerning GHG emissions, due to the tires composition (84 % carbon is contained in TDF), considerable CO2 emissions can be expected from landfilled tires from the indirect tires decay. A major issue however is that, according to the European Tires Recycling Association (ETRA) approx. 121,000 energy units are required for the production of 1 kg “fresh” rubber but only 2,200 energy units for the production of recycled rubber (as crumb rubber). As a consequence 4.35 units of CO2 are emitted by the production of “fresh” rubber whereas only 0.097 are emitted for the same quantity of recycled rubber i.e. 4.253 tons of CO2/ton of recycled tires are avoided. An estimation of the tires quantities considered as wasted and subject of separate collection and recycling cannot be assessed for Georgia due to lack of data. As a rule of thumb the relevant figures from an EU country (Greece) can be used and proportioned to the Georgian conditions (population): 36,000 tons/year (2015) – 11,000,000 inhabitants (GR) from which approx. 51 % were used as TDF). 12,000 tons/year – 3,700,000 inhabitants (GE).
In Table 6 an overview of the relevant collection/recycling rates and the avoided CO2 emissions is given.
Table 6. Tires collection targets - GHG avoided 2020 2025 2030 Tires 50 % 70 % 90 % Tons 6,000 8,400 10,800 CO2 avoided (Gg) 25.5 35.7 45.9
1.4.2. INDIRECT MITIGATION MEASURES
Measure to be Law on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) + relevant Ministerial Implemented Decrees (tires) Type of the Measure Legislative The Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-9 Description of the The Framework Law on recycling will describe the responsibilities of the Measure producers/importers for the separation, collection and recycling of the waste tires. The relevant Ministerial Decree(s) will set up the concrete actions to be undertaken by the producers/ importers in order to fulfill the collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 – 2030. The Law/Decree(s) will describe the following: • Collection targets and means applied to meet them • Responsibilities of the producers/importers (setting up of systems, implementation plan, monitoring of results, reporting). Assumptions and A registry of producers/importers has to be available Assessments Progress indicators Law/Decree approved Estimated investments No costs for the state authorities Financial aspects
Measure to be Establishment of collection schemes/systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management The Implementing Tires producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The producers/importers, responsible for the collection/recycling, have Measure to establish 1 or more (if necessary) schemes (in form of a non-profit company) which will implement the whole separation, collection and recycling cycle. These schemes will be approved and supervised by MENRP on regular basis (annually/bi-annually). They will be responsible for: • Scheme’s establishment (i.e. registration, office/facilities organization, hiring of personnel etc.) • Setting up the conditions (i.e. gate fee) for tires burning in cement factories • Collection and transport of the tires from car repair shops to recycling facilities and/or to cement factories (to be used as alternative fuel) • Monitoring/reporting of results • Undertaking of corrective actions (if necessary) • Implement a public awareness campaign. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators Registration of the schemes/systems accomplished Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers.
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-10 Financial aspects
Measure to be Implementation of separation/collection/recycling systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management/technical The Implementing Tires producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions 45.9 reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The collection non-profit schemes/company(ies) will: Measure • Order tracks to collect the tires from car repair shops • Transport the tires to recycling facilities (in Georgia or abroad) and/or to cement factories • Collect the recycling certificates from the recycling facilities • Conduct the awareness campaign via leaflets, TV/radio spots etc. • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results • Prepare the annual implementation plans. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators • Recycling certificates from the recycling facilities collected • Certificates from cement factories about the delivered tires quantities collected • Awareness campaign set • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results submitted • Annual implementation plans prepared and approved by MENRP. Estimated investments Costs to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Use of waste tires (TDF) as fuel in cement factories Implemented Type of the Measure Technological The Implementing Industrial Facilities: Rustavi 1 + 2, Kaspi, Senaki, tires producers/ entity importers Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions Indirect benefits: tires will not be disposed in landfills (uncontrolled reduction in 2030 [Gg emissions, quicker saturation of landfill capacity) CO2-eq]
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-11 Description of the TDF can replace fossil fuels for clinker production and it is a preferable Measure alternative implemented in many cement factories around the world. The level of substitution depends on the quality of the tires (e.g. steel content) and the respective calorific value (26 – 31 MJ/kg). Assumptions and Some quality criteria have to be met e.g. Assessments • Physical criteria, e.g. air entrainability • Chemical criteria, e.g. chlorine, sulphur, alkali and phosphate content, reactivity and volatile metal content. Progress indicators Tires quantities burned/year Estimated investments Transportation costs + gate fee (required by the cement factory to accept the tires) Financial aspects
1.5. WASTE OILS
1.5.1. GHG/RECYCLING POTENTIAL As waste oils are characterized the following categories listed in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC):
1. Waste lubricating oils (EWC code: 13 01) 2. Waste engine, gear and lubricating oils (13 02) 3. Waste insulating and heat transmission oils (13 03) Their regeneration leads to their reuse so that their combustion or disposal in landfills can be avoided.
CO2 is the major GHG emitted from the combustion of lubricating oils (2,700 kg/ton) whereas N2O emissions are of less importance (11 kg/ton). The CO2 quantity emitted by the regeneration is estimated to 373 kg/ton; that means that 2,325 kg/ton are avoided. Taking Greece as reference, a quantity of approx. 30,000 tons/year (2014) of lubricating oils has been put on the market. The relevant quantity for Georgia is estimated to approx. 10,000 tons/year.
In Table 7 an overview of the relevant collection/recycling rates and the avoided CO2 emissions is given.
Table 7: Waste oils collection targets - GHG avoided 2020 2025 2030 Waste oils 50 % 75 % 90 % Tons 5,000 7,500 9,000 CO2 avoided (Gg) 11.6 17.4 20.9
1.5.2. INDIRECT MITIGATION MEASURES
Measure to be Law on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) + relevant Ministerial Implemented Decrees (waste oils) Type of the Measure Legislative The Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) entity Implementation 2017-2030
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-12 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The Framework Law on recycling will describe the responsibilities of the Measure producers/importers for the separation, collection and regeneration of the waste oils. The relevant Ministerial Decree(s) will set up the concrete actions to be undertaken by the producers/ importers in order to fulfill the collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 – 2030. The Law/Decree(s) will describe the following: • Collection targets and means applied to meet them • Responsibilities of the producers/importers (setting up of systems, implementation plan, monitoring of results, reporting). Assumptions and A registry of producers/importers has to be available Assessments Progress indicators Law/Decree approved Estimated investments No costs for the state authorities Financial aspects
Measure to be Establishment of collection schemes/systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management The Implementing Lubricant oils producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The producers/importers, responsible for the collection/recycling, have Measure to establish 1 or more (if necessary) schemes (in form of a non-profit company) which will implement the whole separation, collection and recycling cycle. These schemes will be approved and supervised by MENRP on regular basis (annually/bi-annually). They will be responsible for: • Scheme’s establishment (i.e. registration, office/facilities organization, hiring of personnel etc.) • Setting up the conditions (i.e. gate fee) for waste oils burning in cement factories • Collection and transport of the waste oils from car repair shops to regeneration facilities and/or to cement factories (to be used as alternative fuel) • Monitoring/reporting of results • Undertaking of corrective actions (if necessary) • Implement a public awareness campaign. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-13 who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators Registration of the schemes/systems accomplished Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Implementation of separation/collection/recycling systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management/technical The Implementing Lubricating oils producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions 20.9 reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The collection non-profit schemes/company(ies) will: Measure • Order tracks to collect the waste oils from car repair shops • Transport the waste oils to regeneration facilities (in Georgia or abroad) and/or to cement factories • Collect the recycling certificates from the regeneration facilities • Conduct the awareness campaign via leaflets, TV/radio spots etc. • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results • Prepare the annual implementation plans. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators • Recycling certificates from the regeneration facilities collected • Certificates from cement factories about the delivered waste oils quantities collected • Awareness campaign set • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results submitted • Annual implementation plans prepared and approved by MENRP. Estimated investments Costs to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Use of waste oils as fuel in cement factories Implemented Type of the Measure Technological The Implementing Industrial Facilities: Rustavi 1 + 2, Kaspi, Senaki, tires producers/ entity importers Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-14 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the Waste oils can replace fossil fuels for clinker production and it is a Measure preferable alternative implemented in many cement factories around the world: waste oils have a calorific value of 25 – 36 MJ/kg. Assumptions and Some quality criteria have to be met e.g. Assessments • Physical criteria, e.g. air entrainability • Chemical criteria, e.g. chlorine, sulphur, alkali and phosphate content, reactivity and volatile metal content. Progress indicators Waste oils quantities burned/year Estimated investments Transportation costs + gate fee (required by the cement factory to accept the waste oils) Financial aspects
1.6. WASTE FROM ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (WEEE)
1.6.1. GHG/RECYCLING POTENTIAL There are several EEE categories which produce the relevant WEEE and are prescribed in the relevant EU Directive namely:
1. Large household appliances 2. Small household appliances 3. IT and telecommunications equipment 4. Consumer equipment 5. Lighting equipment 6. Electrical and electronic tools 7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment 8. Medical devices 9. Monitoring and control instruments 10. Automatic dispensers An indicative WEEE distribution in the European Union is given in Figure 2.
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-15
Figure 2. WEEE distribution in EU (2005)
As can be seen on the figure above, the biggest portions were mainly come from four categories: (1) large household appliances, (2) small household appliances, (3) IT and telecommunication equipment, and (4) consumer equipment. These four categories made up total of 93.4%. Due to their composition they have a significant recycling potential where various components/materials (e.g. metals) can be recovered and recycled for the production of EEE. A total WEEE quantity for all EEE appliances in the European Union is estimated to 15 kg/person/year, a similar figure (14.65) is also found in USA; that means that approx. 56,000 tons of WEEE are annually generated in Georgia. GHG emissions are difficult to be estimated due to the variety of the various WEEE categories (Table 8).
Table 8. GHG emissions from EEE (manufacturing, usage, recycling) WEEE Category Kg CO2/kg
Refrigerators 145
Washing machines 55
PC 180
TV 83
Microwave 64
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-16 In Table 9 an overview of the relevant collection/recycling rates is given.
Table 9: WEEE collection targets 2020 2025 2030 WEEE 20 % 50 % 80 % Tons 11,200 28,000 44,800
1.6.2. INDIRECT MITIGATION MEASURES Measure to be Law on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) + relevant Ministerial Implemented Decrees (WEEE) Type of the Measure Legislative The Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The Framework Law on recycling will describe the responsibilities of the Measure producers/importers for the separation, collection and recycling of WEEE. The relevant Ministerial Decree(s) will set up the concrete actions to be undertaken by the producers/ importers in order to fulfill the collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 – 2030. The Law/Decree(s) will describe the following: • Collection targets and means applied to meet them • Responsibilities of the producers/importers (setting up of systems, implementation plan, monitoring of results, reporting). Assumptions and • A registry of producers/importers has to be available Assessments • The Decree has also to include the condition that each retailer has to sell a new EEE and accept the relevant WEEE from the consumer free of charge. Progress indicators Law/Decree approved Estimated investments No costs for the state authorities Financial aspects
Measure to be Establishment of collection schemes/systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management The Implementing EEE producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq]
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-17 Description of the The producers/importers, responsible for the collection/recycling, have Measure to establish 1 or more (if necessary) schemes (in form of a non-profit company) which will implement the whole separation, collection and recycling cycle. These schemes will be approved and supervised by MENRP on regular basis (annually/bi-annually). They will be responsible for: • Scheme’s establishment (i.e. registration, office/facilities organization, hiring of personnel etc.) • Placing of collection bins in supermarkets, electronic retailer shops, schools • Collection and transport of WEEE from collection points to recycling facilities (in Georgia or abroad) • Monitoring/reporting of results • Undertaking of corrective actions (if necessary) • Implement a public awareness campaign. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators Registration of the schemes/systems accomplished Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Implementation of separation/collection/recycling systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management/technical The Implementing EEE producers/importers, municipalities entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The collection non-profit schemes/company(ies) will: Measure • Place the collection bins in strategic points (schools, supermarkets, EEE retailer shops) • Order tracks to replace the full bins with empty ones • Transport WEEE to recycling facilities (in Georgia or abroad) • Collect the recycling certificates from the recycling facilities • Conduct the awareness campaign via leaflets, TV/radio spots etc. • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results • Prepare the annual implementation plans. Estimated Cost Costs to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Assumptions and The agreements with schools, supermarkets, EEE retailer shops have to Assessments be accomplished. Progress indicators • Collection bins in strategic points (schools, supermarkets, EEE retailer shops) placed (according to annual plans) • Recycling certificates from the recycling facilities collected
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-18 • Awareness campaign set • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results submitted • Annual implementation plans prepared and approved by MENRP. Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
1.7. END-OF-LIFE-VEHICLES (ELV)
1.7.1. GHG/RECYCLING POTENTIAL ELV recycling prevents the release of ferrous metals, plastics and textiles into the environment. Additionally it contributes to the separate collection of accumulators, tires and waste oils. All these materials would have been released in an uncontrolled way in landfills or, even worse, when ELV are left abandoned on streets, fields or elsewhere. Air emissions from car manufacture derives from its whole life cycle: raw materials extraction (metals), semi-product manufacture, component manufacture. ELV recycling contributes to less need for raw materials extraction (CO2, CH4) and components manufacture (CH4, SO2). ELV recycling releases CO2. Energy savings by applying ELV recycling can be up to 74 % (approx. 70 % of ferrous metals recycled in the steel manufacturing industry). Having in mind that approx. 2 – 4 kg CO2 are emitted per kg of steel used for ferrous components manufacture, savings of approx. 1.4 – 2.8 kg CO2 per kg of recycled steel are expected (approx. 50 % of a passenger vehicle consists of steel components). The savings are higher if other components (i.e. Al, Mg) will also be considered: CO2 emissions from aluminium and magnesium components used in a new car manufacture are estimated to 11 – 20 kg/kg and 18 – 45 kg/kg respectively. Estimations of ELV quantities in Georgia cannot be reliably assessed due to the fact that the use of vehicles and their life time strongly depend on the consumers’ ability to buy new cars and drop off the old ones. Usually passenger cars in countries like Georgia are further sold as second hand cars (either in the country or abroad). As a rule of thumb the relevant figures from Bulgaria, an EU country with similar characteristics to Georgia in this aspect (i.e. extended use of second hand cars), are taken as rule of thumb i.e. 82,000 tons/year (2014). With the Georgian population being 50 % of Bulgaria, a quantity of approx. 41,000 tons/year can be taken as reference figure.
In Table 10 an overview of the relevant collection/recycling rates and the avoided CO2 emissions is given. CO2 figures refer to emissions avoided by steel recycling (50 % of the ELV weight).
Table 10: ELV collection targets - GHG avoided 2020 2025 2030 ELV 20 % 50 % 80 % Tons 8,200 20,500 32,800 CO2 avoided (Gg) 5.74 – 11.48 14.35 – 28.7 22.96 – 45.92
1.7.2. INDIRECT MITIGATION MEASURES Measure to be Law on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) + relevant Ministerial Implemented Decrees (ELV)
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-19 Type of the Measure Legislative The Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The Framework Law on recycling will describe the responsibilities of the Measure producers/importers for the separation, collection and recycling of ELV. The relevant Ministerial Decree(s) will set up the concrete actions to be undertaken by the producers/ importers in order to fulfill the collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 – 2030. The Law/Decree(s) will describe the following: • Collection targets and means applied to meet them • Responsibilities of the producers/importers (setting up of systems, implementation plan, monitoring of results, reporting) • Issuing of vehicle destruction certificate Assumptions and • A registry of producers/importers has to be available Assessments • The Decree has also to include the following conditions: the ELV delivery to an ELV collector/recycling facility has to be free of charge any vehicle left on a public road for more than 1 month and can cause an environmental hazard due to its conditions will be characterized as ELV and must be removed. Progress indicators Law/Decree approved Estimated investments No costs for the state authorities Financial aspects
Measure to be Establishment of collection schemes/systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management The Implementing Car producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The producers/importers, responsible for the collection/recycling, have Measure to establish 1 or more (if necessary) schemes (in form of a non-profit company) which will implement the whole separation, collection and recycling cycle. These schemes will be approved and supervised by MENRP on regular basis (annually/bi-annually). They will be responsible for: • Scheme’s establishment (i.e. registration, office/facilities organization, hiring of personnel etc.) • Collection and transport of ELV from collection points to
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-20 recycling facilities (in Georgia or abroad) • Issuing of destruction certificates for collected ELV • Monitoring/reporting of results • Undertaking of corrective actions (if necessary) • Implement a public awareness campaign. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators Registration of the schemes/systems accomplished Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Implementation of separation/collection/recycling systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management/technical The Implementing Car producers/importers, municipalities entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions 22.96 – 45.92 reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The collection non-profit schemes/company(ies) will: Measure • Transport ELV to recycling facilities (in Georgia or abroad) in cooperation with the municipalities • Issue the cars destruction certificates • Collect the recycling certificates from the recycling facilities • Conduct the awareness campaign via leaflets, TV/radio spots etc. • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results • Prepare the annual implementation plans. Estimated Cost Costs to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Assumptions and The agreements with schools, supermarkets, EEE retailer shops have to Assessments be accomplished. Progress indicators • Number of ELV collected/destructed/recycled • Recycling certificates from the recycling facilities collected • Awareness campaign set • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results submitted • Annual implementation plans prepared and approved by MENRP. Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
1.8. PACKAGING WASTE
1.8.1. GHG/RECYCLING POTENTIAL The following materials are considered as packaging materials/waste:
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-21 − Glass − Metals
− Plastics − Paper/paperboard − Wood Recycling saves GHG emissions by reducing the amount of waste which must be disposed of and by providing a substitute for the use of raw materials in product manufacturing. Although recycling does require energy input in order to re-manufacture products, it remains an appropriate waste management tool; the energy required to remanufacture remains below that needed for making new products from raw materials.
A typical composition of recyclable packaging waste and the relevant GHG emissions are given in Table 11.
Table 11: GHG emissions from various packaging materials Material Kg recyclables per Kg recovered per Kg CO2-eq. saved Kg CO2-eq. saved 1000 kg MSW 1000 kg MSW per 1000 kg per 1000 kg MSW Material
Paper 200 140 600 - 2,500 85 - 350
Aluminium 10 6 10,000 60
Steel 25 15 2,000 30
Glass 50 30 500 15
Plastic 80 50 1,000 50
Total 365 241 190 - 505
http://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/_temp_/Small_GHG_white_paper_01.pdf
Reliable information about packaging waste quantities in Georgia does not exist; therefore, figures from EU countries can be taken as reference. These figures vary considerably to each other independently from each country’s GDP and economic growth (Table 12).
Table 12: Packaging waste quantities in EU countries Country Kg/person/year (2013)
Austria 99.85
Bulgaria 32.5
Cyprus 51.65
Lithuania 57.8
Latvia 58.08
Hungary 50.8
Estonia 99.0
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-22 Greece 35.8
If the lower figures (Bulgaria, Greece) are taken as a reference, a quantity of approx. 34 kg/person/ year can be taken for Georgia i.e. 126,718 tons/year are generated.
In Table 13 an overview of the relevant collection/recycling rates and the avoided CO2 emissions is given.
Table 13: Packaging waste collection targets - GHG avoided 2020 2025 2030 Packaging waste 40 % 75 % 90 % Tons 50,687 95,038 114,046 CO2 avoided (Gg) 0.0096 – 0.0256 0.018 – 0.048 0.0217 – 0.0576
1.8.2. INDIRECT MITIGATION MEASURES Measure to be Law on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) + relevant Ministerial Implemented Decrees (packaging waste) Type of the Measure Legislative The Implementing Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The Framework Law on recycling will describe the responsibilities of the Measure producers/importers for the separation, collection and recycling of packaging waste. The relevant Ministerial Decree(s) will set up the concrete actions to be undertaken by the producers/ importers in order to fulfill the collection targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy 2016 – 2030. The Law/Decree(s) will describe the following: • Collection targets and means applied to meet them • Responsibilities of the producers/importers (setting up of systems, implementation plan, monitoring of results, reporting) Assumptions and • A registry of producers/importers has to be available Assessments Progress indicators Law/Decree approved Estimated investments No costs for the state authorities Financial aspects
Measure to be Establishment of collection schemes/systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management The Implementing Packaging producers/importers entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-23 GHG + other air CO2 emissions Indirect emissions reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The producers/importers, responsible for the collection/recycling, have Measure to establish 1 or more (if necessary) schemes (in form of a non-profit company) which will implement the whole separation, collection and recycling cycle. These schemes will be approved and supervised by MENRP on regular basis (annually/bi-annually). They will be responsible for: • Scheme’s establishment (i.e. registration, office/facilities organization, hiring of personnel etc.) • Purchase and positioning of collection bins and/or bring banks • Collection and transport of the packaging waste to materials separation centers (if combined collection will be chosen) and to recycling facilities • Collection and transport of the packaging waste to recycling facilities (if separation at source will be chosen i.e. bins for glass, metal, paper, plastic, wood) • Monitoring/reporting of results • Undertaking of corrective actions (if necessary) • Implement a public awareness campaign. Assumptions and No producers/importers should be excluded to participate in the Assessments scheme(s), otherwise the implementation costs will be shared by those who are shareholders of the scheme(s) which is an unfair market competition. Cooperation between the producers/importers with MENRP is essential for the success. Progress indicators Registration of the schemes/systems accomplished Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
Measure to be Implementation of separation/collection/recycling systems Implemented Type of the Measure Management/technical The Implementing Packaging producers/importers, municipalities entity Implementation 2017-2030 year/period GHG + other air CO2, hazardous pollutants emissions Indirect emissions 0.0217 – 0.0576 reduction in 2030 [Gg CO2-eq] Description of the The collection non-profit schemes/company(ies) will: Measure • Place the collection bins/bring banks in strategic points (schools, supermarkets, public buildings) • Order tracks to replace the full bins with empty ones • Transport the packaging waste to separation facilities and to recycling facilities • Collect the recycling certificates from the recycling facilities
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-24 • Conduct the awareness campaign via leaflets, TV/radio spots etc. • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results • Prepare the annual implementation plans. Estimated Cost Costs to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Assumptions and The agreements with schools, supermarkets have to be accomplished. Assessments Progress indicators • Collection bins/bring banks in strategic points (schools, supermarkets, public buildings) placed (according to annual plans) • Recycling certificates from the recycling facilities collected • Awareness campaign set • Report to MENRP about the collection/recycling results submitted • Annual implementation plans prepared and approved by MENRP. Estimated investments Costs for company registration/establishment/organization to be undertaken by the producers/importers. Financial aspects
1.9. TOTAL QUANTITIES COLLECTED – GHG EMISSIONS AVOIDED (2030) In Table 14 the total quantities are presented which have to be separately collected and recycled in the year 2030 according to the National Waste Management Strategy.
Table 14: Total quantities and indirect GHG emissions (avoided) of specific waste streams (2030) Waste steam Quantities (tons) CO2 avoided (Gg)
Batteries 1,193 11.93
Accumulators 12,420 32.3
Tires 10,800 45.9
Waste oils 9,000 20.9
WEEE 44,800
ELV 32,800 22.96 – 45.92
Packaging waste 114,046 0.0217 – 0.0576
Total 225,059 134.0 – 157.0
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-25
1.10. CONCLUSIONS Separation and recycling of the specific waste streams falls under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principle and has to be undertaken by the relevant producers/importers in cooperation with the municipalities. The investment and operational costs should be covered by the producers without any state contribution. The efficient separation/recycling of these waste streams contributes to a better landfill management by avoiding their enlargement as well as the emission/disposal of hazardous substances whereas various materials can be recovered and further used in the manufacturing process.
1.11. REFERENCES 1. Eurostat statistics http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/waste/overview 2. National Waste Management Strategy, Georgia 3. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), Waste and Climate Change, 2009, http://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/_temp_/Small_GHG_white_paper_01.pdf 4. Waste Management, IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch10s10- 6.html 5. Audi, Life Cycle Assessment, http://www.audi.com/content/dam/com/EN/corporate- responsibility/product/audi_a6_life_cycle_assessment.pdf 6. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006, http://www.ipcc- nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_5_Ch5_Non_Energy_Products.pdf 7. Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Car Tyres at Scandinavian Enviro Systems, 2012, http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/171866/171866.pdf
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WASTE SECTOR ANNEX 1-26
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