ESIA 07 Environmental Baseline Pdf / 3.7 MB

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ESIA 07 Environmental Baseline Pdf / 3.7 MB Chapter 7 Environmental Baseline WREP Sectional Replacement Project, Georgia Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ........................................................................ 7-1 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.2 Literature Reviews .......................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.3 Corridor and Route-Specific Field Surveys ..................................................... 7-2 7.1.4 Geographical Context ..................................................................................... 7-3 7.2 Geology, Geomorphology and Geohazards .............................................. 7-4 7.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7-4 7.2.2 Geology .......................................................................................................... 7-4 7.2.3 Geomorphology .............................................................................................. 7-5 7.2.4 Geohazards .................................................................................................... 7-5 7.3 Soils and Ground Conditions .................................................................. 7-11 7.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 7-11 7.3.2 Description of Soils ....................................................................................... 7-11 7.3.3 Soil Erosion Potential along the Proposed Route Sections ........................... 7-12 7.3.4 Land Contamination ...................................................................................... 7-14 7.3.5 Summary of Land Contamination along the Route Sections ......................... 7-18 7.3.6 Soil Sensitivities ............................................................................................ 7-18 7.4 Landscape and Visual Receptors ........................................................... 7-18 7.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 7-18 7.4.2 Landscape Character Assessment ............................................................... 7-18 7.4.3 Landscape Character of the Pipeline Sections .............................................. 7-20 7.4.4 Landscape Sensitivities ................................................................................ 7-21 7.5 Surface Water Resources ....................................................................... 7-21 7.5.1 Overview of Hydrological Regime in Georgia ................................................ 7-21 7.5.2 Hydrology ..................................................................................................... 7-22 7.5.3 Water Quality ................................................................................................ 7-27 7.5.4 Surface Water Sensitivities ........................................................................... 7-30 7.6 Groundwater ........................................................................................... 7-30 7.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 7-30 7.6.2 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................... 7-31 7.6.3 Groundwater Sensitivities ............................................................................. 7-35 7.7 Ecology ................................................................................................... 7-36 7.7.1 Overview and Field Survey Methodology ...................................................... 7-36 7.7.2 Protected Areas ............................................................................................ 7-39 7.7.3 Plant and Animal Species of Conservation Value ......................................... 7-42 7.7.4 Forest Fund Land ......................................................................................... 7-44 7.7.5 Biodiversity of the Pipeline Sections ............................................................. 7-45 7.7.6 Ecology Sensitivities ..................................................................................... 7-54 7.8 Climate and Air Quality ........................................................................... 7-57 7.8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 7-57 7.8.2 Climate ......................................................................................................... 7-57 7.8.3 Air Quality ..................................................................................................... 7-60 7.8.4 Climate and Air Quality Sensitivities .............................................................. 7-62 7.9 Noise and Vibration ................................................................................. 7-63 7.9.1 Noise and Vibration Sensitivities ................................................................... 7-63 Environmental Baseline i August 2016 WREP Sectional Replacement Project, Georgia Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final 7.10 Cultural Heritage ..................................................................................... 7-64 7.10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 7-64 7.10.2 Phased Approach to Cultural Heritage Protection for Construction Projects .. 7- 64 7.10.3 Overview and Context of Georgian Heritage Resources ........................... 7-65 7.10.4 Heritage Resources in WREP-SR Project Area ........................................ 7-72 7.10.5 Legal Protection of Heritage Resources in Georgia ................................... 7-73 7.10.6 Baseline (Phase I) Assessment Methodology ........................................... 7-77 7.10.7 Heritage Sites within the Project Area ....................................................... 7-78 7.10.8 Mtskheta Heritage Impact Assessment ..................................................... 7-81 7.10.9 Key Cultural Heritage Sensitivities ............................................................ 7-82 7.11 Traffic ...................................................................................................... 7-82 7.11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 7-82 7.11.2 Survey Location and Methodology ............................................................ 7-82 7.11.3 Analysis of Survey Data ............................................................................ 7-82 7.11.4 Traffic Sensitivities .................................................................................... 7-84 7.12 Key Sensitivities ...................................................................................... 7-84 Tables Table 7-1: Erosion Severity Classes (Morgan et al., 2001) ................................... 7-12 Table 7-2: WREP-SR Sections with High Erosion Potential (Class 4 and Above) ............................................................................................................ 7-13 Table 7-3: Potential Contaminants along the WREP-SR Route ............................ 7-14 Table 7-4: Sites of Known Contamination along WREP-SR Sections (pre-1996) ...................................................................................................... 7-17 Table 7-5: Hydrological Characteristics of Watercourses Crossed by the WREP ............................................................................................................ 7-23 Table 7-6: Water Quality Results: Physico-Chemical Parameters, Chemistry (exc. Metals and TPH) and Microbiology ...................................................... 7-29 Table 7-7: Water Quality Results: Metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ...... 7-29 Table 7-8: Summary of Hydrogeology beneath WREP SRP Sections .................. 7-35 Table 7-9: Domin Scale of Cover-Abundance ....................................................... 7-38 Table 7-10: Threatened Species Status Categories .............................................. 7-42 Table 7-11: Species of Conservation Value Recorded during 2015/2016 Surveys .......................................................................................................... 7-42 Table 7-12: Areas of High Biodiversity Interest within RP-001a ............................ 7-46 Table 7-13: Areas of High Biodiversity Interest within RR-001 .............................. 7-49 Table 7-14 Summary of Habitats and their Biodiversity Value .............................. 7-55 Table 7-15: GHG Emissions Trends in Georgia in 1990-2011 (Gg CO2 eq) ......... 7-61 Table 7-16: Dust Sensitive Locations .................................................................... 7-62 Table 7-17: Noise Sensitive Locations .................................................................. 7-63 Table 7-18: Heritage Sites in the WREP-SR Project Area .................................... 7-79 Table 7-19: Sensitive Environmental Receptors ................................................... 7-84 Figures Figure 7-1: Geographical Map of Georgia ..............................................................
Recommended publications
  • Some Remarks on the Current Efforts for Future Protection of the Kura Water Resources Through Trans-Boundary Cooperation and Modernized National Policy Measures
    International Journal of Hydrology Case Report Open Access Some remarks on the current efforts for future protection of the kura water resources through trans-boundary cooperation and modernized national policy measures Abstract Volume 1 Issue 4 - 2017 Azerbaijan locates in the downstream of the Kura river basin. Protection of the bio- Mehman Agarza Oglu Rzayev resources of the Kura River is important for the future welfare and health of the Department of Agricultural Water and Soil, Azerbaijan Scientific- population living in this basin. Therefore coordinated action for the rational use of Production Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Amelioration, the water resources between basin countries is necessary to mitigate main trans- Azerbaijan boundary problems of changes in hydrological flows, worsening of the river water quality, degradation of the ecosystem and intensified flooding due to the observed Correspondence: Mehman Agarza oglu Rzayev, Department consequence of global climate changes taking place in the recent period. This of Agricultural Water and Soil, Azerbaijan Scientific-Production manuscript outlines the proposals within UNDP-GEF Kura - Araz Project ((Kura II Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Amelioration, Project) to improve interaction and cooperation between Azerbaijan and Georgia as a Azerbaijan, Tel +994503246061, Email [email protected] model for future deepening of the relationship between all basin countries to protect fresh water resources and ecological safety of the entire river ecosystem. Received: September 04, 2017 | Published: November 10, 2017 Introduction industrial wastewaters and return flow from agriculture, imposing health, ecological and aesthetic threats. Water pollution takes place Kura River is the main waterway in Caucasus area, originates from due to the mining industry, agriculture and livestock activities starting eastern Turkey, with the total length of 1515 km and inflow to the from the upstream basin countries.4,5 The cooperation between the Caspian Sea through Georgia and Azerbaijan.
    [Show full text]
  • Law of Georgia Tax Code of Georgia
    LAW OF GEORGIA TAX CODE OF GEORGIA SECTION I GENERAL PROVISIONS Chapter I - Georgian Tax System Article 1 - Scope of regulation In accordance with the Constitution of Georgia, this Code sets forth the general principles of formation and operation of the tax system of Georgia, governs the legal relations involved in the movement of passengers, goods and vehicles across the customs border of Georgia, determines the legal status of persons, tax payers and competent authorities involved in legal relations, determines the types of tax offences, the liability for violating the tax legislation of Georgia, the terms and conditions for appealing wrongful acts of competent authorities and of their officials, lays down procedures for settling tax disputes, and governs the legal relations connected with the fulfilment of tax liabilities. Law of Georgia No 5942 of 27 March 2012 - website, 12.4.2012 Article 2 - Tax legislation of Georgia 1. The tax legislation of Georgia comprises the Constitution of Georgia, international treaties and agreements, this Code and subordinate normative acts adopted in compliance with them. 2. The tax legislation of Georgia in effect at the moment when tax liability arises shall be used for taxation. 3. The Government of Georgia or the Minister for Finance of Georgia shall adopt/issue subordinate normative acts for enforcing this Code. 4. (Deleted - No 1886, 26.12.2013) 5. To enforce the tax legislation of Georgia, the head of the Legal Entity under Public Law (LEPL) within the Ministry for Finance of Georgia - the Revenue Service (‘the Revenue Service’) shall issue orders, internal instructions and guidelines on application of the tax legislation of Georgia by tax authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Forest Pests and Diseases in Protected Areas of Georgia Final Report
    Assessment of Forest Pests and Diseases in Protected Areas of Georgia Final report Dr. Iryna Matsiakh Tbilisi 2014 This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The content, findings, interpretations, and conclusions of this publication are the sole responsibility of the FLEG II (ENPI East) Programme Team (www.enpi-fleg.org) and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Implementing Organizations. CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. 3 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Background information ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Literature review ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Intelligence Review, Volume 25, Number 15, April 10
    EIR Founder and Contributing Editor: Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. Editorial Board: Melvin Klenetsky, Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., Antony Papert, Gerald Rose, From the Associate Editor Dennis Small, Edward Spannaus, Nancy Spannaus, Jeffrey Steinberg, William Wertz Associate Editor: Susan Welsh Managing Editors: John Sigerson, his is our last issue before the Willard Group meeting of 22 nations Ronald Kokinda T Science Editor: Marjorie Mazel Hecht in Washington, at which the question of reorganizing the bankrupt Special Projects: Mark Burdman world financial-monetary system will be either resolutely faced, or Book Editor: Katherine Notley Advertising Director: Marsha Freeman cravenly avoided, with tragic consequences. I remind our readers of Circulation Manager: Stanley Ezrol the editors’ preface to an article by Lyndon H. LaRouche in our Feb. INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORS: 6 issue, the preface titled “John Paul II and the Ides of March.” Asia and Africa: Linda de Hoyos Counterintelligence: Jeffrey Steinberg, We wrote: Paul Goldstein “An announced outbreak of suicides among some officials in Economics: Marcia Merry Baker, William Engdahl Japan lends dramatic irony to the desperate efforts of the Japan gov- History: Anton Chaitkin ernment, and others, to pretend that Japan now has its part of the Ibero-America: Robyn Quijano, Dennis Small Law: Edward Spannaus pulsating, ongoing, global financial crisis under control. The cur- Russia and Eastern Europe: rently preferred policy of bankers and most governments, to pour Rachel Douglas, Konstantin George United States: Debra Freeman, Suzanne Rose monetary gasoline on the fires of financial holocaust, is feeding an INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS: early new round of explosions, soon to become more devastating than Bogota´: Jose´ Restrepo those of late 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
    [Show full text]
  • FÁK Állomáskódok
    Állomáskód Orosz név Latin név Vasút kódja Államnév orosz Államnév latin Államkód 406513 1 МАЯ 1 MAIA 22 УКРАИНА UKRAINE UA 804 085827 ААКРЕ AAKRE 26 ЭСТОНИЯ ESTONIA EE 233 574066 ААПСТА AAPSTA 28 ГРУЗИЯ GEORGIA GE 268 085780 ААРДЛА AARDLA 26 ЭСТОНИЯ ESTONIA EE 233 269116 АБАБКОВО ABABKOVO 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 737139 АБАДАН ABADAN 29 УЗБЕКИСТАН UZBEKISTAN UZ 860 753112 АБАДАН-I ABADAN-I 67 ТУРКМЕНИСТАН TURKMENISTAN TM 795 753108 АБАДАН-II ABADAN-II 67 ТУРКМЕНИСТАН TURKMENISTAN TM 795 535004 АБАДЗЕХСКАЯ ABADZEHSKAIA 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 795736 АБАЕВСКИЙ ABAEVSKII 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 864300 АБАГУР-ЛЕСНОЙ ABAGUR-LESNOI 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 865065 АБАГУРОВСКИЙ (РЗД) ABAGUROVSKII (RZD) 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 699767 АБАИЛ ABAIL 27 КАЗАХСТАН REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN KZ 398 888004 АБАКАН ABAKAN 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 888108 АБАКАН (ПЕРЕВ.) ABAKAN (PEREV.) 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 398904 АБАКЛИЯ ABAKLIIA 23 МОЛДАВИЯ MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF MD 498 889401 АБАКУМОВКА (РЗД) ABAKUMOVKA 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 882309 АБАЛАКОВО ABALAKOVO 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 408006 АБАМЕЛИКОВО ABAMELIKOVO 22 УКРАИНА UKRAINE UA 804 571706 АБАША ABASHA 28 ГРУЗИЯ GEORGIA GE 268 887500 АБАЗА ABAZA 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643 887406 АБАЗА (ЭКСП.) ABAZA (EKSP.) 20 РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ RUSSIAN FEDERATION RU 643
    [Show full text]
  • Cylindrocladium Buxicola Nom. Cons. Prop.(Syn. Calonectria
    I Promotors: Prof. dr. ir. Monica Höfte Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Dr. ir. Kurt Heungens Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) Plant Sciences Unit - Crop Protection Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe II Bjorn Gehesquière Cylindrocladium buxicola nom. cons. prop. (syn. Calonectria pseudonaviculata) on Buxus: molecular characterization, epidemiology, host resistance and fungicide control Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences III Dutch translation of the title: Cylindrocladium buxicola nom. cons. prop. (syn. Calonectria pseudonaviculata) in Buxus: moleculaire karakterisering, epidemiologie, waardplantresistentie en chemische bestrijding. Please refer to this work as follows: Gehesquière B. (2014). Cylindrocladium buxicola nom. cons. prop. (syn. Calonectria pseudonaviculata) on Buxus: molecular characterization, epidemiology, host resistance and fungicide control. Phd Thesis. Ghent University, Belgium The author and the promotors give authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Any other use is limited by Laws of Copyright. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. The promotors, The author, Prof. dr. ir. M. Höfte Dr. ir. K. Heungens ir. B. Gehesquière IV Een woordje van dank…. Dit dankwoord schrijven is ongetwijfeld het leukste onderdeel van deze thesis, en een mooie afsluiting van een interessante periode. Terugblikkend op de voorbije vier jaren kan ik enkel maar beamen dat een doctoraat zoveel meer is dan een wetenschappelijke uitdaging. Het is een levensreis in al zijn facetten, waarbij ik mezelf heb leren kennen in al mijn goede en slechte kantjes.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatolian Rivers Between East and West
    Anatolian Rivers between East and West: Axes and Frontiers Geographical, economical and cultural aspects of the human-environment interactions between the Kızılırmak and Tigris Rivers in ancient times A series of three Workshops * First Workshop The Connectivity of Rivers Bilkent University Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture & Faculty of Humanities and Letters Ankara 18th November 2016 ABSTRACTS Second Workshop, 4th – 7th May 2017, at the State University Shota Rustaveli, Batumi. The Exploitation of the Economic Resources of Rivers. Third Workshop, 28th – October 1st September 2017, at the French Institute for Anatolian Studies, Istanbul. The Cultural Aspects of Rivers. Frontier Rivers between Asia and Europe Anca Dan (Paris, CNRS-ENS, [email protected]) The concept of « frontier », the water resources and the extension of Europe/Asia are currently topics of debates to which ancient historians and archaeologists can bring their contribution. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the watercourses which played a part in the mental construction of the inhabited world, in its division between West and East and, more precisely, between Europe and Asia. The paper is organized in three parts: the first is an inventory of the watercourses which have been considered, at some point in history, as dividing lines between Europe and Asia; the second part is an attempt to explain the need of dividing the inhabited world by streams; the third part assesses the impact of this mental construct on the reality of a river, which is normally at the same time an obstacle and a spine in the mental organization of a space.
    [Show full text]
  • G Georgia's Climate and Protects the Nation from the Penetration of Colder Air Masses from the North
    UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE United Nations Development Account project Promoting Eneergy Efficiency Investments for Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development Case study GEORGIA MUNICIPAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY REFORMS IN GEORGIA Developed by: Energy Effficiency Center Georgia Contents Geographical and climate characteristic of republic of Georgia .................................................... 3 Geography ................................................................................................................................... 3 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 4 Sector Characteristics: .................................................................................................................... 4 Electric power supply of Georgia and Tbilisi ............................................................................. 5 Natural gas supply and heating system in Georgia and Tbilisi ................................................... 6 Current Policy: ................................................................................................................................ 8 Energy Efficiency Potential .......................................................................................................... 11 Assessment Methodology: ............................................................................................................ 13 Economic, Environmental and Policy
    [Show full text]
  • Ser Oliver Uordropi 150
    saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi ser oliver uordropi 150 Tbilisi 2015 1 UDC (uak) 001 (410)(092) 008.1 (479.22.410) wigni Seadgina, SeniSvnebi da komentarebi daurTo, redaqtireba gaukeTa, inglisuri teqsti qarTul Targmans Seudara istoriis doqtorma: beqa kobaxiZem teqsti inglisuridan qarTul enaze Targmna: salome beniZem qarTuli Targmanis stilisturi redaqtireba diana anfimiadisa wina ydaze gamosaxulia saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri - evgeni gegeWkori da didi britaneTis umaRlesi komisari - ser oliver uordropi tfilisSi 1919 wlis 30 agvistos mowyobil daxvedraze. foto daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi. On the front cover there are illustrated Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia – Evgeni Gegechkori and British High Commissioner in Transcaucasia – Sir Oliver Wardrop at the arrival meeting of Wardrop in Tiflis on 30th of August 1919. The photograph is preserved in the National Archives of Georgia. ukana ydaze gamosaxulia ser oliver uordropi - misi udidebulesobis generaluri konsuli strasburgSi. 1925 weli. foto hilari grandis uordropebis ojaxis albomidan. On the back cover there is illustrated Sir Oliver Wardrop – His Majesty’s Consul-General in Strasbourg. 1925. Photograph from Wardrops family album of Hilary Grundy. © saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka © saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi Sps “irida” rusTavi, firosmanis q.#7 ISBN 978-9941-0-8216-0 2 sarCevi: redaqtoris winasityvaoba ...............................................................................................4 “ser oliver uordropi:
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Environmental Performance Reviews Third Review
    UNECE Georgia Environmental Performance Reviews Third Review UNITED NATIONS ECE/CEP/177 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS GEORGIA Third Review UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2016 Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 43 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In particular, the boundaries shown on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The United Nations issued the second Environmental Performance Review of Georgia (Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 30) in 2010. This volume is issued in English only. ECE/CEP/177 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales E.16.II.E.3 ISBN 978-92-1-117101-3 e-ISBN 978-92-1-057683-3 ISSN 1020-4563 iii Foreword It is essential to monitor progress towards environmental sustainability and to evaluate how countries reconcile environmental and economic targets and meet their international environmental commitments. Through regular monitoring and evaluation, countries may more effectively stay ahead of emerging environmental issues, improve their environmental performance and be accountable to their citizens. The ECE Environmental Performance Review Programme provides valuable assistance to member States by regularly assessing their environmental performance so that they can take steps to improve their environmental management, integrate environmental considerations into economic sectors, increase the availability of information to the public and promote information exchange with other countries on policies and experiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Profile of Afghanistan
    NEPA Biodiversity Profile of Afghanistan An Output of the National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environment Management (NCSA) for Afghanistan June 2008 United Nations Environment Programme Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch First published in Kabul in 2008 by the United Nations Environment Programme. Copyright © 2008, United Nations Environment Programme. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. United Nations Environment Programme Darulaman Kabul, Afghanistan Tel: +93 (0)799 382 571 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.unep.org DISCLAIMER The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP, or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Unless otherwise credited, all the photos in this publication have been taken by the UNEP staff. Design and Layout: Rachel Dolores
    [Show full text]