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Dye Selectivity and Colour Fastness Assessment of Dyed Microcrystallinecellulose Extracted from Cornstalks

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IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) e-ISSN: 2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan. - Feb. 2016), PP 10-16 www.iosrjournals.org Dye Selectivity and Colour Fastness Assessment of Dyed MicrocrystallineCellulose Extracted From Cornstalks Adeyemo Bilyaminu Adebola1, Yakubu Mohammed Kabir1, BelloKasali Ademola1, GadimohSylvester.2. 1. Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 2. National Research Institute for Chemical Technology (NARICT), Bassawa, Zaria, Nigeria Abstract: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from cellulose obtained from cornstalks by sulphuric acid hydrolysis method. The exhaustion dyeing of microcrystalline cellulose with selected commercial dyes; Procion Violet H-3R (reactive), Solophenyl Yellow PFL (direct), and Foron Yellow S.E-2GL (disperse) was carried out and their substantivity were studied from their percentage exhaustions. The percentage exhaustion (% E) of 17.9%, 65.5%, and 75% were obtained for reactive, direct, and disperse dyes, respectively. The fastness properties of dyed microcrystalline cellulose to light, wash, and chlorinated water were investigated. The colour fastness result of the dyed microcrystalline cellulose to chlorinated water was very good for Solophenyl Yellow PFL but fair to wash and light fastness. Procion Violet H-3R displayed good fastness to light than others. Foron Yellow S.E- 2GL exhibited very good fastness to wash test than Procion violet H-3R and Solophenyl Yellow PFL which have good and fair fastness, respectively. And based on these findings, the colour fastness tests that were conducted have revealed that any of the three dyes could be used for MCC colouration depending on the area of use. Keywords: Cornstalks,Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC), Procion Violet H-3R, Solophenyl Yellow PFL, Foron Yellow S.E- 2GL. I. Introduction Corn stalk is one of the post-harvest residues of maize cultivation which is made up of lignified tissue. This stalk is an interesting lignocellulosic biomass which composes of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, as potential sources of biomaterials. Corn stalk is considered as biodegradable agricultural wastes, which contain high quantities of organic matter therefore, an efficient utilization of such agricultural wastes is of great importance not only for minimizing the environmental impact, but also for obtaining a higher profit (Nuruddinet al., 2011).Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) can be obtained from any material that is high in cellulose ranging from pure cellulose, commercial grade wood cellulose to lignocellulosic materials. Microcrystalline cellulose is a purified form of cellulose, obtained from the natural polymer after a severe acid hydrolysis treatment in which the amorphous regions are preferentially attacked and transformed into a crystalline residue (Vieira Ferreiraet al., 1995).The hydrolysis of cellulose to obtain microcrystalline cellulose can also be accomplished using enzymes or microorganisms. Although enzymatic methods are more desirable because glucose, a useful by- product, is produced, these methods are more expensive and create products having a lower crystallinity. Thus, acid hydrolysis is the conventional method of choice for manufacturing microcrystalline cellulose (Hanna et al., 2001). MCCis used in various fields such as pharmacy, cosmetics, food industry, and plastics processing industry. In the powder form, it is used, as a filler and binder in medical tablets and food tablets for dietary purposes. In the gel form, microcrystalline cellulose is used as viscosity regulator, a suspending agent, emulsifier in different pastes, creams, etc. (Laka and Chernyavskaya, 2007). It has also been reported elsewherethat microcellulose fibres from corn stalk could find applications inindustrial sectors like the paper, textile and as reinforcements for compositesused in the automotive and construction industries(Weirnicket al., 2002).Colouration generally imparts beauty and improve aesthetic properties of materials, thus to the best of our knowledge determination of substantivity of commercial dyes and their colour fastness properties on MCC has never been done. II. Materials And Methods 2.1 Raw materials The cornstalks were collected from Samaru College of Agriculture, Ahmadu University, Zaria Nigeria. In the dried form, outer covering of the stalks was peeled off to obtain the soft inner lignocellulose stalk. A bleached cellulose fabric pieces which serves as control during colouration were also obtained. The chemicals used are of analytical grade and the commercial dyes are reactive (Procion Violet H-3R), direct (Solophenyl Yellow PFL), and disperse (Foron Yellow S.E-2GL). DOI: 10.9790/019X-03011016 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page Dye Selectivity And Colour Fastness Assessment Of Dyed Microcrystallinecellulose Extracted From 2.2 Delignification of cornstalks A 5g quantity of cornstalks were placed in a three-neck flask containing a magnet and securely clamped on a magnetic stirrer hot plate. The delignification was carried out in a reflux setup at boiling temperature with 90% (v/v) formic acid, stalk-to-liquor ratio, 1:30, for 2hrs.The hot plate rotor drives the magnet and the stalks were continuously stirred while water passes through the condenser to cool the reaction. The formic acid at boil temperature dissolved the stalks to a dark brown colour pulp. On completion of the reaction time, the lignocellulosic pulp was washed thoroughly in hot distilled water and filtered in a Buchner funnel. The formic acid treated residue was further delignified by treatment with peroxyformic acid (prepared o by mixing 90% formic acid with 4% H2O2), at 80 C in a thermostatic water bath to dissolve the residual lignin and hemicelluloses in the pulp. After 2hrs, the mass was washed by adding water and filtered in a Buchner funnel. The cellulose obtained from this treatment was dried gently in oven at 50oC for 1hr.30min. 2.3 Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose Microcrystalline cellulose was extracted by acid hydrolysisof cellulose isolated from cornstalks, under the following conditions: 50% w/w sulphuric acid solution for 2hours at 40 °C, using mass-to-liquor ratio 1:8, under constant stirring. Hydrolysis was stopped by adding large volume of distilled water to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was washed with cold water, repeatedly centrifuged to recover the microcrystalline cellulose, and subsequently neutralised with 1% sodium hydroxide. It was finally rinsed thoroughly in water and repeatedly centrifuged, filtered and dried gently in oven at 50oC for 1hr.30min. 2.4 Bleaching of microcrystalline cellulose Bleaching was carried out at 80oC for 1hr in thermostatic water bath in the following recipe; 10% microcrystalline cellulose, 4% hydrogen peroxide on oven dry (o.d) microcrystalline cellulose, 1% sodium silicate and magnesium sulphate were used to stabilise the bleaching process at pH 11 by addition of required amount of sodium hydroxide. This procedure was repeated once to producea bleached, product which was then properly rinsed with distilled water, centrifuged and filtered. 2.5 Percentage yield The yields of all products obtained aftereach chemical treatment was calculated, and expressed in percentage, as the ratio of weight of product, w2, to its theoretical weight, w1. 푤 %푌푖푒푙푑 = 2 × 100 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1 푤1 2.6 Determination of particle size of microcrystalline cellulose The micro-cellulose particles, obtained were milled in a laboratory mortar with pestle to produce the crystalline powder. The average particle size of the microcrystalline cellulose was carried out using Zetasizer Nano-S. 1mg of MCC powder per 10ml of water was prepared and the resulting suspension was transferred into a disposable cuvette using 0.22 micrometer filter unit. The cuvette containing the sample was placed into the analysis stage of the equipment for analysis. 2.7 Dyeing of microcrystalline cellulose and cellulosic fabric The dyeing of the microcrystalline cellulose and cellulosic fabric which served as control samples was carried out to 3% shade. 2.7.1 Dyeing with reactive dye At dye-baths temperature 30oC, a 0.5g microcrystalline cellulose and 0.5g cellulose fabric were introduced to attain equilibrium for a period of 20minutes. Sodium chloride 20% (o.w.f) was added to each dye bath and dyeing was continued for another 20minutes to assist the exhaustion of dye. Sodium hydroxide (0.3%) was introduced for fixation and dyeing was carried out for further 20minutes at 60oC. The dyed samples were then rinsed soaped at the boil for 30mins, rinsed in distilled water and dried (Nkeonye, 1987). 2.7.2 Dyeing with direct dye The dye was added in well dissolved condition to the dye bath, 20% sodium chloride was then added. A 0.5g microcrystalline cellulose and 0.5g cellulose fabric were introduced into the dye liquor at 40oC, the temperature of the bath was raised over a period of 30min to the boil and dyeing was continued at this temperature for 60min (Nkeonye, 1987). Thereafter, the samples were rinsed thoroughly and dried. DOI: 10.9790/019X-03011016 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page Dye Selectivity And Colour Fastness Assessment Of Dyed Microcrystallinecellulose Extracted From 2.7.3 Dyeingwith disperse dye A 0.5g each of microcrystalline cellulose and fabric was entered into a separatedyebathcontaining 5g/l soap solution (dispersing agent) at 60oC.The temperature was raised to the boil and dyeing was performed at this temperature, for
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