Thécamoebiens Muscicoles D'un Mur D'enceinte Du Château De Neuchâtel

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Thécamoebiens Muscicoles D'un Mur D'enceinte Du Château De Neuchâtel Thécamoebiens muscicoles d'un mur d'enceinte du château de Neuchâtel : les protistes constituent-ils une partie négligeable de la biodiversité ou plutôt une "majorité silencieuse"? Autor(en): Mitchell, Edward A. D. / Arnet, Thierry / Chatelain, Auriel Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles Band (Jahr): 133 (2013) PDF erstellt am: 29.09.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-391584 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. 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Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch bulletin de la société neuchâteloise des sciences naturelles 133 : 83-92. 2013 Thécamoebiens muscicoles d'un mur d'enceinte du Châtea u de Neuchâtel – Les protistes constituent-ils une partie négligeable de la bi odive rsit é ou pl utôt une «maj orit é silencie use.» Edwa rd A. D. Mitchel Thie rry Arnet Auriel Chatelain Nic olas Derungs & Enriq ue Lara Laboratoire de biologie du sol, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel Mots-clés : protozoaires libres; bryophytes; biodiversité Keywords: free-living protozoa; bryophytes; biodiversity Résumé L’analyse de quelques échantillons de mousses poussant sur le mur d'enceinte du château de Neuchâtel a révélé la présence de 23 taxons de thécamoebiens : dont 10 Euglyphides et 13 Arcellinides sur un total de 117 espèces recensées au total, tous groupes taxonomiques confondus. Ce total de 23 taxons est sansdoute une sous-estimation compte-tenu des découvertes récentes d’une diversité inconnue d’espèces et taxons de rangs supérieurs au sein des différents groupes de protistes, y compris chez les thécamoebiens. Ces résultats illustrent le potentiel de découverte d’une diversité méconnue dans le monde microbien, même dans des régions où la diversité des organismes vivants a été bien étudiée depuis des siècles. Abstract The analysis of a few moss samples collected on the walls of the castle of Neuchâtel has revealed the presence of 23 taxa of testate amoebae, among which 10 Euglyphids and 13 Arcellinids, out of an overall total of 117 observed taxa, for all taxonomic groups. As hitherto unknown species and higher taxa are continuously being discovered within the various groups of protists including testate amoebae, this total of 23 taxa is most likely an underestimation. These results illustrate the potential for discovery of a poorly known diversity within the microbial world, including in regions where the diversity of living organisms has been well studied for centuries. INTRODUCTION Les thécamoebiens aussi appelées amibes à thèque ou amibes à coquille) sont des organismes eucaryotes unicellulaires amoeboides phagotrophes et principalement hétérotrophes. Ils représentent une biodiversité omniprésente mais méconnue, car ils ont à ce jour été très peu étudiés. Prédateurs de divers groupes de micro-organismes bactéries, 83 e. a. d. mitchell, t. arnet, a. chatelain, n. derungs & e. lara champignons, autres protistes et car bien qu’ils soient effectivement micrométazoaires), voir cannibales, ces protistes microscopiques, il ne s’agit pas d’animaux. Un jouent un rôle important dans les cycles thécamoebien est une amibe possédant une biogéochimiques des sols, en particulier ceux loge appelée thèque dans laquelle elle peut du carbone, de l’azote et de la silice se rétracter, à la manière d’un escargot, ou Wilkinson & Mitchell, 2010,Aoki et al., 2007, s’enkyster. L’identification de l’espèces Schroter et al., 2003). repose principalement sur la morphologie Les thécamoebiens appartiennent à la de cette thèque forme, taille, matériel micro-faune avec les nématodes et d’autres utilisé - qui peut être protéinique, siliceux, groupes méconnus, comme les rotifères, les calcaire ou des particules minérales ou tardigrades et les gastrotriches. Le terme biogènes tenues ensemble par une matrice «micro-faune» n’est toutefois pas adéquat organique -, présence d’appendices, épines, Figure 1: Illustrations des principaux groupes de thécamoebiens. A-C: Les types de pseudopodes des trois grands groupes,A: Arcellinida Apodera vas, Arcellinida), B : Euglypha sp. Euglyphida), C: Archerella flavum Amphitremidae). D-G : Illustrations des types morphologiques. D: Amphitrema wrightianum Amphitremidae mixotrophe – les points verts sont des Chlorella symbiotiques; E: Quadrulella symmetrica Arcellinida) – les plaques carrées sont constituées d’oxyde de silice et sont sécrétées par l’amibe ; F; Difflugia acuminata Arcellinida) – l’amibe recycle des frustules de diatomées et autres particules microscopiques pour construire sa thèque; G: Cyphoderia ampulla – les éléments constitutifs de la thèque sont en oxyde de silice et sont sécrétés par l’amibe. F & G sont des images de la collection Penard du Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, et ces deux images ont étés réalisées dans le cadre d’un projet de numérisation de cette collection financée par Wikimedia.ch. 84 thécamoebiens muscicoles d'un mur d'enceinte du château de neuchâtel etc.). Les grands groupes se distinguent en est toutefois caduque: plantes, animaux outre par la morphologie de leurs pseudopodes et champignons ne sont en effet que trois Figure 1). Cette thèque est assez groupes parmi plus de 60 groupes principaux résistante pour être conservée intacte après d’Eucaryotes, tous les autres constituant la mort de l’organisme, parfois durant des le groupe hétérogène des protistes. La milliers d’années Harnisch, 1927) ou position phylogénétique des thécamoebiens même fossilisée durant des dizaines ou des illustre bien le progrès réalisé dans l’étude centaines de millions d’années Foissner de la classification du monde vivant durant & Schiller, 2001, Porter & Knoll, 2000, les 20 dernières années. A l’instar d’autres Boeuf & Gilbert, 1997). Cette particularité groupes de «protozoaires» comme les permet leur utilisation pour la reconstruction amibes nues et les flagellés, les thécamoebiens des paléoenvironnements Charman, ne constituent pas un groupe 2001, Mitchell et al., 2008). monophylétique, c’est-à-dire issu d’un ancêtre La majorité des biologistes sont familiers commun Adl et al., 2012). En effet, les avec la classification du vivant en études morphologiques et moléculaires cinq règnes procaryotes, protistes, plantes, récentes ont montré qu’ils sont constitués animaux et champignons), datant de 1969 de trois groupes distincts: lesArcellinida ou Whittaker, 1969). Cette classification thécamoebiens à pseudopodes lobés genres Figure 2 : Arbre des principaux groupes d’eucaryotes. Les chiffres marquent la position des trois groupes de thécamoebiens : 1: Arcellinida, 2 : Euglyphida, 3 : Amphitremidae. SAR Stramenopiles + Alveolata + Rhizaria. Rhizaria Cercozoa + Foraminifera + Polycystinea. Adapté de Adl et al. 2012. 85 e. a. d. mitchell, t. arnet, a. chatelain, n. derungs & e. lara Difflugia, Centropyxis, Arcella, Nebela, Matériel et méthodes Hyalosphenia, etc.) Nikolaev et al., 2005), les Euglyphida, ou thécamoebiens à Cette étude répondait à un but d’inventaire pseudopodes filamenteux genres Euglypha, servant avant tout à illustrer la biodiversité Trinema, Assulina, Cyphoderia, etc.) et les de différents groupes d’organismes dans Amphitremidae Archerella, Amphitrema), la ville de Neuchâtel.L’échantillonnage s’est jusqu’à peu de position incertaine mais à limité à prélever quelques mousses poussant présent placé dans les Labyrinthulomycetes sur les murs d’enceinte du château de Gomaa et al., 2013). Ces trois groupes Neuchâtel. Les thécamoebiens ont été extraits appartiennent à trois grands groupes très des mousses par simple filtration. Une différents d’eucaryotes : 1) les Amoebozoa, passoire à thé suffit, mais nous avons utilisés 2) Les Cercozoa contenu dans les Rhizaria) des filtres de maille plus fine 150µm) pour et 3) les Straménopiles Figure 2). Les éliminer les particules grossières et faciliter Amoebozoa regroupent les Arcellinida ainsi l’observation microscopique. ainsi que la majeure partie des amibes nues, Les espèces de thécamoebiens ont Amoeba, Chaos, Acanthamoeba, été identifiées au microscope optique Entamoeba, des myxomycètes comme Dictyostelium, microscope inversé Olympus IX81 avec et divers autres groupes. Les contraste de Nomarski) et en utilisant Rhizaria regroupent les Euglyphida, les radiolaires, divers ouvrages de détermination Bonnet, foraminifères, et de nombreux autres 1964, Deflandre, 1928, Deflandre,
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