I El Clima En Artikutza

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I El Clima En Artikutza NaTuRa I El clima en Artikutza Peio Lozano Valencia1, Itxaro Latasa Zaballos2 1- Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi 2- Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [email protected] Artikutzako klima Artikutzako klima bere latitude ertainak asko baldintzatzen du, kontinente euroasiarraren mendebaldeko fatxadan dago ozeano Atlantikoaren masaren eragin handiarekin. Oso kontuan izan beharreko beste ezaugarri bat da mendebaldearen zirkulazio orokorra eta Mediterraneo itsasoaren itsas masaren gertutasuna, nahiz eta lerro zuzenean 300 kilometrotik gora egon, eragin handia baitu. Horrek guztiak itsasaldeko klimaren erakoa sortzen du, urte osoan tenperatura atseginekin eta ondo markatutako lau urtarorekin. Horrelako baldintzak direla eta Artikutzako klima “Cfb” gisa sailkatzen da, Köppen-en sailkapenaren arabera. Batez besteko tenperaturei dagokienez, hilabeterik hotzenak abendua, urtarrila eta otsaila dira, 7,1º, 6,4 º eta 6,4ºC, hurrenez hurren. Bestalde, hilabeterik beroenak hauek dira: abuztua (18,8 ºC), uztaila (18,7 ºC), eta ekaina eta irailak batezbesteko berdina partekatzen dute (16,7 ºC). Maxima absolutuek inoiz ez dute gainditu 40 ºC- ko tenperatura eta minimo absolutuak inoiz ez dira -15 ºC-tik beherakoak izan. Izotzik gabeko garaia apirila erdialdetik urriaren erdialdera arte da. Ez dirudi diferentzia handirik dagoenik serieko antzinakoenak diren urteen eta modernoenen artean. Prezipitazioei dagokienez, eskualdeko gainerako estazio eta herriekiko desberdinak dira. Gogoratu behar da Artikutzako behatokia 300 m ingurura dagoela; halere, prezipitazio oso handiak ditu, zehazki 2.604 mm-koak. Europan erregistro handiagoak izaten diren sektore eta behatokiak daude (Eslovenia, Kroazia, Monte Negro, Portugal, Suitza), baina horiek, guztiak, 1.000 metrotik gora daude. Hori dela eta, Artikutzak errekor erlatiboa du 500 m-tik behera dagoen Europako estazio euritsuen gisa. Prezipitazio handi horiengatik erosi zuen finka Donostiako Udalak duela mende bat. Azken urteetan badirudi uholdezko jasek aspaldikoena den seriean baino prezipitazio gutxiago dutela. Artikutzan, urteak dituen egunen erdian baino gehiagoan egiten du euria, zehazki 190 egunetan. Horri egun lainotuak eransten badizkiogu, ondoriozta dezakegu urtearen heren bat soilik dela eguzkitsua. 1. Introducción Artikutza se ubica en una latitud entre 43° 09´ 28” y 43° 14´52” norte (Aizpuru et al., 1989). Esta ubicación a una latitud media y su relativa cercanía con respecto a la masa del Mar Can- tábrico (Golfo de Bizkaia) da lugar a un clima con temperaturas medias relativamente suaves a lo largo del año y unas cantidades de precipitación bastante abundantes, es decir, un tipo de clima “Cfb ” o “clima templado húmedo sin estación seca según la clasifi cación propuesta por Köppen (Köppen, 1938). Este tipo de clima se defi ne a partir de temperaturas medias del mes más cálido por debajo de los 22 °C pero, a la vez, que superen los 10 °C durante, al menos, 4 meses al año. Se ha denominado tradicionalmente como clima oceánico o atlántico por estar condicionado de forma notable por la presencia de esta gran masa de agua marina. En general, no sólo se da en el área atlántica de Europa, sino que se puede encontrar en las regiones occidentales de las grandes masas continentales: fachada occidental del continente Europeo, desde el norte de Portugal hasta la parte central de Noruega, así como el sur de Chi- le y Sudáfrica, Nueva Zelanda, Tasmania, algunos sectores de la costa Australiana e incluso regiones de Sudamérica dentro de Argentina, Brasil o Bolivia. Según la clasifi cación de Strahler (Strahler & Strahler, 1994), Artikutza se insertaría dentro de un clima denominado como oceánico de las costas occidentales, típico de latitu- des medias y de sectores a caballo entre las masas de aire polar y tropical. Este tipo de clima surge en las latitudes entre los 40º y 60º, tanto al norte como al sur, dentro de las costas occi- dentales expuestas a las perturbaciones ciclónicas que siempre cuentan con un movimiento constante de oeste a este y que vienen asociadas a frentes polares sobre todo en invierno. Su característica general es que esta circulación general da lugar a un gran aporte de nubosidad y, con ello, de humedad y precipitaciones, de manera que una buena parte del año estos te- rritorios se encuentran nublados o con precipitaciones. Éstas se reparten con máximos en invierno, aunque aparecen bien distribuidas a lo largo del año y, de hecho, no registran verda- deras épocas de sequía como sí le ocurre a las regiones y sectores de clima mediterráneo muy cercanas (sur de Navarra). Por su parte, con respecto a las temperaturas se vuelve a repetir lo atestiguado por la clasifi cación de Köppen: esta infl uencia oceánica y la circulación general CLIMOGRAMA DE ARTIKUTZA Figura 1. Climograma de la estación de Artikutza. Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de los datos del Gobierno de Navarra. Figura 1. 260 ARTIKUTZA, NATURALEZA E HISTORIA • EL CLIMA EN ARTIKUTZA del oeste-este proveen no sólo de importantes cantidades de precipitación, sino de tempera- turas moderadas o suaves. Según la clasificación de Papapdakis, Artikutza se englobaría dentro de las característi- cas de los climas tipo (Mtc), es decir, clima marítimo, templado y húmedo con baja amplitud térmica pero inviernos no tan benignos como los disfrutados por el clima tipo (Mc) que po- demos encontrar en localidades vecinas pero topográficamente más bajas como es Goizueta en la parte Navarra u Oiartzun en la guipuzcoana. La clasificación de Papadakis, al contrario que la de Köppen, busca una aplicabilidad de los tipos de climas con respecto a la agricultura. Este clima tipo Mtc se caracteriza por contar con inviernos de avena (Av), es decir, no exce- sivamente severos pero tampoco excesivamente benignos como para que se puedan dar, por ejemplo, cítricos. Los veranos serían de tipo maíz (M) o, incluso en los sectores más cálidos, de arroz (O). El régimen hídrico, en cualquier caso, sería siempre húmedo. Artikutza, por tanto, se inserta dentro de la región atlántica de la Península Ibérica. Esta localización es clave para explicar la mayor parte de las características climáticas de la zona. En primer lugar y, tal y como se ha referenciado, la circulación general es del oeste al este con lo que la influencia de la masa oceánica del Atlántico y, más concretamente del Mar Cantábrico, es clave tanto para definir unas temperaturas relativamente suaves durante todo el año, como relativamente suaves en invierno y relativamente frescas en verano, más unas cantidades de precipitación notables y bien repartidas. Con respecto a la cantidad precipi- tada, sí muestra ciertas diferenciadas con otros territorios atlánticos de la fachada oeste de Europa puesto que, debido a cuestiones muy concretas y de disposición regional, muestra precipitaciones por encima de los 2.500 mm que pueden considerarse como las mayores de la Península Ibérica y de Europa a una altitud tan modesta. Para caracterizar cualquier tipo de clima o de condiciones climáticas de un determinado lugar se requieren datos fiables y series dilatadas en el tiempo tanto de los valores de las tem- peraturas como de las precipitaciones. En este sentido, tomaremos en cuenta los datos ofre- cidos por el Gobierno de Navarra (2018) que ha publicado registros sistemáticos hasta 2018 y que se remontan a mediados del siglo pasado. Los datos sobre pluviometría se recogieron desde 1931, mientras que los termométricos se incorporaron en 1954. La estación de Artikutza (figura 2) se encuentra dentro del poblado homónimo, en un prado y cuenta con las siguientes coordenadas geográficas: 43° 12´ 46” norte, 1° 47´ 49” oeste y Altitud: 313 m. Figura 2. Estación meteorológica termopluviométrica de Artikutza. Imagen Figura 2. de los autores. ARTIKUTZA, NATURA ETA HISTORIA 261 2. Objetivos Este capítulo cuenta con el objetivo principal de describir pormenorizadamente cuáles son las características climáticas de la finca de Artikutza. Lógicamente, dichas características sólo se pueden abordar teniendo en cuenta los distintos artículos científicos y monografías que sobre el clima de Artikutza se han escrito y que, indefectiblemente, se basan en los datos aportados por la estación meteorológica homónima. No obstante, centrados en estos datos sólo podremos realizar un análisis parcial teniendo en cuenta que los datos que se registran en un determinado sector que es el fondo de valle de la finca, a 313 metros de altitud y con unas condiciones de orientación y horas de radicación solar, por ejemplo, muy concretas. Existe otro observatorio dentro de la finca que, aunque se encuentra a unos 650 metros, no cuenta con las necesarias series de más de 30 años. Hay que tener en cuenta que la finca de Artikutza cuenta con 3.700 Ha y con condiciones de lo más heterogéneas. Existen sectores de fondo de valle que reciben una escasa insolación en invierno y cuentan con abundantes inversiones térmicas durante la misma estación, sin embargo, existen sectores muy expues- tos, en las zonas cimeras de las diferentes alineaciones montañosas, a más de 1.000 metros en sectores como: Teruetako gaina (1.036 m), Gurutzeta (1.007 m), Arainburu (1.053 m), Txirtxilo (1.002 m) y Loitzate (1.048 m). Estos sectores escapan de las inversiones térmicas en invierno, ofreciendo temperaturas superiores a los fondos de valle pero, a la vez, se en- cuentran mucho más expuestas a los diferentes frentes y borrascas, lo que unido a su mayor altitud genera, el resto del año, temperaturas más frescas y precipitaciones más abundantes.
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