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Investigations Into Mating Disruption, Delayed Mating, and Multiple Mating in Oriental Beetle, Anomala Orientalis (Waterhouse) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

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Investigations Into Mating Disruption, Delayed Mating, and Multiple Mating in Oriental Beetle, Anomala Orientalis (Waterhouse) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-2005 Investigations into mating disruption, delayed mating, and multiple mating in oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Erik J. Wenninger University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Wenninger, Erik J., "Investigations into mating disruption, delayed mating, and multiple mating in oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." (2005). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 5748. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/5748 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVESTIGATIONS INTO MATING DISRUPTION, DELAYED MATING, AND MULTIPLE MATING IN ORIENTAL BEETLE, ANOMALA ORIENTALS (WATERHOUSE) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) A Dissertation Presented by ERIK J. WENNINGER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2005 Plant, Soil & Insect Sciences Entomology Division © Copyright by Erik J. Wenninger 2005 All Rights Reserved INVESTIGATIONS INTO MATING DISRUPTION, DELAYED MATING, AND MULTIPLE MATING IN ORIENTAL BEETLE, ANOMALA ORIENTALIS (WATERHOUSE), COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE A Dissertation Presented by ERIK J. WENNINGER Approved as to style and content by: Anne Averill, Chair Zii Joseph Elkinton, Member S Buonaccorsi, Member Peter Veneman, Department Head Department of Plant, Soil & Insect Sciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Dr. Anne Averill for allowing me the freedom to seek my own path. I also thank my graduate committee: Dr. Joe Elkinton—who encouraged me to consider such easily overlooked things as eddies and currents of pheromone—and Dr. John Buonaccorsi, whose expertise in statistics was indispensable throughout this project. This work could not have been completed without financial support from numerous sources, and Anne was vital in the process of securing funds and channeling them my way. I was supported by grants from the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association and the Cranberry Institute, an assistantship from the UMass Graduate School, and by a generous Lotta Crabtree fellowship. My appreciation extends to all the cranberry growers who cooperated in this study, including the Terrills, John Hamblin, Jim Jenkins, Keith Mann, Rolf Knight, Barry Mathias, Sherri Bernier, Marylou and Paul Piscitelli, and Edgewood Trust. At the Cranberry Station, Marty Sylvia was constantly dropping whatever she was doing to help me with something (or to point out that there were unclaimed snack treats in the library), and for that I thank her. Marty, along with Ben McGraw, Tim Davis, and Mauricio Moreno provided much needed comic relief. For assistance in the field, I am grateful to Lisa Donnell, Eric Ekman, and Nancy Luce. I thank Dr. Frank Caruso, (Dr.) Nora Catlin, and the Plant Pathology lab for providing miscellaneous equipment; Dr. Carolyn DeMoranville & Co. for satisfying my appetite for deionized water; and Paul Lopes for providing terra cotta pots for some of my experiments. IV I am indebted to Dr. David Lance and Natalie Leva (USDA, Otis ANGB) for helping me to irradiate beetles. I thank Dr. John Stoffolano and Kelley Downer for providing use of a balance to weigh beetles. I also thank Dr. Lynell Tanigoshi, Jeanette Bergen (Washington State University), and Dr. Paul Jepson (Oregon State University) for allowing me to use their equipment to measure and weigh some of my beetles. I could not have completed most of the research presented here without an abundance of oriental beetle grubs, and I thank Joseph Cheria for letting me collect them from his lawn, as well as Bruce Morse (Norwich Golf Course) and Mike Rocky (Bay Pointe Country Club) for allowing me to collect hundreds of grubs from their courses. Dr. Pat Vittum provided grub collecting supplies and direction in addition to other helpful advice regarding oriental beetle. Dr. Beth Jakob and Dr. Ben Normark made useful comments on a grant proposal that later morphed into Chapter 4. I thank Dr. Wes Autio for several helpful discussions regarding statistical analyses. (Dr.) Paul Robbins gave much needed advice on rearing beetles and preparing pheromone lures, and undoubtedly influenced me in some way with his enthusiasm for all things Coleoptera. I thank Dr. Sridhar Polavarapu for discussions of mating disruption of oriental beetle. Lastly, I am grateful to Dr. Ron Prokopy for invaluable discussions regarding my research as well as the broader scope of life. v ABSTRACT INVESTIGATIONS INTO MATING DISRUPTION, DELAYED MATING, AND MULTIPLE MATING IN ORIENTAL BEETLE, ANOMALA ORIENT ALLS' (WATERHOUSE) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) SEPTEMBER 2005 ERIK J. WENNINGER, B.S., UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO M.S., IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Anne L. Averill Oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a pest of turf, ornamentals, and several crops, including cranberry; damage is caused by larval feeding on plant roots. Imidacloprid—the only new pesticide registered against scarabs in cranberry since the ban on organochlorines in the 1970s—is expensive and relatively ineffective against later instar larvae. I evaluated the potential management of oriental beetle in cranberry by mating disruption using female sex pheromone deployed from wax disks. I found strong trap shutdown in mating disruption treatments. Because attempts to disrupt mating may be compromised if males eventually find females, I studied the effects of delayed mating on female reproductive output in the lab. Females were relatively resilient to mating delay, exhibiting only a gradual decline in fecundity with increased age at mating. Thus, in order for mating disruption to be a successful management tool, mating must be prevented rather than delayed. I deployed tethered virgin females deployed in the field and found that mating is indeed largely prevented in vi pheromone-treated bogs. These results demonstrate the strong potential of mating disruption for management of oriental beetle in cranberry. I also studied relative fertilization success between males in successive matings of the same female. Characters of the first male to mate—including male body size and genitalia morphology—had primacy in influencing relative paternity, an uncommon pattern in sperm precedence studies. Surprisingly, relative paternity of the first male was inversely correlated with his size. Because this result is at odds with the general positive relationship between male size and reproductive success in insects, I hypothesized that larger males experience greater lifetime reproductive success when mating multiply. I then examined how male size and mating history impacted reproduction. Only for smaller males was reproductive output reduced in successive matings. These results suggest that after their first mating, smaller males must either compete using a lower quality ejaculate or submit to a longer refractory period to replenish ejaculate reserves. Thus, the sexually selected advantage of smaller males in their first mating is apparently balanced by lower lifetime reproductive potential relative to larger males. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.iv ABSTRACT.vi LIST OF TABLES.xi LIST OF FIGURES.xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.1 Classification and origin of oriental beetle.1 Pest status of oriental beetle in the United States.3 Potential management options for oriental beetle, with particular reference to cranberry.5 My research on mating disruption and delayed mating in oriental beetle.8 Reproductive behavior and ecology of oriental beetle and my research on mating behavior and sexual selection.9 2. THE POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT OF ORIENTAL BEETLE IN CRANBERRY BY MATING DISRUPTION USING RETRIEVABLE, POINT-SOURCE DISPENSERS OF SEX PHEROMONE.13 Abstract.13 Introduction.14 Methods.17 Study sites...17 Mating disruption.18 Collection and rearing of beetles for tethered virgin female assays.19 Tethered virgin female assay, 2003.20 Tethered virgin female assay, 2004..22 Data analysis.23 Results.23 Mating disruption, 2003.23 Tethered virgin female assay, 2003.24 Mating disruption, 2004.24 vm Tethered virgin female assay, 2004.25 Discussion.25 3. EFFECTS OF DELAYED MATING ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT OF FEMALE ORIENTAL BEETLE.37 Abstract. 37 Introduction..,....,...,... 38 Methods.40 Collection and rearing of beetles.40 Mating experiments and oviposition assessment.41 Data analysis.43 Results. 45 Discussion.47 Fecundity, egg fertility, and female fertility.47 Egg production over the life of the female.49 Temporal oviposition patterns.50 Lifespan and duration of pre-oviposition and oviposition period.52 Management implications.55 Conclusions: delayed mating beyond the Lepidoptera.58 4. THE INFLUENCE OF BODY AND GENITALIA MORPHOLOGY ON RELATIVE MALE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS IN ORIENTAL BEETLE: SIZE MATTERS, BUT IS BIGGER BETTER?.70 Abstract.70 Introduction.71 Methods.75 Collection and rearing of beetles.75 Sperm precedence after double mating...76 Mating behaviors.78 Morphological measurements.79 Data analysis.79 Results.
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