Gatluak Gai's Rebellion, Unity State
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A Case Study of South Sudan by Moses
AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN ARMED CONFLICT SITUATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH SUDAN BY MOSES MAKER MAGOK LLB/16625/113/D F A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF LAW IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AW ARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF LAWS OF KAMP ALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY JANUARY, 2017 DECLARATION "I MOSES MAKER MAGOK declare that the work presented in this dissertation is original. It has never been presented to any other University or Institution. It is hereby presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor Degree in Law of Kampala International University". Signature: --~ -------- Date: _{?_ _j_~J~J:j- APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR "I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully in scope and quality as a di ssertation in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Law of Kampala International University". Name of Supervisor: Mr.Tajudeen Sanni Signature: -- ~ ------------ Date: ------b/J ---------------')_--- -------------1---:::r-- --------- ( ii DEDICATION I dedicate this book to my dear and lovely wife Deborah Yar Majok and the entire family of Dhor Athian Liai and to my parents both Dad and Mum namely: Magok Majok Dhor and lovely Mum Mary Nyitur Y omdit for their adequate supports and prayers they rendered to me during my studies that gave me success leading to award of Bachelor Degree of Laws of Kampala International University. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who deserve special thanks for helping me in getting the information about this research topic of which it had facilitated the completion of my thesis. -
Secretary-General's Report on South Sudan
United Nations S/2019/191 Security Council Distr.: General 28 February 2019 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan (covering the period from 1 December to 26 February 2019) I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2406 (2018), by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) until 15 March 2019 and, in accordance with prior resolutions, requested me to report on the implementation of the mandate every 90 days. It covers political and security developments between 1 December 2018 and 26 February 2019, the humanitarian and human rights situation, and progress in the implementation of the Mission mandate. The report also provides recommendations for the renewal of the UNMISS mandate. II. Political and economic developments 2. During the reporting period, the South Sudanese parties made modest progress in implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan. The permanent ceasefire was upheld in most parts of the country and confidence-building among the parties continued. Military commanders engaged in local rapprochement efforts, while local authorities and communities held peace celebrations in several locations. Activities to implement the Revitalized Agreement continued to focus, however, only on procedural issues, and timelines to meet the political and security benchmarks of the pre-transition period have slipped. Implementation of the Revitalized Agreement -
The Politics of Numbers: on Security Sector Reform in South Sudan, 2005-2020
The Politics of Numbers: On Security Sector Reform in South Sudan, 2005-2020 Joshua Craze © Joshua Craze. Flooding in Akobo, November 2019 The Politics of Numbers: On Security Sector Reform in South Sudan, 2005-2020 Joshua Craze Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 2. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 10 3. The Limits of Payroll Peace: On CPA-era Security Sector Reform …………………….... 17 The Revenge of the Jobbists 17 The Creation of a Military Aristocracy 19 The CPA Period 21 The Big Tent 24 Make Believe 27 The Limits of Payroll Peace 31 4. The ARCSS: An Engine Not a Camera ………………………………………………………………….. 36 5. The R-ARCSS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 42 Building a ‘real’ army 44 The Politics of Numbers 46 The Politics of Time 49 Already integrated: DDR in the R-ARCSS 53 6. Cantonment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 55 The where of cantonment 58 The who of cantonment 59 7. Cantonment Case Studies ……………………….…………………………………………..………………….. 65 Case study I: Failed Cantonment in Akobo 68 Case Study II: Splitting the Opposition 71 Case Study III: Not the Opposition 76 Case Study IV: The Fiction of Unity 79 Case Study V: The Unity of the Fiction 81 Case Study VI: The Appearance of Difference 83 8. The Government’s Position ……………………….…………………………………………..……………….. 87 9. The Training of the Necessary Unified Force ……………………………………………………….. 93 10. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 97 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Bibliography 104-109 1. Executive Summary ‘There will not be Oye, there will not be Viva, there will be South Sudan Victory, and we will 1 dissolve all our identities.’ th – Major General Abraham Gum Makwac, SSPDF 5 Division Commander, 3 March 2020 In the quote that begins this report, Makwac articulates a hopeful vision of the security sector reform (SSR) process of the 2018 Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS). -
A Fractious Rebellion: Inside the SPLM-IO
39 A Fractious Rebellion: Inside the SPLM-IO By John Young Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2015 First published in September 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Maison de la Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2E, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Series editor: Emile LeBrun Proofread by Donald Strachan ([email protected]) Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Rick Jones ([email protected]) Printed by nbmedia in Geneva, Switzerland ISBN 978-2-940548-17-0 2 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 39 Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 I. Introduction and key findings ............................................................................................................................................... 6 II. Background ................................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Legitimacy, Identity and Conflict: the Struggle for Political Authority in Southern Sudan, 2005-2010
Legitimacy, Identity and Conflict: The Struggle for Political Authority in Southern Sudan, 2005-2010 Sarah Lykes Washburne Doctor of Philosophy in Arab and Islamic Studies University of Exeter 2010 Legitimacy, Identity and Conflict: The Struggle for Political Authority in Southern Sudan, 2005-2010 Submitted by Sarah Lykes Washburne, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Arab and Islamic Studies, May 2010. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other University. ________________________________________________ Abstract The consolidation of political authority over Southern Sudan has never been achieved, nor has the region ever experienced a comprehensive, uniform system of governance. No one political group, external or internal, has ever been able to present itself as the legitimate representative of the populace of Southern Sudan. These, however, were the objectives which the Sudan People‘s Liberation Movement (SPLM) sought to achieve from 2005 to 2010. The main contention of this thesis is that the success or failures of the SPLM at post-conflict state-building can be measured through the conceptual framework of legitimacy. As a rebel movement, the SPLM fought a war of liberation against the government of Sudan from 1983 to 2004. Yet, the SPLM was not fighting for the secession of the South, as its predecessor had, but for the liberation of the country and for the creation of a ‗New Sudan‘ where all the politically marginalised groups of Sudan would be political equals. -
The SPLM-In-Opposition
The SPLM-in-Opposition Describes events through 1 April 2014 Background Opposition to the Government of the Republic of South Sudan President Salva Kiir Mayardit has its immediate origins in the interim period between the 2005 signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and secession from Sudan in 2011. Kiir was elevated to the presidency following the death of Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) leader John Garang in July 2005. Garang had established a decisive and ruthless style of leadership to overcome the near-irresistible centrifugal forces at work in Southern Sudan. By contrast, Kiir adopted a ‘big tent’ policy to establish a broader political and ethnic basis for leadership. This was most readily illustrated by the 2006 Juba Declaration, in which the forces of Paulino Matiep’s Nuer-dominated South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF) were integrated into the SPLA, following years of internecine fighting. Kiir was hailed as a conciliator, the antidote to Garang’s divisive, dictatorial rule. Over time, however, many within the leadership grew critical of Kiir’s inability to articulate a direction for national development. Kiir, they believed, had ushered everyone into the big tent at the cost of cohesion and vision. This was most apparent in the SPLA, which likely more than doubled in size to absorb the SSDF, historically its bitter enemy. Military standards dropped, enrolment rose, and cash became the principal factor for maintaining military cohesion, rather than ideology or shared history. Many in the party, including vice-president Riek Machar, came to believe that they would be better able to lead the SPLM and the country. -
The South Sudan Coup: a Political Rivalry That Turned Ethnic
Issue 7, April 2014 THE SOUTH SUDAN COUP: A POLITICAL RIVALRY THAT TURNED ETHNIC Ciprian SANDU Abstract. South Sudan, the newest state in the World, faces its first major crisis after just two years of existence. The current crisis was shaped around two tribe leaders, but also around two lead- ers of the same army and political party. At first it was about a political feud between President Kiir and former vice-president Machar; it continued with the supposition of a coup d’état, led by Machar, and now the whole crisis is taking the form of an inter-ethnic civil war between the two dominant tribes in South Sudan, the Dinka and Nuer. The following article will be a conflict analysis of the current situation in order to determine the drivers of the conflict and how they influenced the parties’ course of actions. Being a conflict analysis, it uses official and informal sources never used in the same place until now, together with the author’s opinion about the conlict, along with that of our fellow colleagues who studied the situation, in order to present a detailed and complex description of this new crisis in South Sudan. Keywords: South Sudan, coup d’état, Dinka, Nuer, Sudan People’s Liberation Army, SalvaKiir, Peter Gadet, RiekMachar. Historically, conflict within South Sudan has taken three forms: the liberation wars in which the South fought the North in the old Sudan for independence, ethnic feuds over resources, especially among cattle herding communities mostly between Dinka, Nuer and Misseriya, and rivalries between politi- cal leaders. -
Situation in South Sudan Report of the Secretary-Gen
United Nations S/2020/536 Security Council Distr.: General 15 June 2020 Original: English Situation in South Sudan Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2514 (2020), by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) until 15 March 2021 and requested me to report on the implementation of the Mission’s mandate every 90 days. It covers political and security developments between 16 February 2020 and 31 May 2020, the humanitarian and human rights situation and progress made in the implementation of the Mission’s mandate. II. Political and economic developments Key political updates 2. Further to the 7 November 2019 tripartite meeting, held in Entebbe, the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, dissolved the Transitional Government of National Unity on 21 February and appointed Riek Machar as First Vice-President and Taban Deng Gai, James Wani Igga and Rebecca Nyandeng de Mabior as Vice- Presidents. The new presidency of the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity was sworn in on 22 February, marking the end of the pre-transitional period. On 23 February, the President selected Hussein Abdelbagi as the fourth Vice- President from a list submitted by the South Sudan Opposition Alliance (SSOA), after the coalition failed to reach a consensus. 3. On 12 March, following prolonged discussions among the parties on the allocation of 35 ministerial portfolios pursuant to the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, the President appointed the Cabinet. -
MEDIA MONITORING REPORT United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
Media & Spokesperson Unit, Communication & Public Information Office MEDIA MONITORING REPORT United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) THURSDAY, 7 MARCH 2013 SOUTH SUDAN • Violence in South Sudan kills 33 (Associated Press (AP) • Civilians’ situation normal in Pibor (Catholic Radio Network) • Prominent MP appears for first court hearing (Voice of Hope Radio) • SPLM monopolizes constitution review process (Catholic Radio Network) • Constitution committee prepares for civic education campaign (Gurtong.net) • Jonglei state SPLM secretary suspended (Gurtong.net) • VP Machar optimistic of timely census despite challenges (Gurtong.net) • Fuel Scarcity Hitting Juba as Kenya Elections Vote Counting Continues (Gurtong.net) • Maternal mortality still high in the country: Official (Gurtong.net) • South Sudan’s second lady urges women to push for affirmative action (Sudantribune.com) • MPs reject Kiir’s attempt to reinstate N. Bahr el Ghazal speaker (Sudantribune.com) • Humanitarian coordinator in Rumbek to help health, education (Good News Radio) • Refugee travels from South Sudan to South Dakota (San Antonio Express) • Kapoeta east returns stolen cattle to Turkana (Radio Emmanuel) • Kapoeta East County authorities return stolen cattle to Kenya's Turkana (Gurtong.net) SOUTH SUDAN, SUDAN • SPLA accuses Sudan of bombing Upper Nile state territory (Gurtong.net) • Sudan continues bombing South Sudan (Catholic Radio Network) • Sudan-South Sudan resumes talks over implementation of signed deals (Sudantribune.com) • Sudan, South Sudan set to resume -
Security Council Distr.: General 9 April 2019
United Nations S/2019/301 Security Council Distr.: General 9 April 2019 Original: English Letter dated 9 April 2019 from the Panel of Experts on South Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council The members of the Panel of Experts extended pursuant to Security Council resolution 2428 (2018) have the honour to transmit herewith the final report, submitted in accordance with paragraph 19 (e) of the resolution. The report was provided to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 2206 (2015) on 15 March 2019 and was considered by the Committee on 29 March 2019. The Panel would appreciate it if the present letter and the final report were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Michael Gibb Coordinator Panel of Experts on South Sudan (Signed) Dean Gillespie Expert (Signed) Andrei Kolmakov Expert (Signed) Renifa Madenga Expert (Signed) Emilio Manfredi Expert 19-04445 (E) 290419 *1904445* S/2019/301 Final report of the Panel of Experts on South Sudan submitted pursuant to resolution 2428 (2018) Summary On 12 September 2018, Salva Kiir, the President of South Sudan, Riek Machar Teny, the leader of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army in Opposition, and other rebel factions signed the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan. The agreement has reduced fighting in many parts of the country, allowing for some alleviation of the serious humanitarian emergency that still afflicts the majority of the civilian population. It has also facilitated the return of senior opposition figures to Juba, opening new space for the political dialogue and confidence-building that will be necessary for the forthcoming transitional period. -
PDF | 5.32 MB | Conference Room Paper of the Report
United Nations A/HRC/40/CRP.1 Distr.: Restricted Advance unedited version 20 February 2019 ! Original: English Human Rights Council Fortieth session 25 February – 22 March 2019 Agenda item 4 Human Rights Situations that require the attention of the Council Report of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan* * The information contained in this document should be read in conjunction with the report of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan (A/HRC/40/69). GE. CRP on the Report of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan in English Contents The table of contents is empty because you aren’t using the paragraph styles set to appear in it. !2 CRP on the Report of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan in English I. Introduction 1. In its resolution 31/20 of 23 March 2016, the Human Rights Council established the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan for a period of one year, and requested the Commission to, inter alia, monitor and report on the situation of human rights in South Sudan to make recommendations for its improvement, and to assess past reports on the situation of human rights since December 2013, in order to establish a factual basis for transitional justice and reconciliation. 2. On 14 June 2016, the President of the Human Rights Council appointed Yasmin Sooka, Kenneth R. Scott and Godfrey M. Musila to serve as the three members of the Commission, with Ms. Sooka as its Chair. Mr. Scott was replaced by Professor Andrew Clapham as Commissioner on 21 September 2017. -
Sudan and South Sudans Merging Conflicts
Sudan and South Sudan’s Merging Conflicts Africa Report N°223 | 29 January 2015 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. South Kordofan – the Epicentre of Sudan’s Conflicts ..................................................... 2 A. The Government’s “Hot Dry Season” Campaign ....................................................... 2 B. The Sudan Revolutionary Front ................................................................................ 4 III. Internal Nuer Conflict in Unity State ............................................................................... 7 A. Historic Disunity ........................................................................................................ 7 B. Bul Nuer Rising .......................................................................................................... 8 IV. Merging Conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan ................................................................. 10 A. South Sudan’s Civil War in Unity .............................................................................