9 Enchanting Hanseatic Cities
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Late Medieval Hypocausts with Heat Storage in Estonia
Andres Tvauri LATE MEDIEVAL HYPO CAUSTS WITH HEAT STORAGE IN ESTONIA INTRODUCTION As often happens with archaeologists, the stimulus for writing this article was a discovery unexpectedly brought to light from under the ground. In autumn 2007, I had the opportunity to study a large medieval heat storage furnace (Figs. 1 and 2) constituting the central part of the hot air heating system, or hypo caust, of a former grooms’ building. It was unexpectedly unearthed in the course of construction work in the outer bailey of the medieval Order Castle of Viljandi.1 The furnace found in the Viljandi Castle was a nice but, in the context of Estonian medieval fi nds, rather ordinary discovery. In Old Livonia, roughly corresponding to the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia, hot air heating systems in which the core was a furnace fi lled with large stones, making it possible to store heat and rid oneself of the need to con- stantly heat the furnace or the fi replace, was used in the 13th to the 16th centuries before the introduction of Dutch tile stoves in castles, monas- teries and in residential and public buildings in towns. Starting in the 1930s, such furnaces, or their archaeologically studied remains, have been found in numerous medieval buildings in Estonia. The furnace found in Viljandi induced me to look for literature about hypo causts with heat storage. With the assistance of my colleague Erki Russow, the most thorough paper on medieval hot air heating systems ever written soon landed on my desk – a thesis published by the Ger- man researcher Klaus Bingenheimer in 1998, Die Luftheizungen des Mittelalters. -
REGIONAL and LOCAL DEVELOPMENT in TIMES of POLARISATION Re-Thinking Spatial Policies in Europe New Geographies of Europe
NEW GEOGRAPHIES OF EUROPE Edited by THILO LANG AND FRANZISKA GÖRMAR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN TIMES OF POLARISATION Re-Thinking Spatial Policies in Europe New Geographies of Europe Series Editors Sebastian Henn Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Jena, Germany Ray Hudson Durham University Durham, UK Thilo Lang Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany Judit Timár Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary Tis series explores the production and reshaping of space from a comparative and interdisciplinary perspective. By drawing on con- temporary research from across the social sciences, it ofers novel insights into ongoing spatial developments within and between the various regions of Europe. It also seeks to introduce new geographies at the edges of the European Union and the interplay with bordering areas at the Mediterranean, African and eastern Asian interfaces of the EU. As a result, this series acts as an important forum for themes of pan-European interest and beyond. Te New Geographies of Europe series welcomes proposals for monographs and edited volumes taking a comparative and interdisciplinary approach to spatial phenomena in Europe. Contributions are especially welcome where the focus is upon novel spatial phenomena, path-dependent processes of socio-economic change or policy responses at various levels throughout Europe. Suggestions for topics also include the relationship between the state and citizens, the idea of fragile democracies, the economics of regional separation, -
Evidence of the Reformation and Confessionalization Period in Livonian Art
Ojārs Spārītis EVIDENCE OF THE REFORMATION AND CONFESSIONALIZATION PerIOD IN LIVONIAN ArT INTRODUCTION The singular transitional period that led from the slowly evolving me- dieval vision of the world to a new perception of life with its dynamic expression in works of history and art history texts has been given labels that reflect its chronological evolution, as well as the epithets referring to its philosophical and aesthetic content. To illustrate the variety of the social and spiritual aspects of European spiritual life in the second half of the 15th and the 16th century, literature in the humanitarian spheres exploited concepts from the Renaissance, the Reformation and Counter- Reformation. Concepts of both humanism and hedonism were used to characterize the domestic cultural content and form. However, they fail to reveal the development of the new historical period and contradic- tion-rich diversity of the material and spiritual life in the 15th and 16th centuries, when the growing dominance of economic expansion and the endeavours to acquire new knowledge along with the awareness of the tangible benefits and spiritual advantages of a university education was so characteristic of European culture. The history of spiritual evolution, with the variations related to the Reformation and confessionalization, is characterised by local regional contexts and forms of expression, but it also has a mandatory syn- chronicity with the processes of European political and intellectual life. Looking forward to the 500th anniversary of the Reformation initi- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2015.9.03 24 Ojārs Spārītis Reformation and Confessionalization Period in Livonian Art 25 ated by Martin Luther, it is worth examining the Renaissance-marked – the Teutonic Order and the bishops – used both political and spiritual fine arts testimonies from the central part of the Livonian confedera- methods in their battle for economic power in Riga. -
The Best of Latvia in 6 Days 21-27 May 2016
The Best of Latvia in 6 days 21-27 May 2016 We offer you: Organized by: The Baltic Rotary Club of Riga A comprehensive - Celebrating 7 years... tour of Latvia Guided visits to Dear Rotarians, selected places of Towards the end of May interest and sight- 2016, from the 21st to 27th, seeing (English The Baltic Rotary Club of speaker guides) Riga will host Rotarians Reserved luxury and their guests to an buses exciting and thrilling tour Lunch and dinners of the best in Latvia, as part included of its 7th Anniversary celebrations. We will guide Best Kept Secret”! and join us in celebrating Club 6th Anniver- you through the one of best (www.huffingtonpost.com/2 sary Gala evening country to travel in 2016 - our 7th Anniversary in www.lonelyplanet.com/ 014/03/24/lativa- style, friendship and best-in-travel - and its travel_n_4981083.html). comfort. capital: Riga, UNESCO An almost untouched natu- World Heritage Site, ral ecosystem and unforget- Proceeds from the event chosen as the prettiest table historical destinations European city by USA will be donated towards Costs: TODAY. Discover Latvia are waiting you. Come and the many charitable EUR 690/ person with us and it won't be witness this beauties during projects, of The Baltic EUR 1280/ Cou- anymore for you "Europe the summer of 2016. Rotary Club of Riga, for ple orphans and pensioners. (accommodation excluded) Reservations In the following pages please limited to 50 persons only find the sightseeing and at- Book early to avoid disap- tractions that will be seen pointment during the Tour, plus the Minimum number of persons events , subject to discretion- for the event to be conducted al changes. -
The Path to the FAIR HANSA FAIR for More Than 600 Years, a Unique Network HANSA of Merchants Existed in Northern Europe
The path to the FAIR HANSA FAIR For more than 600 years, a unique network HANSA of merchants existed in Northern Europe. The cooperation of this consortium of merchants for the promotion of their foreign trade gave rise to an association of cities, to which around 200 coastal and inland cities belonged in the course of time. The Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages These cities were located in an area that today encom- passes seven European countries: from the Dutch Zui- derzee in the west to Baltic Estonia in the east, and from Sweden‘s Visby / Gotland in the north to the Cologne- Erfurt-Wroclaw-Krakow perimeter in the south. From this base, the Hanseatic traders developed a strong economic in uence, which during the 16th century extended from Portugal to Russia and from Scandinavia to Italy, an area that now includes 20 European states. Honest merchants – Fair Trade? Merchants, who often shared family ties to each other, were not always fair to producers and craftsmen. There is ample evidence of routine fraud and young traders in far- ung posts who led dissolute lives. It has also been proven that slave labor was used. ̇ ̆ Trading was conducted with goods that were typically regional, and sometimes with luxury goods: for example, wax and furs from Novgorod, cloth, silver, metal goods, salt, herrings and Chronology: grain from Hanseatic cities such as Lübeck, Münster or Dortmund 12th–14th Century - “Kaufmannshanse”. Establishment of Hanseatic trading posts (Hanseatic kontors) with common privi- leges for Low German merchants 14th–17th Century - “Städtehanse”. Cooperation between the Hanseatic cit- ies to defend their trade privileges and Merchants from di erent cities in di erent enforce common interests, especially at countries formed convoys and partnerships. -
For Index to These, See Pages Xiv, Xv.)
INDEX THis Index contains no reference to the Introductory Tables, nor to the Additions and Corrections. (For index to these, see pages xiv, xv.) AAC ADI AAcHEN (Prussia), 926, 957; tech- Aburi (Gold Coast), 258 nical schools, 928 ABYSSINIA, 213, 630 sqq Aalborg (Denmark), 784 - boundary, 213, 263, 630, 905, Aalen (Wiirttemberg), 965 1029 Aarau (Switzerland), 1311 - commerce, 634, 905 Aargau (Switzerland), 1308, 1310 - King Regent, 631, 632, 633 Aarhus (Denmark), 784 - leased territory, 263, 632 Abaco Island (Bahamas), 332 - railways, 634, 905 Abaiaug !Rland (Pacific), 421 - religion, 632, 815 Abancay (Peru), 1175 - roads, 634, 905 Abdul Aziz ibn Saud, Sultan of N ejd, -trade routes, 634, 905 645, 646, 647; Wahhabi war Abyssinian race, 632 under, 645, 646, 647, 1323 Acajutla (Salvador), port, 1252 Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, Sultan, Acarnania (Greece), 968 (Kedah), 182 Acchele Guzai (Eritrea), 1028 Abdullah, Sultan (Pahang), 177 Accra (Gold Coast), 256 Abdullah Ibn Hussein, Amir of - wireless station, 258 Trans-J orrlan, 191 Accrington, 14 Abemama Is. (Pacific), 421 Acha!a (Greece), 968 Abercorn (N. Rhodesia), 221 Achirnota Univ. Col!. (Gold Coast), Aberdeen, burgh, 17 256 - county, 17 Acklin's Island (Bahamas), 332 -university, 22, 23 Aconcagua (Chile), prov., 718 Aberdeen (South Dakota), 586 Acre (Palestine), 186, 188; port, Aberdeen (Washington, U.S.A), 601 190 Aberystwyth College, 22 Acre Territory (Brazil), 698 ; rubber, Abeshr (Wadai), 898 702 Abba (Yemen), 648, 649 Adalia (Turkey), vilayet, 1324 Abidjan (French West Africa), 910 Adana (Turkey), vilayet, 1324; min Abkhasian, Soviet Rep. (Georgia), ing, 1328; town, 1324, 1329 1247 Addis Ababa (Abyssinia), 631, 632, Abo (Finland), 834; university, 834 634, 905 Abo-Bjorneborg (Finland), 833 Adeiso (Gold Coast), 258 Aboisso (French West Africa), 910 Adelaide (S. -
START of the TOUR 1. Riga Gate the Approximate Area Between
START OF THE TOUR 1. Riga Gate The approximate area between Nikolai 7 (a yellow commercial building) and 12 (a green commercial building), see point 1 on the map. The red contour line on the map marks the town and castle walls in the Hanseatic times. The territory of the castle has been marked with diagonal lines, the area that belonged to the town is marked with dots. The contour line is discontinued at the location of the gate. Towers have been marked with circles, half-towers with semi-circles. The map serves an illustrative purpose. A land route, which was in use already in the 13th century, lead to Riga, starting from the Riga Gate and following the coastline. A more direct route would have been through the Cattle Gate (see point 8 on the map), but the road conditions were better when headed through the Riga Gate. This first point gives a great overview of the entire town wall, moat, towers, other gates, main streets and general image of the town. New-Pärnu was surrounded by a rampart. Read more... This rule did not apply to all medieval towns of the region. There were 9 towns, 2 of them big, on the Estonian territory in medieval times: Tallinn and Tartu, plus 7 smaller towns: Rakvere, Paide, Narva, Viljandi, Haapsalu, New- and Old-Pärnu. Four of those, in turn, belonged to the Hanseatic League: Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi and New-Pärnu. Other medieval small towns that had town walls around them were Viljandi and Narva (Haapsalu was at least partially surrounded). -
Introduction to Latvia
Like AT Home Apartments “1765” likeathome.lv APARTMENTS Introduction to Latvia • Excursions, objects for visiting, interesting places, as well as tourism attractions that you can visit using services of our guides. • You can get short sightseeing tours around Riga and one-day tours to popular tourism destinations of Latvia. 1. Stories of Old Riga houses and streets Eight-century history of the city keeps many legends and secrets, which still live in the narrow winding streets of the Old Riga city. is walking tour is a great opportunity to get acquainted with the city in a leisurely atmosphere, to learn a lot about its inhabitants and the manners of the past, as well as to feel the unique atmosphere of the Old Riga. During excursion, you will see all main sights of the city, will go through all the way of the city development from the moment of its foundation in the beginning of the XIII century and till the time of the greatest prosperity in the beginning of the XX century. Also, you will hear interesting stories about famous people of dierent eras, who related to Riga, and among them there were soldiers, merchants, kings and emperors. In addition to the excursion, by prior arrangement, you can attend a concert of organ music in the Dome Cathedral, go up to the observation platform of St. Peter's Church, taste the famous Riga black balsam or Latvian beer from the four historical regions of Latvia. Excursion duration: 2,5-3 hours Price: 60 EUR for 2 people (for each additional person 20 EUR) In price included: guide services Main visiting objects: e Dome Cathedral, St. -
100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Estonia, of Treasures 100 100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1 This book is the joint initiative of and part of the cooperation between the National Heritage Board of the Republic of Estonia, the National Heritage Board of Republic of Latvia and the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. The book is inspired by the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, supported within the framework of a Joint Programme between the European Union and the Council of Europe “2018 European Heritage Days” and has received a grant from the State Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia. Authors of texts: Aistė Bimbirytė-Mackevičienė, Janis Zilgalvis, Siim Raie, Triin Reidla Translation: Kristjan Teder, Madli Kullaste, SIA SERRES, Visuomenės specialaus mokymo ir konsultavimo centras Editing: Carolin Pihlap, Janis Zilgalvis, Nijolė Bitinienė, Reelika Niit, Rita Mikelionytė, Triin Reidla Designer: Tuuli Aule Printed by: Tallinna Raamatutrükikoja OÜ, Laki 26, Tallinn, 12915 ISBN 978-9949-7293-0-2 (printed) ISBN 978-9949-7293-1-9 (pdf) Tallinn, 2018 100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 2 3 This book is the joint initiative of and part of the cooperation between the National Heritage Board of the Republic of Estonia, the National Heritage Board of Republic of Latvia and the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. The book is inspired by the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, supported within the framework of a Joint Programme between the European Union and the Council of Europe “2018 European Heritage Days” and has received a grant from the State Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia. -
Maps Symphony Manual
MANUAL MAPS SYMPHONY 1.0 Copyright 2021 LauterBlauSoft Start ...............................................................................................................3 Wizard ...........................................................................................................3 Select Data ............................................................................................................3 Captions ................................................................................................................5 Chart I ...................................................................................................................6 Chart II ..................................................................................................................7 Export To SVG ................................................................................................8 Appendix .......................................................................................................9 2 START By clicking the gear symbol you open the wizard: WIZARD The wizard opens automatically for the first time. After that, open it by clicking the gear symbol. The wizard consists of 6-8 steps. SELECT DATA 3 Here you can enter the cells (ranges) of the needed values or paste the selections. Example: First select the data values and click "Paste Selection": Then select the countries / states and click "Paste Selection": Note: For Countries enter the correct country name or the iso country code - ISO 3166-2 or ISO 3166-3. For US States insert -
Annual Report 1998
ISSN-0704-4798 Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) Annual Report 1998 Printed and Distributed by: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization P. 0. Box 638, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Canada B2Y 3Y9 3 Preface This Annual Report for the year 1998 is submitted to the Contracting Parties of NAFO in accordance with the provisions of Article V.4 of the Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. The Report consists of four major parts that reflect the annual activities of NAFO's constituent bodies — the General Council, the Fisheries Commission, the Scientific Council, and the Secretariat as the summary proceedings and decisions through 1998. Full reports of the General Council and Fisheries Commission meetings held during the year are published in a separate edition — "Meeting Proceedings of the General Council and Fisheries Commission for 1998", and the proceedings of the Scientific Council are published in the "Scientific Cmincil Reports, 1998". The Annual Report includes a summary of meetings, scientific, statistical, financial and other appropriate information pertaining to the activities of the Organization and fisheries in the Regulatory Area. L. 1. Chepel Executive Secretary 5 Contents Introduction 9 Map 11 Structure of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization 13 PART I. Activities of the General Council in 1998 15 List of Meetings 15 Major Documents of the General Council in 1998 17 Working Group on Allocation of Fishing Rights to Contracting Parties of NAFO and Chartering of Vessels Between Contracting Parties, 4-6 March 19 Annex 1. List of Participants 21 Annex 2. Agenda 25 Annex 3. Chairman's Working Paper 26 Working Group on Dispute Settlement Procedures (DSP), 22-24 April 27 Annex L List of Participants 29 Annex 2. -
Network Scan Data
iii iv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Indiana Military and Overseas Voter Guide 2004 Table of Contents Section Page Letter from Secretary of State Todd Rokita 2 Military Voters 3 • Definition of a military voter • Who can register to vote • How to register to vote / Extended registration • How to cast a vote Families of Military Voters 6 • Definition of families of military voters • Who can register to vote • How to register to vote / Extended registration • How to cast a vote Overseas Voters 7 • Definition of an overseas voter • Who can register to vote • How to register to vote • How to cast a vote How To Find Information About Elections and Candidates 8 Election Calendar 9 Election Forms (ABS-9, 11, 12, 13, 14 & 15) 11 Contact Information 23 • Federal • State • Political Parties • County • Country and City Calling Codes Voter’s Checklist 38 Federal Registration and Absentee Form (Standard Form 76) Insert Last Revised February 19, 2004 1 Dear Indiana Voter: As Indiana’s chief election officer it is my great pleasure to provide you with the 2004 Indiana Military and Overseas Voter Guide. Within this guide you will find the information and the application forms necessary for you to vote in Indiana elections. My office, the federal government and your local election administrators want to provide you with every opportunity to cast your ballot regardless of where you are currently serving or living in the world.