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Construction of Housing in Mine Subsidence Areas

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Construction of Housing in Mine Subsidence Areas NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY Research Information Center Gaithersburg, MD 20899 I i NBSIR 81-2215 Construction of Housing in Mine Subsidence Areas Felix Y. Yokel Lawrence A. Salomone Riley M. Chung Geotechnical Engineering Group Structures and Materials Division Center for Building Technology National Engineering Laboratory U.S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 January 1981 Prepared for: Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards Office of Policy Development and Research Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, DC 20410 National Bureau of Standards Library, E-01 Admin. Bldg. MAR i 3 1381 not dec- Ci 't NBSIR 81-2215 CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSING IN MINE SUBSIDENCE AREAS mo. %n * £ 31 Felix Y. Yokel Lawrence A. Salomone Riley M. Chung Geotechnical Engineering Group Structures and Materials Division Center for Building Technology National Engineering Laboratory U.S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 January 1981 Prepared for: Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards Office of Policy Development and Research Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, DC 20410 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director a 'nfcA f CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSING IN MINE SUBSIDENCE AREAS ABSTRACT Criteria for site exploration, risk assessment, site development and housing construction in actual and potential mine subsidence areas are recommended. Appendix A includes guidance for subsidence profile determination and a proposed mathematical model which may aid in predicting complex subsidence patterns. Appendix B includes a commentary and proposed equations and procedures for the design of rigid and flexible foundations. Keywords: Design criteria; foundation design; geotechnical engineering; housing construction; mine subsidence; mining; settlement; structural design; structural engineering. iii NOTATION Special notation for subsidence parameters, s, e, v and g: 1. A small letter designates magnitude at any point. 2. A capital letter designates the largest magnitude occurring in a given subsidence profile. 3. A capital letter with subscript "max" designates the largest magnitude in a fully developed subsidence profile, which is in most cases the largest possible magnitude. a subsidence factor ^max^m d = depth below grade dA = incremental area of mined seam D = design dead load E = Young's Modulus (used only to denote "stiffness parameter" El) - +e, +E, +Ema v = horizontal ground strain, + - tensile, * compressive * friction coefficient G G slope of subsidence profile 8» » max h = depth of mined seam below surface I moment of inertia Z » horizontal length of structure L “ design live load m * thickness of mined seam M * moment p(r) = influence function P * a surface point = horizontal projection of radial distance ** radius of curvature of a subsidence profile in any point Kmin = minimum radius of curvature in a given subsidence profile s S S = subsidence settlement » » max v» V, = horizontal displacement V = shear = width of mined panel * unit gravity load on foundation element ** horizontal distance coordinate = vertical distance coordinate iv a m secant angle of deflected foundation A * "equivalent" cantilever deflection of deflected foundation LsH = measure of differential settlement v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ill NOTATION Iv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Preamble 1 1.2 Structure of Report 1 2. Site Evaluation and Acceptance 2 2.1 General 2 2.2 Objective 2 2.3 Scope 2 2.4 Criteria for Site Assessment 2 2.4.1 Rating of Sites 2 2.4.2 Unsuitable Sites 3 2.4.3 Conditionally Suitable Sites 3 2.4.4 Unconditionally Suitable Sites 3 2.5 Subsidence Risk Evaluation 3 2.5.1 General 3 2.5.2 Objective of Subsidence Risk Evaluation 5 2.5.3 Criteria 5 2.5.4 Assessment of Significant Subsidence Risk 5 2. 5. 4.1 Definition of "Significant Subsidence" 5 2. 5. 4. 2 Determination of Subsidence Profile 5 2. 5. 4. 3 Ongoing and Anticipated Mining Operations 6 2. 5.4.4 Abandoned and Inactive Mines 6 2. 5.4.4. 1 General 6 2. 5. 4. 4. 2 Engineering Analysis 6 2.6 Site Exploration 8 2.6.1 General 8 2.6.2 Scope 8 2.6.3 Mining Activity and History 9 2.6.4 Summary of Evidence of Subsidence and Subsidence Damage 9 2.6.5 Mined Seams 10 2.6.6 Topographic Data 11 2.6.7 Geology and Physical Properties of the Rock Formations 11 2.6.8 Overburden 12 2.6.9 Groundwater Hydrology 13 3. Site Development 14 3.1 General 14 3.2 Monitoring Systems 14 3.3 Precautions Against Migration of Soils into Voids or Fractures 14 3.4 Grading and Drainage 14 3.5 Pipelines 15 3.5.1 Grades of Gravity Lines 15 3.5.2 Joints 15 3.5.3 Pipe Segments Between Joints 15 3.5.4 Bedding of Pipes 15 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 3.5.5 Page Check. Valves 16 3.6 Landscaping and Drainage Structures 16 3.6.1 General 16 3.6.2 Manholes and Catch Basins 16 3.6.3 Culverts 16 3.6.4 Retaining Walls 16 3.6.5 Roads and Pavements 16 3.7 Buildings 16 3.7.1 Size and Configuration of Buildings 16 3.7.2 Orientation of Buildings 16 3.7.3 Separation of Buildings 17 3.7.4 Structural Considerations 17 3.7.5 Protection of Basement Walls and Foundation Elements 17 4. Building Design and Construction 18 4.1 Applicability 18 4.2 Minimum Recommendations 18 4.2.1 General 18 4.2.2 Foundation Walls 18 4.2.3 Slabs on Grade 18 4.2.4 Masonry Construction 18 4.2.5 Length of Buildings 18 4.2.6 Basement Walls 18 4.2.7 Utility Connections 19 4.2.8 Large Buildings 19 4.3 Recommendations for Severe Subsidence Conditions 19 4.3.1 General 19 4.3.2 Recommended Design Criteria 19 4. 3. 2.1 General 19 4. 3. 2. 2 Safety Margins 19 4. 3. 2. 3 Joints 19 4. 3. 2.4 Tolerances for Tilt and Distortion 19 4. 3. 2. 5 Foundation Design 20 4. 3. 2. 6 Interaction Between Foundation and the Superstructure 20 4.3.3 Design Loads 20 4. 3. 3.1 General 20 4. 3. 3. 2 Drag Forces 20 4. 3. 3. 3 Lateral Soil Pressures 21 4. 3. 3. 4 Forces Caused by the Curvature of the Subsidence Profile ... 21 4. 3. 3. 4.1 Rigid Foundations 21 4. 3. 3. 4. 2 Flexible Foundations 21 5. References 23 6. Acknowledgments 24 APPENDIX A PREDICTION OF SUBSIDENCE PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS A-l APPENDIX B COMMENTARY B-l vii • t •* 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PREAMBLE This report was prepared by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in behalf of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The purpose of the report is to suggest measures to mitigate damage to housing in areas where subsidence might occur as a result of past or future underground mining. Strip mining problems are not considered in this report. Many areas in the United States are underlain by abandoned mines, and many more areas will be undermined in the future. As mine cavities collapse they cause settlement and ground distortions on the surface which may damage or destroy buildings and utilities. If HUD is to finance construction of housing in such undermined areas, there is a need for the prior assessment of subsidence risks and for preventive measures to minimize effects of subsidence settlements. A particularly difficult risk evaluation problem exists in areas underlain by abandoned coal mines which have been mined by the commonly used room and pillar method, where underground cavities are supported by coal pillars which are subject to slow deterioration and eventual collapse. While the measures suggested herein can aid HUD officials, developers and consulting engineers in assessing and attenuating subsidence risks, they cannot be a substitute for the professional judgment of a qualified consulting engineer, who must use his knowledge of the state of the art in engineering and geology as well as his knowledge of specific site conditions to arrive at a recommendation. The recommendations in this report were prepared in 1977 and reviewed by a panel of consultants experienced in mine subsidence problems. The recommendations should be updated from time to time as the state of the art advances and U.S. field data become available. 1.2 STRUCTURE OF REPORT The report addresses three problems: site exploration and evaluation; site development, and housing construction. Site exploration and evaluation, as well as criteria that could be used by HUD to determine the suitability of sites for the construction of housing, are presented in section 2. Section 3 discusses criteria for site development, housing con- struction, and utility lines based on the results of a site evaluation. Section 4 deals specifically with structural design features to mitigate subsidence damage. Appendix A provides information on the determination of subsidence effects. Appendix B contains a commentary and derivations of proposed equations and procedures for the design of rigid and flexible foundations. 1 3 2. SITE EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE 2.1 GENERAL A site evaluation should be conducted under the direction of a registered professional engineer with recognized qualifications in geotechnical engineering, and with past experience in mine subsidence investigations. The following sites should be evaluated to determine mine subsidence risks: 1. Sites underlain by, or adjacent to, abandoned or active mines; 2. Sites located in, or adjacent to, areas where mineral rights were acquired by mining companies; 3. Sites which are underlain by, or adjacent to, mine waste deposits. The scope of the required investigation will depend on site characteristics, planned development and available information and should be determined by the engineer and HUD on a case-by-case basis.
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