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AUTHOR Shuman, James, Ed. TITLE The History of American Journalism. Scholastic Journalism Gazette, Vol. XII. INSTITUTION Journalism Education Association. PUB DATE 2002-02-23 NOTE 17p.; Produced by the Journalism Education Association of Northern California (JEANC). AVAILABLE FROM Journalism Education Association of Northern California, 3055 W Princeton Ave., Stockton CA 95204. Tel: 530-529-8805; Fax: 530-529-8739. For full text: http://www.jeanc.org/SJGazette.pdf. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Learner (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Freedom of Speech; Journalism Education; *Journalism History; *Newspapers; Technological Advancement; Technology Integration; *United States History; Writing for Publication IDENTIFIERS Conceptual Change; *News Stories; Writing Samples

ABSTRACT This collection of 18 brief, informative news stories with datelines from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries is intended to provide students with an understanding of how the press has helped to develop and has been the beneficiary of many of the freedoms all Americans enjoy. The collection can also be used in a straight historical context as the evolution of technology, or in a more philosophical way as the evolution of ideas and concepts (i.e., views vs. news, advocacy vs. propaganda, objectivity vs. yellow journalism, and responsibility to readers).(NKA)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. http://www.jeanc.org/SJGazette.pdf

Scholastic Journalism Gazette published by the Journalism Education Association

February 23, 2002 The History of American Journalism Vol. XII

Edited by James Shuman

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February 23, 2002 The History of American Journalism Vol. XII

American Newspapers Encourage more pleasing appearance and a Colonists Against British higher literary style, including humor and personality sketches as Rule well as editorial commentary. Its (1776) At the start of this editor was James Franklin, brother century, citizens of these of the better-known Benjamin Franklin. This paper reprinted colonies relied on town criers and British-run newspapers to provide many of the highly-acclaimed Spectator and Guardian essays from them with the news. Now, many colonists are starting to publish England. their own newspapers and this new After 1725, newspapers were freedom is uniting the anti- printed throughout the colonies. British movement. Although many lasted only a few years, they provided the public It all started on September 25, with the chance to be informed 1690 when Benjamin Harris about the events of the day, as published Publik Occurrences, Both well as to read the opinions of Forreign and Domestick. This four- various political figures. In this page, 6" x 10 1/4" paper was way, newspapers helped to educate banned after the first issue by the colonists in addition to the British Governor, but it stirring them to action over a demonstrated that there was series of governmental injustices interest in the formation of an imposed by the British. American newspaper. Fourteen years later, on April 24, 1704, John Campbell began printing the NewsLetter, the first regularly Maryland Gazette Publisher published newspaper in the Early Advocate of Responsible colonies, and the only locally- Journalism produced paper for 15 years. It was "published by authority," (1775) -Anne Catharine Green, meaning that it had the approval publisher of the Maryland Gazette of the government. for nine years, died early this year. The only woman to publish a By 1721, an independent newspaper in these colonies, Green newspaper, the New England was an early advocate of Courant, became the first American responsible reporting. paper to provide readers withwhat they wanted, rather than with Following the death other information controlled by the husband, Jonas Green, in 1767, authorities. It offered both a Anne Green was given the position 3 of public printer by the General Zenger Trial Re-defines Assembly of the Colony of Concepts of Libel and Freedom Maryland. Jonas Green originally of the Press worked for Benjamin Franklin, of the Pennsylvania Gazette, before (1766) The right of freedom of moving to Annapolis with his young the press was established by a bride. There he took the position 1735 New York court case in which of public printer for the colony. John Peter Zenger, publisher of In 1767 he died, leaving the the New York Weekly Journal, was entire business and several charged with "raising sedition" a unfilled contracts to his wife. libelous act by his criticism of Anne fulfilled the contracts and the royal governor and his continued to publish the weekly administration. Under existing paper, for which a grateful British law, if it could be shown General Assembly granted her the that a person had committed the position of public printer, her deed with which he was charged, husband's office, at the same then he was guilty. Zenger's salary he had received: 36,109 attorney, Andrew Hamilton, argued, pounds of tobacco annually, and however, that "the words 48,000 pounds for years when the themselves must be libelousthat delegates were in session. is, False, Malicious, and Seditious or else we are not During the recent disputes with guilty." the British Government, Mrs. Green made an unpopular decision, The jury ruled that Zenger had suspending publication of printed the truth and that the anonymous personal attacks and truth was not libelous, and reckless accusations. Her stated cleared Zenger of the charges policy was, "Pieces brought for brought against him. Even so, it the Press free from personal would be nearly 50 years before abuse, and otherwise instructive the colonial courts commonly or entertaining, are gratefully accepted truth as a defense and acknowledged; but whenever they the right of a jury to decide both shall exceed the Boundaries of the law and the facts in a case. Delicacy, or be replete with personal invective, the Author Last year, when Britain imposed must expect to offer his Name." the Stamp Act, which was a tax on paper, among other items, each of Despite considerable protest, the 30 American newspapers being she continued to provide balanced published at the time was required reporting of events, including the to sell a stamp along with the proceedings of the First newspaper. The effect was to Continental Congress and the alienate editors as well as the burning of the Peggy Stewart last colonists. Newspapers continued to year, and the , publish; however, many refused to until her recent death. collect the tax, thus fueling the rebellious attitude toward the British.

4 Although the Stamp Act was One of the most common forms of repealed this year, newspapers are printed communication during this still critical of many British time was the broadside, printed on government policies. one side of the sheet only, carrying current news or announcements, and intended for First News Service Opens with immediate distribution at low ' Committees cost. Passed from hand to hand and tacked on public doors, these (1774) Samuel Adams, editor of "extra" newspapers give an the Independent Advertiser immediacy to news that increases beginning in 1748, and later a their importance to the colonists. regular contributor to the and Country Journal, has organized a group of agents into `' Makes Sense; Committees of Correspondence in Quickly Popular with order to keep the radical patriot Colonists movement informed of events throughout the colonies, (1776) A pamphlet re-printed by especially in Boston and New York. many colonial newspapers was first published in January by Tom Paine, These agents "cover" every who emigrated from England important meeting and report the scarcely one year before. His news to Adams' local committee, arguments were simple and grounded which processes the information in basic logic, making them easy for dissemination as needed. This to understand and accept. Yet they primitive news service has proved were also eloquent and highly efficient at keeping track stimulating, for they reflected of the British militia as well as the thinking of many colonists, governmental decisions. Assisting both the Patriots and the more with dissemination has been the conservative Whigs. propaganda network, which supplied the It is interesting that a Journal of Occurrences of 1768 and significant number of the ideas 1769, consisting of a record of expressed in Common Sense were alleged events involving British incorporated into the Declaration troops and government actions. of Independence, written and signed just six months later. Another influential New England printer is Isaiah Thomas, editor of the of Sedition Trials Help Boston, whose stated purpose is a Establish Truth as Defense paper for "mechanics (workmen), and other classes of people who (1812) Adoption of the had not much time to spare from Constitution and its Bill of business" who would value a Rights provided newspaper newspaper that could be "read at a publishers with freedoms not leisure moment." previously enjoyed. Yet within a few years the division of thinking between the Federalists and Anti-

5 Federalists (later called Yet a few cases continued to Republicans) had resulted in such be prosecuted under state laws. invective and diatribe on both The most celebrated press trial sides that in 1798 Congress passed during this period involved Harry the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Croswell, editor of a New York first was a law intended to rid Federalist paper, The Wasp, which the country of troublesome was so vicious and annoying that "foreigners;" the second was even other Federalists disclaimed designed to silence irritating it. He was indicted and found editors. guilty in 1804, but appealed the case. At the appeals trial, The President was empowered to Alexander Hamilton, Jefferson's deport aliens thought to be rival, argued for the defense. He subversive. Although insisted that the press had the did not exercise this power, it right to "publish with impunity was an obvious threat to some of truth, with good motives, for the opposition editors who were justifiable ends," even though not citizens. such information reflected on the government or individuals. The Sedition Act made it a Essentially, Hamilton was arguing crime to "write, print, utter, or for the right of submitting truth publish... anyfalse, scandalous as a full defense. and malicious writing" against the government, Congress, or Although Hamilton did not win President, or to "excite against the case, the significance of his them the hatred of the good people arguments was not lost. Even of the United States" or to before the verdict was handed "resist or oppose, or defeat any down, a bill had been introduced such law." Although the law did into the state legislature not forbid criticism of the guaranteeing those rights, and government, attempting only to other states soon followed suit. curb malicious and false In the session just closed, the statements which defamed public Supreme Court held that the officials, and although it did federal government could not provide that truth could be prosecute under the old concept of offered as a defense, it was seditious libel, thus opposed by moderate men of both acknowledging the right of truth political viewpoints. as a defense, and the right of the jury to determine it. The vindictiveness of the Federalists in prosecuting their enemies helped to defeat them in Penny Press Brings News to the elections of 1800. The laws 'Common People' expired March 3, 1801, and newly- elected President Jefferson, an (1835) With the appearance of the Anti-Federalist, promptly pardoned New York Sun on September 3, 1833, all in jail and cancelled a new concept in newspapers was remaining trials. begun. This four-page paper, which features sensational news rather than erudite opinions, sells on the streets for a penny a copy, 6 rather than by advance annual sports coverage. The Herald became subscription. Thus, almost anyone known for aggressive news can buy it, and both laborers and coverage, and by 1860 it would be advertisers find it appealing. the world's largest daily, at Within six months, it has reached 77,000. a circulation of 8000, nearly twice that of its nearest rival. It contains a full page of Rise of Dailies Spreads News advertising in addition to half a Westward page of classifieds (including "Want Ads"). (1824) Almost simultaneously with the establishment of the This new type of journalism has Constitution, major commercial caught the fancy of people of all centers began to see daily spectrums, including the publication of newspapers. Most of politicians, who see it as meeting these were weekly publications the needs of mass democracy, a that had converted to semi-weekly, growing market place ideology, and tri-weekly, and then daily an urban society. With the papers' publication, such as the emphasis on emotional reporting of Pennsylvania Packet and Daily news events, the common people Advertiser of Philadelphia, which find themselves involved with the switched to daily status in 1784. issues of the day. However, just as Jacksonian politics sometimes Although the price of most encourages excesses, some of these early papers was too high for the papers are willing to compromise average citizen to afford, and the truth for sensationalism, if circulation was low, by 1800 the that will increase sales. pressure from common people for political recognition helped to The Sun, founded by Benjamin H. establish new papers with a more Day, was quickly imitated in liberal editorial outlook and Philadelphia, Baltimore, and pages containing more sympathetic Boston, as well as in New York political information and opinion. itself, with James Gordon Bennett's New York Morning Herald The first "western" newspaper in June, 1835. was the Pittsburgh Gazette, established in 1786, and the The Herald, however, would not following year the Kentucky remain an imitator for long. By Gazette was established at 1836, its price was two cents per Lexington. Much of the news of copy (claiming readers were these "frontier papers" was getting more for their money than carried as "exchanges" from papers they could get elsewhere) .It also farther east, although contracts pioneered in developing news and for legal and government printing reducing views. During the years, often kept the pages full. it acquired a more serious profile, and was an innovator or But one of the most important perfecter of financial sections, developments of this period was in critical reviews, society government reporting. Reporters sections, letters columns, and have had access to the House of

7 Representatives since April 8, Despite his sometimes erratic 1789, two days after it was attitudes, Greeley is conscious of established. They gained access to his responsibility to the reader, the Senate on January 2, 1802. and the public senses his sincerity. He is intent on One of the most objective producing a better worldand a papers of the time was established better press. Thus, despite the in Washington soon after the city criticism, Greeley is read by all was established, at the types of people, and employs and encouragement of President encourages many of the best young Jefferson. Samuel Harrison Smith writers of the period. Thereby he began the National Intelligencer, has changed the press of the reporting on both the House and masses from sensationalism to one Senate, When Smith turned the of culture, ideals, and paper over to others in 1810, it stimulating ideas. switched from tri-weekly to daily, and provided complete, accurate The Times was founded by Henry reports of floor debates, serving J. Raymond, who had been Greeley's as the semiofficial recorder of chief assistant in 1841, but whose Congress until 1834. personality was so different that the two could never be friends. From the beginning, Raymond has Two NY Papers Set High sought ways to attack Greeley, Standards avoiding not only the sensationalism of many other (1851) The New York Tribune papers, but also the whimsy which published its first issue on April he feels characterizes the 10, 1841, and the New York Times Tribune. The Times has quickly on September 18 of this year. Both established a reputation as a papers first sold for one cent a reasonable and objective paper, copy. They have quickly become solid even though aggressive. It leaders in the field. substituted accuracy for wishful thinking, developing the technique The Tribune was founded by of careful reporting based upon Horace Greeley, one of the most decency and fairness, and soon influential editors of the outsold even the Tribune within Nineteenth Century. By politics, the city limits. he is conservative, yet he champions the causes of democracy The Tribune's weekly edition, as they could be applied to the however, claims the largest common man. Throughout his long circulation of any paper in the career as editor of the Tribune, nation, at more than 200,000 Greeley has frequently advocated a copies each week. position which alienated one or another segment of his public, yet he continued to enjoy one of the most loyal sets of readers in the history of American journalism. New Process Brings Public go on to become some of the best- First Views of Civil War known photographers of the century.) (1865) Mathew Brady, the prominent New York and Washington Brady, with the glass plates portrait photographer and author vividly recording the hysteria, of the landmark 1850 book, Gallery horror and occasional glory of the of Illustrious Americans, has war, and a few early prints for assembled more than 3500 glass- exhibit, may find public interest plate photographs of the Civil quickly declining. The government War. shows no interest in acquiring them. Brady has invested $100,000 Brady studied photography under in obtaining these pictures, but Samuel F. B. Morse, famed as the the government is slow in inventor of the telegraph, but providing him the promised also well known as an artist and remuneration. investigator of the science of optics. By 1842, Brady had set up Despite his pioneering efforts a shop in Washington, and by 1855 at documenting the war, Brady was he owned illustrious studios in bankrupted by the panic of 1873, both cities. his business taken over by creditors and rivals, and he did When the war began, Brady not even know where his pictures anticipated the public's need to were stored. He died impoverished see the battlefields where the in 1896. horrors of war occurred. He equipped several wagons as 'Yellow Journalist' Crusades portable darkrooms and hired young men to operate the cameras and for Change through Prizes develop the bulky 8" x 10" glass (1901) Joseph Pulitzer, owner of plates on the spot. Having already photographed President Lincoln on the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World, has long been several occasions, Brady persuaded an advocate of independence, him to permit a photographic record of the war. They were criticizing governmental wrongdoing, opposing fraud, permitted to go anywhere and were advocating principles and ideas frequently present when the rather than prejudices and fighting started. partisanship, and always upholding the truth. He founded the Post- Although Brady did not Dispatch in 1878 by merging two personally operate many of the papers and boldly advancing his cameras, the entire project was policies. Within four years it was his enterprise, and he takes the leading evening area paper. credit for the work. He hired a staff of 20 "operators," whom he Although his policies have supervised. Alexander Gardner, resulted in determined crusades in Timothy O'Sullivan and George the public interest, they have Bamard all quit in 1863 because also had a reputation for Brady refused to give them public exploiting stories of murder, sex, credit for their work.(They would and sin, and for sensationalizing

9 accounts of violence. There have "manufacturing" news when little been exaggeration, half-truth, and or none existed. humor at the expense of embarrassed citizens. This year, the World committed itself to a new policy in which it Pulitzer bought the New York still crusaded for the oppressed, World in 1883 and quickly but not at the expense of the attracted attention by following truth. Pulitzer, who by this time the same formula he had used in has become completely blind, St. Louis. But mixed in with the considered the public's need for sensationalism and crusades and "the whole truth" most important self-promotion was good news and emphasized the paper's coverage and a solid editorial responsibility to its readers both policy. He pushed harder for the as a crusader and an accurate poor and helpless, and attempted reporter. to shock authorities into concern and action through news and It would not be known until editorial coverage. Throughout the after his death in 1911 how deep 1880s, even though the number of his regard for journalistic pages increased the price to the accuracy had been. In his will, he public remained at two cents due established the Pulitzer School of to increases in advertising and ad Journalism at Columbia University rates. in New York, and also endowed a perpetual gift for eight annual In the fall of 1895, William prizes in journalism, which were Randolph Hearst, owner of the San to be awarded annually beginning Francisco Examiner, bought the New in 1917. York Journal and immediately hired away the best editorial talent from the World. One of the first 'Around the World' Stunt to be "bought" was a cartoonist Reporter Remembered for the Sunday supplement, who had Best for Personalized been drawing a series featuring a Investigative News Style boy in a yellow nightshirt. Pulitzer's World continued to run (January 27, 1922) "The best the cartoon, drawn by another reporter in America" died this artist, and so, briefly, there morning after a brief illness, were two "versions" appearing each reported the New York Evening Sunday. The public had already Journal. Nellie Bly had been a nicknamed him the "Yellow Kid," newspaperwoman for 37 years, and so the style of these two largely pioneering an papers came to be called Yellow investigative style that was often Journalism. They both campaigned called "stunt journalism." vigorously against Spain from 1895 until April, 1898, when war was At a time when few women were declared. Yet the Journal cared accepted anywhere in journalism, less for the truth or the facts and then only on the "women's than for the sensational nature of pages," she and her female the story, even apparently colleagues demonstrated resourcefulness, daring, and a

1 clear grasp of what the public figures of the day, including wanted to read in a never-ending Susan B. Anthony, Emma Goldman, variety of sensational exposes and Eugene V. Debs, Illinois Governor first-person accounts of John P. Atgeld, John L. Sullivan, oppression. Yet Nellie was able to Jack Dempsey; or exposing to the transcend the merely mawkish to public the plight of the poor and become the best-known woman in the needs of the helpless, often American journalism. victimized by crooked politicians, wealthy businessmen, or scam Nellie Bly was her "pen name," artists. Many consider that some a common practice of the time. She of her finest reporting came was christened Elizabeth Cochran. during the Pullman strike of 1894 Her father died when she was a and the National Woman Suffrage child, and her family was plunged Convention in 1896. from wealth to near-poverty. Throughout life, she had Two other closest professional compassion and a strong social friendships were formed early in conscience, combined with courage her career: Erasmus Wilson, the and strong self-confidence. "Quiet Observer" of the Pittsburg Dispatch, who had helped her get a She wrote first for the start in newspapering, and Arthur Pittsburg Dispatch, where she Brisbane, a colleague when she acquired her pen name. After three first came to the World, who years, she went to New York City, became one of the most significant where she gained a position with figures in American journalism, the World, then published by serving as managing editor of The Joseph Pulitzer. She received a New York Journal for many years, daring assignment: have herself and who wrote the editorial on her committed to a notorious lunatic death. asylum to expose its horrors. The sensation which followed In 1895 she married Robert L. publication of her series of Seaman, a 70-year-old wealthy reports assured her not only a bachelor. From November 1899 she job, but a front-page byline at a ran her husband's business, time when most stories were implementing many model uncredited. innovations to benefit the 1500 employees. By mid-1910, the Bly is perhaps most often business faced serious financial remembered for her widely- difficulty. During several years publicized attempt in 1889 to of legal wrangling, evidence "beat the record" of traveling indicated that at least four around the world in 80 days, set employees had embezzled by Jules Veme's fictional hero $1,680,000, much of it in the form Phileas Fogg, which she did, in 72 of forged checks. Creditors days. foreclosed. She fought in court for three years, with only limited But she also excelled at a success. more "solid" type of reporting, providing provocative, often sympathetic interviews with great Bly planned a three-week Ochs was born in Cincinnati in vacation in Vienna, leaving New 1858, and at the age of 11 began York August 1,1914. But she did working for the Knoxville not arrive at her destination Chronicle as a carrier boy. He until August 22, just as WW I was worked his way up, serving as a breaking out everywhere, and ended printer's devil for the Chronicle up staying in Europe for four and at age 14 before moving to the a half years. Through previous Louisville Courier-Journal. He friendships she was able to secure reached the rank of assistant approval to tour the front lines, composition room foreman by 1875, thus becoming the first female war then moved to the Knoxville correspondent. Tribune as a typesetter. In 1876 he helped found the Chattanooga She sent her first cable on Dispatch, which faltered after a October 26, and followed up with few months, but Ochs was committed numerous others, describing the to building a successful paper horrors that both soldiers and there. civilians endured. Securing a loan, in 1878 he Her final three years of bought the Chattanooga Times for reporting for The Evening Journal $250.00. He promised to provide evolved into a loosely-structured all the local news, the latest advice column, beginning on August telegraph news, and all available 25, 1919 with a column entitled commercial news. He built a "Am I my brother's keeper?" (her network of correspondents in the conclusion: yes) and a South, bought new presses, clearinghouse for assistance of published a weekly edition, a various kinds, especially placing trade journal for southern orphans and abandoned children for industrialists, an agricultural private adoption. journal, and a religious newspaper. His editorials called for nonpartisan city government, Ochs Leads Shift to Fact- civic improvements, schools, and a Based Reporting University. When the Times hit financial trouble in 1892, Ochs (1921)-By 1896 the New York Times bought the New York Times in 1896 was a dying newspaper. After the to generate new funds. death of founder Henry Raymond in 1869, the Times endured more-or- Ochs lacked the capital for an less successfully under a series outright purchase, so he arranged of leaders for 25 years. By the a deal which would give him early 1890s the giant was ailing. control of the paper in four years A paid circulation of 9,000 was if he could turn it around. His disguised behind a press run of experience with the Chattanooga 21,000, but the Times lagged far Times served him well in the behind other morning dailies. In reorganization of the Times. Here 1896 Adolph S. Ochs, of the he promised all the news with the Chattanooga Times, made a deal greatest possible speed; impartial with then-owner Charles R. Miller coverage; and a forum for consideration of all questions of to buy the paper. public importance. He chose as his circulation has risen to 330,000 motto "All the news that's fit to daily and more than 500,000 for print." Sundays, and advertising linage has increased tenfold. Typography and mechanics were improved, and new coverage was added. He printed a list of out- Breakthrough in Technology of-town buyers in the city, a Provides Faster daily listing of real estate Presses, Improved Type, and transactions, daily and weekly stock reports, court records and Photographs cases, book reviews, letters to (1910) With the installation of the editor, and editorials. Ad Ottmar Mergenthaler's Linotype linage passed the Tribune the machine in the New York Tribune first year, and the Times was the plant in 1886, the large evening first major paper to use telephone dailies could cover more news solicitations. In 1898, with close to deadline time. The circulation at 25,000, Ochs took ability to set entire lines of the radical step of cutting prices type in a single reusable lead to raise circulation. Daily issues slug brought many other dropped from 3 to 1, and by 1899 improvements and totally circulation had risen to 75,000; revolutionized the printing world. by 1901 it had topped 100,000. Ad Slugcasting machines could produce sales doubled in two years, and an entire line of type nearly as Ochs gained control under the fast as a typist could type, terms of his agreement. creating a demand for more dependable, easier-to-read Ochs' commitment to excellence typefaces. Among these were the continued, with construction of graceful Cheltenham and Bodoni the $2.5 million Times Building in families, both appearing soon 1904 and the introduction of the after 1900. wireless telegraph in 1907. He later added the moving electronic The leading manufacturer of news bulletins to the Times printing presses, R. Hoe & Building, helping make the paper a Company, had converted many of the New York institution. His managing larger presses from hand to steam editor, Carr Van Anda, built a power early in the nineteenth world wide network of century, and from flatbed to correspondents, and their coverage rotary before the Civil War. of World War I helped to catapult Advances included curved the Times to major stature. During stereotype plates, continuous the war, the Times printed the rolls of newsprint, printing on text of government documents and both sides of the paper in one speeches, making it the leading operation, automated folders, and reference newspaper for color printing. librarians, scholars and government officials. This war By the late 1890s, most of the reporting climaxed with the large presses had shifted to the publication of the text of the use of stereotyped plates and Versailles Treaty. Today, webs, enabling them to print up to 48,000 twelve-page papers in an One of the first to see its hour. A full-color press was journalistic uses was Mathew installed at the New York World in Brady. Other early pioneers were 1893. Eadweard Muybridge and John D. Isaacs, who in 1877 used 24 Editors had long searched for cameras to demonstrate the gait of better ways to include a galloping horse. Yet it was an illustrations in their awkward, clumsy kind of art, using publications, and by the 1870s had various liquid chemicals and glass settled on Zincographs, etchings plates for negatives. produced by an artist, based upon a photograph. Still, numerous Thus, when George Eastman editors hoped for a way to utilize announced the Kodak camera in photographs directly. Frederic E. 1888, using a flexible roll of dry Ives, head of the photographic film, another innovation occurred. laboratory at Cornell University Within ten years, halftone in the late 1870s, developed a way reproductions of photographs were to break up masses of dark and being included in many of the light by changing everything to a major newspapers, and by the early series of dots placed at varying part of this century, distances apart, which he called photographers were a part of every the halftone photoengraving daily newspaper staff. The shift process. from art and science to journalism was unusually rapid and rewarding. Although the first successful halftone in the U.S. was published in 1880, it was not until 1897 Rise of Tabloids Brings Era that Ives had perfected the method of 'Jazz Journalism' to sufficiently for printing in the American Press New York Tribune. Very quickly, the other large papers were also (1933) With the close of World running halftone reproductions of War I,a new cycle of journalistic photographs. sensationalism began. Similar to the penny press of the 1830s and the new journalism of the 1890s, Photography develops as this wave of sensationalism found journalistic effort the right conditions and an untapped audience ready for such (1912) The science of photography an appeal. was developed during the 1820s and 30s by Joseph Nidpce and Louis Like the earlier periods, this Daguerre. With the public wave of sensationalism affected release of the formula by the all of the press before it French government on August 19, subsided, and resulted in a more 1839, artist/scientists in both substantial form of journalism Europe and the U.S. began to once it was over. However, this explore its possibilities. era was accompanied by the use of two techniques that identify the period: a tabloid-style format and extensive use of photography. The 1920s have become known as The climax of the war of the the decade of Jazz Journalism, and tabloids was 1926-1928. Not subsequent years have seen a content with reporting such marked increase of emphasis on the scandalous events as nude dancing techniques of interpretive girls in a bathtub of champagne, reporting. or the antics of a wealthy real- estate man and his 15-year-old Although small-sized newspapers bride, editors dug up unresolved had been common throughout much of murders and pushed for trials. the eighteenth and nineteenth Although one ended in acquittal centuries, the tabloids of this and a suit for libel, another era owe their size and style to ended with a woman sentenced to England. In 1903 Alfred C. execution in the electric chair at Harmsworth began the Daily Mirror Sing Sing. as a newspaper for women, but soon converted it into a "half-penny Although the Graphic covered illustrated." By 1909, its her last thoughts before circulation had reached a million execution, it was the News that copies, other British newspapers had the last word, by ignoring the jumped into the field. prohibition on photography and sending in a photographer with a In New York, the Illustrated tiny camera strapped to his ankle Daily News began publishing on to take a picture just after the June 26, 1919. Within a few current was turned on. The months, it became the New York resulting touched-up full-page Daily News, but it struggled for shot sold an extra 250,000 papers! several more months before editor Joseph Medill Patterson found his circulation niche with the Broadcasting Established as immigrant and poorly-educated Additional News Service citizens, who appreciated the heavy emphasis on large (1944) From the successful photographs and brief, broadcast of Enrico Caruso's tenor sensationalized stories. voice from the Metropolitan Opera stage in 1910 to March 1, 1920, By 1921 the Daily News became the growing field of second in circulation to Hearst's "radiotelegraphy" was carefully Evening Journal, and in 1924 the controlled by the government. News became America's most widely circulated newspaper. That year Broadcasting, of course, could brought heavy competition in the not be successful unless there form of Hearst's Mdrror, and a new were ways to receive the paper begun by Bemarr Macfadden, transmissions. Fortunately for the the Daily Graphic. It was the radio experimenters, a rapidly- Graphic which set out to see just growing core of amateur how sensational and lurid it could enthusiasts had built their own be, resulting in a battle that has crystal sets to pick up the been characterized as "gutter broadcasts on their headphones. journalism." Congress had enacted a law in did succeed in establishing some 1912 directing the Department of order. Federal authority was Commerce to issue licenses to broadened in 1934 with the private broadcasters and assign establishment of the Federal wave lengths for commercial Communications Commission, which operators. On November 2,1920, took over jurisdiction over all Westinghouse station KDKA in telecommunications. Pittsburgh began regular broadcasting, and in October, Although newspapers had 1921, the Detroit News began assisted the development of broadcasting from station WWJ. commercial transmission stations, Soon newspapers in many other by 1928 the newspapers were major cities established their own becoming increasingly opposed to stations. General Electric set up sharing news and information with WGY in Schenectady, New York, and them, and in 1932 the ANPA ATT built WEAF (now WNBC) in New formally voted not to furnish news York City. to radio networks. The radio industry attempted to gather the Almost immediately, it was news itself, but found the apparent that radio could become a collection of news expensive and paying proposition. The number of attempted several alternatives, stations increased from 30 in 1922 including the Press-Radio Bureau. to 556 in 1923; the number of By 1935, the wire service networks receiving sets jumped from some began preparing reports especially 50,000 in 1921 to more than for radio clients, and by 1970 the 600,000 in 1922. The three UPI and AP each served some 3,200 corporations established a radio and TV stations. consortium called Radio Corporation of America. In 1926, It was the start of World War ATT sold its station, and the II that brought news broadcasting other partners established the to maturity. CBS covered the 20- National Broadcasting Company as day Munich crisis in September an RCA subsidiary,which had with live broadcasts from 14 phenomenal growth, forming nation- European cities, includingVienna, wide networks in 1927. In 1930, an Berlin, Paris, Rome, and London. antitrust action forced them to Americans heard the voices of dispose of their holdings in RCA. major politicians firsthand, with 471 separate broadcaststotaling But by then a rival company, nearly 48 hours of air time. NBC the Columbia Broadcasting System, and Mutual provided similar how fully was also wellestablished. In coverage. To illustrate 1934, NBC had 127 affiliated radio news had come of age, NBC stations and CBS had 97, and a had devoted 2.8 percent of total third network had been formed. In program hours to newsin 1937, but fact, growth was so rapid that the in 1944 it was 26.4 percent. 1912 law was no longer sufficient to control the chaos of the airwaves. The Radio Act of 1927 had attempted to regulate all forms of radio communication, and 6 'Funny Papers' Continue to Charm Readers

(1939) Humorous-panel artists Scholastic Journalism proliferated after Richard F. Outcault's "Yellow Kid" in 1896. Gazette Rudolph Dirks' "Katzenjammer Kids" was the longest-lived of all These articles are intended to American comics, running from 1897 provide students with an to 1980, but many others were also understanding of how the press has originated in the early days and helped to develop and has been the are still remembered beneficiary of many of the affectionately. freedoms all Americans enjoy. It can also be used in its straight These comic strips were historical context as the designed for the Sunday papers, evolution of technology, or in a and began to appear in color as more philosophical way as the early as the late 1890s. Arising evolution of ideas and concepts as major competitors in the comic- (ie., views vs. news, advocacy vs. strip business by the end of World propaganda, objectivity vs. yellow War I were the Hearst-owned King journalism, and responsibility to Features Syndicate and the United one's readers). Features combine. Included are "Bringing Up Father," 1912; "Bamey JEA freely gives permission to Google," 1919; "Gasoline Alley," reproduce this paper for use in 1919; Olive Oyl and Popeye, 1919; your classes or in promoting "Moon Mullins," 1923; Rube Scholastic Journalism Week. Goldberg's "Boob McNutt," 1924; Facts and related data for "Little Orphan Annie," 1924; and this paper were drawn from the "Blondie," 1930. book The Press and America, fifth edition, by Edwin Emery and The continuing story strip was Michael Emery. Information first introduced with "Andy Gump" regarding Anne Catharine Green in 1917, and was developed into came from Smithsonian magazine. the action story with "Tarzan" in Information regarding Nellie Bly 1929, "Dick Tracy" and "Joe came from the book Nellie Bly: Palooka" in 1931, and "Terry and Daredevil, Reporter, Feminist, by the Pirates" in 1934. "Buck Brooke Kroeger. Rogers" began in 1929 and "Superman" in 1939. James Shuman(Modesto,CA)editor Wednesday. May 1, 2002 ERIC REC Submissions - Reproducdon Release Form CS 510 977

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