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The History of American Journalism. Scholastic Journalism Gazette, Vol DOCUMENT RESUME ED 465 164 CS 510 977 AUTHOR Shuman, James, Ed. TITLE The History of American Journalism. Scholastic Journalism Gazette, Vol. XII. INSTITUTION Journalism Education Association. PUB DATE 2002-02-23 NOTE 17p.; Produced by the Journalism Education Association of Northern California (JEANC). AVAILABLE FROM Journalism Education Association of Northern California, 3055 W Princeton Ave., Stockton CA 95204. Tel: 530-529-8805; Fax: 530-529-8739. For full text: http://www.jeanc.org/SJGazette.pdf. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Learner (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Freedom of Speech; Journalism Education; *Journalism History; *Newspapers; Technological Advancement; Technology Integration; *United States History; Writing for Publication IDENTIFIERS Conceptual Change; *News Stories; Writing Samples ABSTRACT This collection of 18 brief, informative news stories with datelines from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries is intended to provide students with an understanding of how the press has helped to develop and has been the beneficiary of many of the freedoms all Americans enjoy. The collection can also be used in a straight historical context as the evolution of technology, or in a more philosophical way as the evolution of ideas and concepts (i.e., views vs. news, advocacy vs. propaganda, objectivity vs. yellow journalism, and responsibility to readers).(NKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. http://www.jeanc.org/SJGazette.pdf Scholastic Journalism Gazette published by the Journalism Education Association February 23, 2002 The History of American Journalism Vol. XII Edited by James Shuman PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY D. Eva.ns TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 0 This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. )(1 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this CD document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Lr) 4 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Scholastic Journalism Gazette published by the Journalism Education Association February 23, 2002 The History of American Journalism Vol. XII American Newspapers Encourage more pleasing appearance and a Colonists Against British higher literary style, including humor and personality sketches as Rule well as editorial commentary. Its (1776) At the start of this editor was James Franklin, brother century, citizens of these of the better-known Benjamin Franklin. This paper reprinted colonies relied on town criers and British-run newspapers to provide many of the highly-acclaimed Spectator and Guardian essays from them with the news. Now, many colonists are starting to publish England. their own newspapers and this new After 1725, newspapers were freedom is uniting the anti- printed throughout the colonies. British movement. Although many lasted only a few years, they provided the public It all started on September 25, with the chance to be informed 1690 when Benjamin Harris about the events of the day, as published Publik Occurrences, Both well as to read the opinions of Forreign and Domestick. This four- various political figures. In this page, 6" x 10 1/4" paper was way, newspapers helped to educate banned after the first issue by the colonists in addition to the British Governor, but it stirring them to action over a demonstrated that there was series of governmental injustices interest in the formation of an imposed by the British. American newspaper. Fourteen years later, on April 24, 1704, John Campbell began printing the Boston NewsLetter, the first regularly Maryland Gazette Publisher published newspaper in the Early Advocate of Responsible colonies, and the only locally- Journalism produced paper for 15 years. It was "published by authority," (1775) -Anne Catharine Green, meaning that it had the approval publisher of the Maryland Gazette of the government. for nine years, died early this year. The only woman to publish a By 1721, an independent newspaper in these colonies, Green newspaper, the New England was an early advocate of Courant, became the first American responsible reporting. paper to provide readers withwhat they wanted, rather than with Following the death other information controlled by the husband, Jonas Green, in 1767, authorities. It offered both a Anne Green was given the position 3 of public printer by the General Zenger Trial Re-defines Assembly of the Colony of Concepts of Libel and Freedom Maryland. Jonas Green originally of the Press worked for Benjamin Franklin, of the Pennsylvania Gazette, before (1766) The right of freedom of moving to Annapolis with his young the press was established by a bride. There he took the position 1735 New York court case in which of public printer for the colony. John Peter Zenger, publisher of In 1767 he died, leaving the the New York Weekly Journal, was entire business and several charged with "raising sedition" a unfilled contracts to his wife. libelous act by his criticism of Anne fulfilled the contracts and the royal governor and his continued to publish the weekly administration. Under existing paper, for which a grateful British law, if it could be shown General Assembly granted her the that a person had committed the position of public printer, her deed with which he was charged, husband's office, at the same then he was guilty. Zenger's salary he had received: 36,109 attorney, Andrew Hamilton, argued, pounds of tobacco annually, and however, that "the words 48,000 pounds for years when the themselves must be libelousthat delegates were in session. is, False, Malicious, and Seditious or else we are not During the recent disputes with guilty." the British Government, Mrs. Green made an unpopular decision, The jury ruled that Zenger had suspending publication of printed the truth and that the anonymous personal attacks and truth was not libelous, and reckless accusations. Her stated cleared Zenger of the charges policy was, "Pieces brought for brought against him. Even so, it the Press free from personal would be nearly 50 years before abuse, and otherwise instructive the colonial courts commonly or entertaining, are gratefully accepted truth as a defense and acknowledged; but whenever they the right of a jury to decide both shall exceed the Boundaries of the law and the facts in a case. Delicacy, or be replete with personal invective, the Author Last year, when Britain imposed must expect to offer his Name." the Stamp Act, which was a tax on paper, among other items, each of Despite considerable protest, the 30 American newspapers being she continued to provide balanced published at the time was required reporting of events, including the to sell a stamp along with the proceedings of the First newspaper. The effect was to Continental Congress and the alienate editors as well as the burning of the Peggy Stewart last colonists. Newspapers continued to year, and the Boston Tea Party, publish; however, many refused to until her recent death. collect the tax, thus fueling the rebellious attitude toward the British. 4 Although the Stamp Act was One of the most common forms of repealed this year, newspapers are printed communication during this still critical of many British time was the broadside, printed on government policies. one side of the sheet only, carrying current news or announcements, and intended for First News Service Opens with immediate distribution at low Samuel Adams' Committees cost. Passed from hand to hand and tacked on public doors, these (1774) Samuel Adams, editor of "extra" newspapers give an the Independent Advertiser immediacy to news that increases beginning in 1748, and later a their importance to the colonists. regular contributor to the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, has organized a group of agents into `Common Sense' Makes Sense; Committees of Correspondence in Quickly Popular with order to keep the radical patriot Colonists movement informed of events throughout the colonies, (1776) A pamphlet re-printed by especially in Boston and New York. many colonial newspapers was first published in January by Tom Paine, These agents "cover" every who emigrated from England important meeting and report the scarcely one year before. His news to Adams' local committee, arguments were simple and grounded which processes the information in basic logic, making them easy for dissemination as needed. This to understand and accept. Yet they primitive news service has proved were also eloquent and highly efficient at keeping track stimulating, for they reflected of the British militia as well as the thinking of many colonists, governmental decisions. Assisting both the Patriots and the more with dissemination has been the conservative Whigs. Sons of Liberty propaganda network, which supplied the It is interesting that a Journal of Occurrences of 1768 and significant number of the ideas 1769, consisting of a record of expressed in Common Sense were alleged events involving British incorporated into the Declaration troops and government actions. of Independence, written and signed just six months later. Another influential New England printer is Isaiah Thomas, editor of the Massachusetts Spy of Sedition Trials Help Boston, whose stated purpose is a Establish Truth as Defense paper for "mechanics (workmen), and other classes of people who (1812) Adoption of the had not much time to spare from Constitution and its Bill of business" who would value a Rights provided newspaper newspaper that could be "read at a publishers with freedoms not leisure moment." previously enjoyed. Yet within a few years the division of thinking between the Federalists and Anti- 5 Federalists (later called Yet a few cases continued to Republicans) had resulted in such be prosecuted under state laws. invective and diatribe on both The most celebrated press trial sides that in 1798 Congress passed during this period involved Harry the Alien and Sedition Acts.
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