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The Georgia Gazette and the Stamp Act: a Reconsideration

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The Georgia Gazette and the Stamp Act: a Reconsideration The GeorgiaGazette and theStamp Act: A Reconsideration By S. F. Roach, Jr.* passageof theStamp Act by theBritish Parliament on March 22, 1765,ended infant journalism in Americaand beganan age wherepolitical discussion provided the mainmotif forcolonial newspapers. This tabloidreaction came about because of therevenue bill's particular provisions and timing.Depression, causedjointly by post-warfinancial failures and theenforcement of smugglingregulations by the Britishnavy, made the series of duties containedin the new legislationseem particularly galling.In addition,the StampAct employedthe principleof internaltaxation. This alloweddisgruntled colonists to raisethe questionof thebill's constitutionality. And finally,as if thiswere not enough,the Parliamentrequired that every newspaper, pamphlet,broadside, ship's clearance, college diploma, lease, li- cense,insurance policy, bond, bill of sale,and otherlegal docu- mentsbe writtenor printedon appropriatelystamped paper which wouldbe sold by Crownofficials. This last provisosaddled the most vocal and powerfulsegment of the colonialpopulation, the printers,lawyers, merchants, and clergy,with the direct burdenof payment.1 The singularnature of theStamp Act insuredthat the months followingits passagewould be pregnantwith developments for the Englishcolonies in North America.As eventsevolved, it becameextremely difficult to maintaina neutralposition toward theBritish tax. All spectatorswere encouraged to join thepatriot or the loyalistin the maturingcontroversy. "These [were] the times,"to paraphraseThomas Paine's Crisis, "which [tried] men's minds. This inquiryplaces stress on thesignificant role of theGeorgia Gazette duringthe troubledmonths surrounding the passage ♦Member of the History Department, Kennesaw Junior College, Marietta, Georgia. 472 S. F. Roach, Jr. and enactmentof the Stamp Act because thereis a definiteneed for revisionon that subject. Historians dealing with the pre- revolutionarymovement in Georgia have, up to this time,pre- sentedtwo differentinterpretations concerning the editorialpolicy and influenceof Georgia's newspaper.One side, representedby Louis Turner Griffithand John Erwin Talmadge's Georgia Journalism,1763-1950, Kenneth Coleman's The AmericanRevolu- tion in Georgia, 1763-1789 and Frank Luther Mott's American Journalism:A History of Newspapers in the United States Through 260 Years, 1690-1960,takes the positionthe Georgia Gazette was completelyimpartial in its commentsconcerning the Stamp Act. These historiansfeel both sides of the disagree- ment were equally representedin the paper. The other school, representedby ArthurM. Schlesinger'sPrelude to Independence: The Newspaper War on Britain,1764-1776 and Philip David- son's Propagandaand the AmericanRevolution, adopts the thesis that JamesJohnston's newspaper presented a loyalistinterpreta- tion of Americandifficulties. Both theseapproaches are incorrect. The Georgia Gazette was neitherimpartial nor pro-loyalistin its stampduty comments;it was pro-patriot.An examinationof the paper itselfbrings this into clear perspective.2 The Georgia Gazette plungedinto the altercationsurrounding the Stamp Act dispute with great energy.News that a stamp duty mightbe imposedon the Americancolonies appeared early and regularlyin JamesJohnston's paper. The issue of July 7, 1763, reportedvague rumors in London concerningsuch an imposition.3A similarreport was published a year later in a briefnote fromreporters in Charleston.The news of the Stamp Act's actual passage found voice in April of 1965 and there quickly followed,on May 2, 1765, a lengthy"Abstract of the Resolutionsof the Honorable House of Commonsfor imposing a STAMP DUTY in the BritishColonies and Plantationsin America."4 The Georgia Gazette's initial reaction to the tax legislation passed by the Parliamentin March of 1765 gave fair representa- tion to both sides of the quickly maturingcontroversy; the The GeorgiaGazette and the StampAct 473 patriotsand the loyalists.However, as the disagreementbetween the Mother Country and her colonies increased in bitterness, JamesJohnston's paper gave an ever-growingamount of space to the patriotside of the controversy.By the time the stamp duty went into effecton November i, 1765, the only sentiments voiced with any regularitywere those of the patriots.Let us examinethe argumentspresented favoring both contestantsand the extent of their appearance in order to acquire a precise evaluationof the Gazette'sposition.5 The earliestarguments appearing in the Georgia Gazette which favoredthe loyalistposition in the stampduty controversywere printedon May 2, 1765, along with the firstabstract of the revenue bill. An unsignednotice "To the Printer" mentioned that a number of colonial pamphletswhich pertainedto the Stamp Act and othermatters had reached London. All of these publicationswere found to be lackingin one degree or another. Those from New York, while "breathingthe spirit of true freedom,"were regretfully"set off in too ostentatiousa dress." Massachusetts'political petitions sank into the "plainness"which merelyrepresented an underlying"diffidence and want of spirit." The pamphletsfrom Rhode Island,although showing some promise and ability,were unfortunately"imperfect and incorrect."Similar commentsand criticismsattended the examinationof tractsfrom Pennsylvaniaand Connecticut.The attackwas continueda week laterin "Extractsof Lettersfrom London" whichwere reproduced frompapers in Charleston,South Carolina.These reprintslooked upon the colonial sentimentsforwarded to the Mother Country as "haughtyrepublican spirits" which would eventuallydo more harmthan good for all concerned.6 Argumentsbased on political philosophymarked the highest intellectualpoint the loyalistdiscourse reached in supportingthe Stamp Act. These ideas were based essentiallyon two concepts. The firststated the colonies enjoyed "virtualrepresentation" in Parliamentthe same as non-votingEnglishmen who lived in Leeds, Halifax, Birmingham,Sheffeld, and the Duchy of Lan- caster. Since this situationrepresented a categoricalimperative 474 S. F. Roach, Jr. essentialto English political stability,the American arguments denyingthe validityof virtualrepresentation had to be rejected. The second pillar of the loyalist political argumenttook the positionthat Americansshould obey parliamentarylaws because it was in theirinterest. This last point was vividlypresented in a speech which GovernorFrancis Bernard of Massachusettsmade to that colony's House of Commons.In a vast empiresuch as England's,the Governor concluded,there had to be a supreme power to whichall otherinterests were "subordinate."Americans, ratherthan tryingto violate this basic politicalprinciple, should have felt lucky that the English Parliamentwas the "sanctuary of libertyand justice"; and thatthe "princewho [presided]over it, [realized] the idea of a patriotking."7 The loyalist argumentwhich appeals most to the modern historianappeared in the Georgia Gazette on August 8, 1765, and took the formof a historicalchronology of the controversy. This article,taken froma entitled"The Claim of the " pamphlet Colonies . , presenteda very factualand dignifiedaccount of the question.It began with the Chancellorof the Exchequer notifyingthe colonies of the possibleimposition of a stamp tax and concluded with the refusal of Parliamentto accept the Americans'petitions against the revenuebill. The patriotposition seems extremelyweak in this analysisbecause the author em- phasizesthe colonials'refusal to take advantageof the opportunity to suggest alternativemeans of raising revenue. Rather, they respondedto the passage of the Stamp Act by issuingvindictive and aggressivepetitions which questionedthe rightof Parliament to tax the colonies.8 Reports of developmentsin the colonies which were a direct result of the Stamp Act's passage also lent strong support to those in Georgia who favoredthe actions of the English Parlia- ment. The mob which sacked and looted a numberof houses belonging to colonial officials,including Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson,in Boston were seen in the pages of the Georgia Gazette as "misguidedand mercilessrabble." This com- ment was followed by the news of "unanimousvotes among The Georgia Gazette and the Stamp Act 475 variousgroups in Massachusettsaimed at puttinga stopto such mob violence.Reports that severalinvolved in the misdeeds had alreadybeen broughtto justiceadded repressiveweight to the Massachusettsresolutions. The publicationof a proclamation instructingjudges to severelyprosecute offenders of laws against riotingpresumably had a similareffect.9 The pro-loyalistarguments printed by JamesJohnston's paper wereeffective propaganda. However, the comments favoring the otherside of the disagreement,the patriots',equaled and even surpassedthe pro-English sentiments in persuasiveness. This patriot propagandatook a numberof differentforms at differentstages in itsdevelopment. The earliestcomments in theGeorgia Gazette stronglyfavoring the colonialside of the stampact controversy appearedin mid-June. They were manifestedthrough extracts concerningthe speechesin Parliamentwhich surroundedthe adoptionof the revenuebill. A reprintfrom New York took offenseat false which had in Boston sharp reports" appeared" papersto the effectthat 'not a man spoke' in the parlia- debates" 'who did not declarehis thatAmerica mentary ' " opinion oughtto be taxed.. Rather,the comments from New York continued,the speakers who tookthe colonial side of thealterca- tion were "morenumerous," much "betterspeakers"
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