Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations Revista Brasileira De Estratégia E Relações Internacionais
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ISSN 2238-6262 / e-ISSN 2238-6912 Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations Revista Brasileira de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais Porto Alegre, v.6, n.12 | Jul./Dec. 2017 Austral Porto Alegre v.6, n.12 p. 1-291 Jul./Dec. 2017 About the Journal AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations was the first Brazilian journal in the area of International Relations to be fully pub- lished in English (2012). It is an essentially academic vehicle, linked to the Brazil- ian Centre for Strategy & International Relations (NERINT) and the Doctoral Pro- gram in International Strategic Studies (PPGEEI) of the Faculty of Economics (FCE) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Its pluralist focus aims to contribute to the debate on the international political and economic order from the perspective of the developing world. The journal publishes original articles in the area of Strategy and Inter- national Relations, with special interest in issues related to developing countries and South-South Cooperation – its security problems; the political, economic and diplomatic developments of emerging countries; and their relations with the traditional powers. AUSTRAL is published semi-annually in English and Portu- guese. The journal’s target audience consists of researchers, experts, diplomats, military personnel and graduate students of International Relations. The content of the journal consists of in-depth analytical articles written by experts (Professors and Doctors), focusing on each of the great continents of the South: Asia, Latin America and Africa. Thus, the debate and diffusion of knowledge produced in these regions is stimulated. All contributions submitted to AUSTRAL are subject to rigorous scientific evaluation. Indexes Scopus | Livre! | Latindex | ISN-ETH | Journal TOCs | Sumário de Revistas Brasileiras | Beardsley Library Journals | Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) | Columbia International Affairs Online | Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB) | ROAD-Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources This work was supported by the Support Program for Journal Editing (PAEP) - UFRGS 2 Editorial Team | Equipe Editorial Editor | Editor Paulo Visentini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Deputy Editor | Editor Adjunto Marco Cepik (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Editorial Board | Conselho Editorial Celso Amorim (Ministério das Relações Exteriores / NERINT, Brazil) Carlos Arturi (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Chris Landsberg (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) Eduardo Migon (Escola de Comando e Estado-maior do Exécito, Brazil) Érico Esteves Duarte (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Fábio Morosini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Gladys Lechini (Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina) Immanuel Wallerstein (Yale University, United States of America) Marcelo Milan (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Ruchita Beri (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, India) Assistant Editors| Editores Assistentes Guilherme Thudium (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Diego Luís Bortoli (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Bruna Hayashi Dalcin (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Consultative Board | Conselho Consultivo Adam Habib (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) André Luiz Reis da Silva (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Antonio Jorge Ramalho (Universidade de Brasília, Brazil) Beatriz Bissio (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Bertrand Badie (Sciences Po, France) Boris F. Martynov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) Carlos Aurélio Pimenta de Faria (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil) Cristina Pecequilo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil) Diego Pautasso (ESPM-Sul / Unisinos, Brazil) Henry Kam Kah (University of Buea, Cameroon) Isiaka Alani Badmus (Afe Babalola University, Nigeria) Ilter Turan (Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey) José Ariosa Pérez (Universidad de la Habana, Cuba) José Miguel Quedi Martins (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Leonardo Granato (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) Liu Youfa (China Institute of International Studies, China) Lotfi Kaabi (Institut Tunisien des Études Stratégiques, Tunisia) Lucas Kerr de Oliveira (Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Brazil) Luiz Rogério Goldoni (Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército, Brazil) Mamoudou Gazibo (Université de Montréal, Canada) Marcos Costa Lima (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil) Maria Regina Soares de Lima (IESP, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Mehdi Parvizi Amineh (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Monica Hirst (Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Argentina) Nikolai Mikhailov (Russkiy Mir Foundation, Russia) Sean W. Burges (Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies, Australia) 3 ©Núcleo Brasileiro de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais - UFRGS Cover and Layout: Maria Gabriela de O. Vieira AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations is available online in English and Portuguese at www.seer.ufrgs.br/austral Contact Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas Av. João Pessoa, 52, sala 18E - CEP 90040-000 - Centro Porto Alegre/RS - Brazil Phone: +55 51 3308.3963 | Fax: +55 51 3308.3963 E-mail: [email protected] www.seer.ufrgs.br/Austral Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) Austral : Revista Brasileira de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais = Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas. - v. 6, n. 12 (J./Dec. 2017). – Porto Alegre: NERINT/PPGEEI/FCE/UFRGS, 2012- Semestral. ISSN 2238-6262. e-ISSN 2238-6912 1. Political Science. 2. International Relations. 3. International Politics. 4. Diplomacy. 5. Developing Countries. CDU 327 Biblioteca Gládis Wiebbelling do Amaral, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS. 4 Volume 6, Number 12 (Jul./Dec. 2017) Contents Editor’s Note 7 Paulo Fagundes Visentini The Islamic State (IS): an Exceptional Contested State 9 Deon Geldenhuys Iraq: Years of post-Saddam Internat and External Developments 36 Pavlo Ignatiev The United Nations Security Council action in Syrian Civil War: 62 Conflicts of Interest and Impasses among the P5 and the Consequent lack of Resolution for the Question Fernanda Guimarães, Patrícia Nasser de Carvalho Changing Energy Geopolitics: What is the role of sustainability in the 79 global energy geopolitics? Maria Cândida Arrais de Miranda Mousinho, Ednildo Andrade Torres, Silvio Alexandre Beisl Vieira de Melo, Nanda Kumar Janardhanan On the Complexities of Prosecuting Robert Mugabe at the International 104 Criminal Court Everisto Benyera The Dragon Embraces Africa: Cape Verde-China Relations 123 João Paulo Madeira UK Policy Options and the South Atlantic 142 Martin Robson Lusophony risks to be a heritage with no future 164 Francisco José B. S. Leandro Brazil’s Foreign Policy, Defense Policy and Development Model: from 178 the Developmental State to the Logistic State (1930-2017) José Miguel Quedi Martins, Raul Cavedon Nunes Development and Security in Brazilian Foreign Policy: Theoretical 209 and Empirical Considerations of Lula’s and Dilma’s Governments (2003-2016) Kamilla Raquel Rizzi, Diego Felipe Barbosa Antunes 5 The Domestic Profile of the Macrista Defense Policy and its Impact 240 on terms of International Insetion: more continuities than changes Emilse Eliana Calderón The Regional Security Complex of South America: an Analysis from 255 the South American Defense Council of UNASUR Marco André Cadoná, Carolina de Oliveira Partners 285 Submission Standards / Previous Issues 288 The responsibility for the content of the articles is of their respective authors. A responsabilidade do conteúdo dos artigos é de seus respectivos autores. Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations e-ISSN 2238-6912 | ISSN 2238-6262| v.6, n.12, Jul./Dec. 2017 6 Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations e-ISSN 2238-6912 | ISSN 2238-6262| v.6, n.12, Jul./Dec. 2017 | p.7-8 EDITOR’S NOTE Paulo Visentini1 Geopolitics of the South and tension in Defense In an environment of increasing uncertainty, new or changing centers of tension regarding Defense have been emerging throughout the world. The Trump administration has taken a series of baffling initiatives, accompanied by abrupt changes to course shortly afterwards, as seen on the Korean penin- sula. On the other hand, the fluidity of political life in Europe also reinforces this trend. Russia and China react and take stands, while the Middle Eastern conflict zone changes. There is a new arms race and there are threats that lead to the militarization and to the creation of defensive strategies in several nations. Russia announces the manufacturing of new missiles undetectable by existing anti-missile systems. China adopts institutional changes in benefit of the Xi Jinping government, strengthening its position. The Turkish opera- tion in the Kurdish areas of Syria shows the emergence of a new scenario of uncertainty in the long civil war, while Saudi Arabia has a more prominent role which is difficult to predict. Even the most distant regions like Africa and South America have felt the shockwaves, generating reactions and new stances. In its issue number 12, Austral