Republic of

WHITE BOOK on NATIONAL

1999 © Copyright: Ministry of Defense - - Argentina Deposit made ace. to Act. 11,723. All rights reserved. No part of this publication, total or partial, may be reproduced without permission from the Publisher.

I.S.B.N.: 987-97497-1-5 (Act. 22,399) TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Message from the VII Introduction by the Minister of Defense XI Ministry of Defense XVII Credits XXI Abbreviations & Acronyms XXIII Figures, Tables and Graphs XXIX

PART I - THE STRATEGIC SCENARIO

Chapter 1 - Global Overview 1. Changes in the international environment 1-3 2. Transition features 1-5 3. Effects on security and defense 1-9

Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension 1. The Western Hemisphere. Its political-structural consolidation 2-13 2. 'S Strategic Environment 2-17 3. The South Atlantic: An area of peace and cooperation 2-20

Chapter 3 - The Nation 1. The geographical context of the country 3-23 2. The national situation 3-25 3. The Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands issue 3-27 4. 3-28

PART II - THE NATIONAL INCENTIVES

Chapter 4 - The Defense Legal Framework 1. Defense and the rule of law 4-33 2. Domestic references 4-33 3. International commitments 4-36 Chapter 5 - The National Interests 1. Underlying values 5-41 2. Vital interests 5-42 3. Strategic interests 5-43

PART III - DEFENSE POLICIES

Chapter 6 - The Pillars for our Defense Policy 1. Civilian Control of the Military 6-47 2. A comprehensive concept of Defense and Armed Forces' involvement 6-47 3. The scope of Defense 6-49 4. Defense Policy and Foreign Policy 6-50 5. Defense Policy and International Security Policy 6-51

Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action 1. The Armed Forces 7-55 2. Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands 7-56 3. Sub-regional and continental areas 7-57 4. International sphere 7-58 5. The Echological environment 7-65

Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization 1. Reform goals 8-69 2. Specific Areas 8-72 3. Resource rationalization measures 8-75

PART IV - REDEFINING MILITARY MISSIONS

Chapter 9 - Missions of the Military Instrument 1. Uses of the Military Instrument 9-81 2. Missions 9-81

Chapter 10 - Armed Forces Tasks 1. Basic functions 10-85 2. Tasks common to the three Services 10-85 3. Specific Army's tasks 10-85 4. Specific Navy's tasks 10-86 5. Specific Air Force's tasks 10-87

II PART V - MANAGEMENT OF DEFENSE

Chapter 11 - Fundamentals Concepts and Structures of Defense 1. Defense System structure 11-91 2. Basis for territorial and operational organization 11-95 3. Defense System - Its operation 11-97 4. Rules of Engagement 11-98 5. Joint Military Intelligence System - Parliamentary oversight 11-100

Chapter 12 - The Ministry of Defense 1. Main Functions 12-103 2. Ministry's organization 12-103

3. Ministry»• Personnel 12-107

Chapter 13 - The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces l.Role 13-109 2. Organizational structure 13-110 3. Jointness 13-112

PART VI - THE MILITARY INSTRUMENT

Chapter 14 - The 1. Organization and deployment 14-117 2. Equipment and assets 14-123 3. Personnel 14-127 4. Development concept 14-127

Chapter 15 - The Argentine Navy 1. Organization and deployment 15-129 2. Equipment and assets 15-136 3. Personnel 15-139 4. Development concept 15-139

Chapter 16 - The 1. Organization and deployment 16-143 2. Equipment and assets 16-147 3. Personnel 16-152 4. Development concept 16-152

III PART VII - EQUIPMENT

Chapter 17 - Logistics 1. Logistics policy and the Logistics Senior Board 17-157 2. Material cataloguing and standardization 17-159 3. Equipment and infrastructure programs 17-160 4. National mobilization 17-163

Chapter 18 - Production for Defense 1. Sector deregulation 18-165 2. Future orientation 18-166

Chapter 19 - Science and Technology 1. The National scientific and technological reorganization 19-169 2. The structure of science and technology for Defense 19-171 3. The Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute (CITEFA) 19-172 4. National Defense in the National Science and Technology Multiannual Plan 1998-2000 19-173 5. Cooperation in the national sphere 19-175 6. Possibilities for international cooperation 19-176

PART VIII - HUMAN RESOURCES

Chapter 20 - Military Personnel 1. The characteristics of the military profession 20-179 2. Fully professional Armed Forces 20-181 3. The Reserve System 20-183 4. Women in the Armed Forces 20-184 5. Military retirement 20-185 6. Military Justice 20-188

Chapter 21 - Defense Education 1. The Defense Education System 21-191 2. The National Defense College 21-193 3. Military education and training 21-197 4. Military education and Human Rights 21-199 5. Future educational policy 21-201

IV Chapter 22 - Civilian Personnel 1. The National Civil Service Career System (SINAPA) in the Defense Area 22-203 2. Civilian Personnel Job Training 22-204 3. The Armed Forces' civilian personnel 22-205

PART IX - FINANCIAL RESOURCES

Chapter 23 - The Statutory Bases of Financing 1. Budget methodology 23-211 2. The Future Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (S3P) 23-213

Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget 1. The 1998 budget -24-217 2. The Five-Year Budget 24-223

V MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES

\&ct/r-l

1 his White Book was written in rhc first place for our fellow citizens, and also for the members of all democratic communities in the world.

Its contents describe the main achievements and projects that, starting in 1989, gave rise to significant changes in the National Defense System and, particularly, in the Nation's Armed Forces.

L he basic principle of this transformation was supported by a global view of the international scenario aimed at consolidating democracy as the only and definitive form of government, promoting free trade and strengthening confidence in military matters. National Defense remains that of ensuring 1 o achieva i e these aims, we have national sovereignty and integrity and led the Argentine Republic along the same preserving the country's vital interests. path as the nations that believe in cooperation as the way to face a W ithin this framework, continuously changing world. international security is not conceived as IN otwithstandiiig this dynamic a substitute for national security, but as environment, the main purpose of its possible and necessary complement.

VI ( 1 he following actions were J. he development of confidence- undertaken to accomplish the above building measures with neighboring mentioned aims: countries that ensure military transparency and predictability /\n effort to provide the Armed coupled with common defense Forces with reorganized and efficient cooperation strategies. structures and with budgets consistent with the Nation's In brief, this White Book economic capabilities. addresses the main issues of our National Defense, in an attempt to convey in a clear ./Vctive involvement in peacekeeping missions sponsored by the United and transparent manner the principles Nations and other international that guided our Government in this vital organizations. area.

IX INTRODUCTION BY THE MINISTER OF DEFENSE

(7

r or the first time in its history, the Argentine Republic is publishing a comprehensive official book about its National Defense.

Its title, "White Book on National Defense", follows world trends for this type of documents, which are aimed at disseminating defense and military information at public level, as a way to provide an insight into the National Government's ideas in this area.

Vv e would like this book to become a source of information for the Argentine community, and we also hope that the international community will appreciate it as a proof of transparency and confidence building. Defense-related matters comprehensively and IN ational Defense is a with a certain level of abstraction. Based on government matter that transcends these premises, the book describes the main incumbent governments and their policies implemented as well as those in officials. For this reason, this book does progress, which have been consolidated since not, in general, deal with circumstantial the final return of democracy to the country events, except in the case of some in 1983. especially relevant aspects.

1 his book is also aimed at It is important to note that, for some integrating substantive and permanent specialized areas, this document includes only

XI general objectives and activities, as some Defense System in Argentina and the matters are under study and discussion main political guidelines in force. In this in order to achieve the consensus that all sense, we have attempted to illustrate the government issues require. political concept whereby the different components of the Defense structure 1 he preliminary studies for this perform their tasks primarily in the White Book started in 1996 and were national arena, but also contribute to intensified after the II Defense regional and global security. Ministerial of the Americas, held in San Carlos de Bariloche in October that year. \3ome relevant policies and facts of our National Defense that derive from .Tlowever, this document was the above concept have been described not completed until the National in detail, including: Congress enacted the Armed Forces Reorganization Act in March 1998. JL he maturity attained in civilian- military relations and the proper J. he unanimous approval of this integration of the Armed Forces into legal instrument helped to define a the country's institutional structure. foreseeable scenario for the Nation and, at the same time, it generated the necessary continuity that Defense issues 1 he process undertaken to achieve require. military reorganization.

In the meantime, the Ministry 1 he move towards Armed Forces of Defense, started to develop the jointness. contents of this document through its specialized agencies in consultation with Structural reforms in the Military the Armed Forces and other government Education System. agencies as well as academic institutions and specialists. The result we wished to v_yooperation in Defense and attain -which we firmly believe has been Security matters in the South Cone achieved- was to produce a document region. reflecting a vision of National Defense shared by all the parties involved. 1 he overcoming of past "conflict scenarios" and the enhancement of 1 he Book is intended to all possible confidence-building describe certain essential features of the measures.

XIII 1 he role of National Defense in the if the people engaged in Defense-related country's strategic projection to the military, strategic or political studies international sphere through its transfer their knowledge to research and involvement in peacekeeping dissemination activities. operations and its participation in the various international security forums -i\s it did in the past and more of discussion. so after this publication, the Ministry of Defense undertakes to give due J. he development of a Defense consideration to any intellectual policy containing environmental contribution arising from the study of the protection concerns. issues described in this document.

1 he Ministry of Defense hopes Vv c believe that the that this first "White Paper" may not be community is, perhaps unconsciously, the end of the journey, but only a first eager to learn about National Defense, step towards a new way of dealing with and that the time has come to gradually National Defense challenges together. place these matters within the reach of Subsequent debates will the different levels of society so that every encourage advances and progress in this person, regardless of his or her position, area. However, this will be possible only can contribute to this common task.

XV DEFENSE MINISTRY

Minister of Defense Lie. Jorge Dominguez

Secretary for Military Affairs Mr. Jorge R. Pereyra de Olazabal (until 12-21-98) Mr. Armando Blasco

Secretary for Planning and Reorganization Dr. Ronaldo Fernandez Prol

Under-secretary for Technical Coordination Dr. Horacio Alvarez de la Fuente

Under-secretary for Policy and Strategy Lie. Jorge Blanco (deceased on 10-27-97) Ret. Vice-Admiral Carlos Luis Alfonso

Under-secretary for Administration and Finance Management Lie. Marta Isabel Paul de Valle

XVII Chief of the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces Lieutenant General Carlos Maria Zabala

Chief of the Army General Staff Lieutenant General Martin Antonio Balza

Chief of the Navy General Staff Admiral Carlos Alberto Matron

Chief of the Air Force General Staff Lieutenant General Ruben Mario Montenegro

XIX CREDITS

Members and representatives of the following institutions made important contributions to the development of the preliminary study for this document:

• Ministry of Defense • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Cult • Strategic Planning Secretariat - President's Office • Secretary of the Senate Defense Committee of the National Congress • Advisors to the House Defense Committee of the National Congress • Joint Staff of the Armed Forces • Army General Staff • Navy General Staff • Air Force General Staff • National Defense College • Judge Advocate General • Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Institute (CITEFA) • Military Geographic Institute

**********

The Ministry of Defense wishes to thank the following institutions for their cooperation and contributions:

• Strategy Academy (1) • Army Center of Strategic Studies (2) • Air Force Center of Strategic Studies (2)

(1) Entities that organized the first National Meeting on Strategic Studies, held in the National Defense Academy in 1988. (2) Panel members during the meeting mentioned in (1).

XXI Center of Strategic Studies of the "Integration" Foundation (2) Center of International Affair Studies - City of Rosario (2) International Security Study Center - Argentine Foreign Service Institute "Union para la Nueva Mayoria" Center of Studies (1) (2) Center for Public Security Studies (2) Rosario National Defense Circle Argentine Council of International Relations (1) (2) FLACSO (Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences) (1) (2) Karakachoff Foundation (1) (2) Master's Degree in National Defense - National University of La Plata (2) National Senate Defense Committee - Chairman's Office (2) State Intelligence Office (Secretaria de Inteligencia del Estado) (2) Regional Strategic Security in the year University of Aconcagua University of the Northwest (2) University of El Salvador (2) National University of Cordoba National University of Quilmes (1) (2) Torcuato Di Telia University (2)

XXII ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

ABACC: Agenda Brasileno-Argentina para la Contabilidad y Control de Materiales Nucleares. Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Nuclear Material Control and Accounting. Ad: Administration. Administration. AFJP: Administracion Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones. Pension Fund Manager. AFNE: Astilleros y Fabricas Navales del Estado. State-owned Naval Shipyards and Factories. AM: Area Material. Material Area (in Air Force Material Command). AMAS: Area Maritima del Atlantico Sur. South Atlantic Maritime Area. ANLIS: Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutes de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran". National Health Laboratories and Institutes Administration "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran". ARN: Autoridad Reguladora Nuclear. Nuclear Regulating Authority. BAM: Base Aerea Militar. Air Military Base. BR. A: Brigada Aerea. Air Brigade. Br. Aerot.: Brigada Aerotransportada. Airborne Brigade. Br. BL: Brigada Blindada. Armored Brigade. Br. EC.: Brigada Escuela. School Brigade. Br. M.: Brigada de Montana. Mountain Brigade. Br. Mec.: Brigada Mecanizada. Mechanized Brigade. Br. Mte.: Brigada de Monte. Forest Brigade.

XXIII BWC: Convention sobre la Prohibition de las Armas Bacteriologicas y Toxinicas y sobres su Destruction. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. CAECOPAZ: Centre Argentine de Entrenamiento Conjunto para Operaciones de Paz. Argentine PKO Joint Training Center. CAMAS: Coordinador del Area Marftima del Atlantico Sur. South Atlantic Shipping Area Coordinator. CCEEOO: Comandos Estrategicos Operacionales Strategic Operational Commands CEILAP: Centre de Investigaciones en Laseres y Aplicaciones. Center for Laser Research and Uses CEICOR: Centre de Investigaciones en Corrosion. Center for Corrosion Research. CEIPEIN: Centre de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas. Center for Pests and Pesticides Research. CEPAL: Comision Economica para America Latina. Economic Commission for Latin America. CICR: Comite Internacional de la Cruz Roja. Interational Red Cross Committee. CITEFA: Institute de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas de las Fuerzas Armadas. Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute. GRUMOVI: Grupo de Trabajo de Movilizacion Nacional. National Mobilization Working Team. GRUTEN: Grupo de Trabajo de Estrategia Nacional. National Strategy Working Team. 1AF: Institute de Ayuda Financiera para el pago de Retires y Pensiones Militares. Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement and Pensions. ICC-SHAPE: Centre de Coordination Internacional. International Coordination Center - Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe. Icia: Inteligencia. Intelligence. ID: Investigation y Desarrollo. Research & Development (R&D). IGM: Institute Geografico Militar. Military Geographic Institute.

XXIV IM: Infanteria de Marina. Marine Corps. INA: Institute Nacional de Agua y Ambiente. National Water and Environment Institute. INAP: Institute Nacional de la Administration Publica. National Civil Service Institution. INIDEP: Institute Nacional de Investigation y Desarrollo Pesquero. National Fishing R & D Institute. INTA: Institute Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. National Agribusiness Technology Institute. INTEMIN: Institute Nacional de Tecnologia Minera. National Mining Technology Institute. INTI: Institute Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial. National Industrial Technology Institute. Instruc.: Instruction. Training. INVAP: Investigation Aplicada. Applied Research J/JEF: Jefatura. Chief/Chief's Office. JEMCFFAAJefe del Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas. Chief of the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces. JEMGA: Jefe del Estado Mayor General de la Armada. Chief of the Navy General Staff. JEMGE: Jefe del Estado Mayor General del Ejercito. Chief of the Army General Staff. JEMGFA: Jefe del Estado Mayor General de la Fuerza Aerea. Chief of the Air Force General Staff. JID: Interamericana de Defensa. Inter-American Defense Board JSL: Junta Superior Logistica. Senior Logistics Board. Km: Kilometre. Kilometer. Km2: Kilometres cuadrados. Square Kilometers. LAASA: Lockheed Aircraft Argentina SA. Lockheed Aircraft Argentina SA. MERCOSUR: Mercado Comun del Sur. South Common Market.

XXV Min: Ministerio. Ministry MINUGUA:Mision de Naciones Unidas en Guatemala. UN Mission in Guatemala. MINURSOrMision de Naciones Unidas para el Referendum en Sahara Occidental. UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. MIPONUH: Mision de las Naciones Unidas en Haiti. UN Mission in Haiti. MISION PERM. ARG. ONU: Mision Permanente Argentina en la ONU. Argentine Permanent Mission in the UN. MOMEP: Mision de Observacion Militar en Ecuador-Peru. Military Observers Mission in Ecuador-Peru. MONUA: Mision de Observacion de Naciones Unidas en Angola. UN Observers Mission in Angola. MSU-SFOR: Unidad Multinacional especializada - Fuerza de Estabilizacion en Bosnia. Multinational Specialized Unit-Stabilization Force in Bosnia. MTCR: Regimen de Control de Tecnologia Misilistica. Missile Technology Control Regime. NATO: Organizacion del Tratado del Atlantic© Norte (OTAN). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. OEA: Organizacion de los Estados Americanos. Organization of American States (OAS). OIEA: Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). OMI: Organizacion Maritima Internacional. International Maritime Organization. OMP: Operaciones de Mantenimiento de Paz. Peacekeeping Operations. ONG: Organizaciones No Gubernamentales. Non-Government Organizations. ONU: Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas. United Nations (UN). PBI: Producto Bruto Interno. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). PECIFA: Union del Personal Civil de las Fuerzas Armadas. Armed Forces Civilian Personnel Union. PEN: Poder Ejecutivo Nacional. National Executive Branch. PFA: Policia Federal Argentina. .

XXVI PG: Propositos Generales. General Purpose. PNA: Prefectura Nacional Argentina. Argentine Coast Guard. PRINSO: Programa de Investigaciones en Solidos. Research Program in Solids. PYMES: Pequenas y Medianas Empresas. Small and Medium-sized Companies. QJBN: Quimica Biologica Nuclear. Chemical Biological Nuclear. RA: Region Aerea. Air Region. RAE: Recursos con afectacion especifica. Specific Allocation Resources. RENAR: Registro Nacional de Armas. National Weapons Register. RREE: Relaciones Exteriores. Foreign Affairs. SA: Sociedad Anonima. Corporation. SAR: Busqueda y Rescate. Search and Rescue. SECODENA: Secretaria del Consejo de Defensa Nacional. National Defense Council Secretary. SEC.GEN.ONU: Secretaria General de la ONU. UN Secretary General's Office. SECYT: Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Science and Technology Secretariat SEGEMAR: Servicio Geologico Minero Argentine. Argentine Geology Mining Service. SENC: Servicio General de Catalogacion. National Catalog Service. SHIRBRIG: Brigada Multinacional de Despliegue Rapido. Multinational Fast Deployment Brigade. SIDE: Secretaria de Inteligencia del Estado. Central Intelligence Agency. SIN: Servicio de Inteligencia Naval. Naval Intelligence Service. SIJP: Sistema Nacional de Jubilaciones y Pensiones. National Retirement and Pension System.

XXVII SINAPA: Sistema Nacional de la Profesion Administrativa. National Civil Service Career System. SMO: Servicio Militar Obligatorio. System of Conscript. SMV: Servicio Militar Voluntario. Volunteer Service. S3P: Sistema de Planeamiento, Programacion y Presupuesto. Planning, Programming and Budgeting System. TAM: Tanque Argentine Mediano. Argentine Medium-sized Tank. TAMSE: Tanque Argentine Mediano Sociedad del Estado. Argentine Medium-sized Tank State-owned Company. TIAR: Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Reciproca. Inter American Reciprocal Assistance Treaty. TLATELOLCO: Tratado para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe. Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Tlatelolco Treaty). TNP: Tratado sobre la No Proliferation de Armas Nucleares. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. UAI: Unidad de Auditoria Interna. Internal Audit Unit. UNFICYP: Fuerza de Mantenimiento de la Paz de las Naciones Unidas en Chipre. United Nations PKO Force in Cyprus. UNIKOM: Mision de Observation de Naciones Unidas en Iraq-Kwait. UN Iraq-Kuwait Observers Mission. UNMIBH: Mision de las Naciones Unidas en Bosnia-Herzegovina. UN Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. UNMOP: Mision de las Naciones Unidas en Prevlaka-Croacia. UN Mission in Prevlaka-Croatia. UNPREDEP: Fuerza de Desplazamiento Preventive de Naciones Unidas. UN Preventive Deployment Force. UNTSO: Mision de Naciones Unidas para la Supervision de la Tregua en Medio Oriente. UN Truce Oversight Mission in the Middle East. VICEA: Vigilancia y Control del Espacio Aereo (Grupo). Air Space Surveillance and Control (Group). ZEE: Zona Economica Exclusiva. .

XXVIII FIGURES, TABLES AND GRAPHIS

Figure 7-1 Present Deployment of Argentine Troops in Peacemaking Missions. 7-61 Figure 8-1 Military Reorganization System. 8-70 Table 8-2 Increase in Operations Activity. 8-76 Figure 11-1 Defense System Structure. 11-96 Figure 11-2 National Intelligence System-Organization. 11-101 Figure 11-3 National Intelligence System-Activity Levels. 11-101 Figure 11-4 Joint Military Intelligence System. 11-102 Figure 12-1 Ministry of Defense Structure. 12-105 Figure 13-1 Structure of the Armed Forces Joint Staff. 13-111 Figure 14-1 Present Organization of the Argentine Army. 14-120 Figure 14-2 Present Deployment of the Argentine Army-Army Corps Level. 14-222 Figure 14-3 Present Deployment of the Argentine Army-Brigade Level. 14-124 Table 14-4 Equipment of the Argentine Army. 14-126 Table 14-5 Personnel presently serving in the Army. 14-127 Figure 15-1 Present Organization of the Argentine Navy. 15-130 Figure 15-2 Present Deployment of the Argentine Navy - Main Operational Commands. 15-133 Table 15-3 Equipment of the Argentine Navy. 15-137 Table 15-4 Personnel presently serving in the Argentine Navy. 15-139 Figure 16-1 Present Organization of the Argentine Air Force. 16-146 Figure 16-2 Present Deployment of the Argentine Air Force-Main Operational Units. 16-148 Figure 16-3 Present Deployment of the Argentine Air Force - Air Regions (Air Regions Command) and Material Areas (Material Command). 16-150 Table 16-4 Equipment of the Air Force. 16-151 Table 16-5 Personnel presently serving in the Air Force. 16-152 Figure 18-1 Privatization Regulatory System. 18-167 Table 19-1 Expenditures in Science and Technology during 1997. 19-174

XXIX Figure 21-1 National Defense Senior Course Organization. 21-195 Table 22-1 Civilian personnel presently serving in the Armed Forces . 22-207 Figure 24-1 National Budget-1998. Expenditure breakdown by jurisdiction. 24-218 Table 24-2 Reference to International Expenditures (in GDP%). 24-220 Figure 24-3 National Defense Expenditure Evolution. 24-221 Table 24-4 Credits by Institution and Financing Source. 24-225 Table 24-5 Credits by Financing Source and by Institution. 24-226 Table 24-6 Credits by Financing Source and Item. 24-227 Table 24-7 General Consolidated Table-Credits by Expenditure Items. 24-228 Table 24-8 Credits by Financing Source. 24-228 Table 24-9/1 Specific Credits by Institution-Ministry of Defense. 24-229 Table 24-9/2 Specific Credits by Institution-Ministry of Defense. 24-229 Table 24-9/3 Specific Credits by Institution-Ministry of Defense. 24-230 Table 24-10 Specific Credits by Institution-Joint Staff of the Armed Forces. 24-230 Table 24-11 Specific Credits by Institution-Army General Staff. 24-231 Table 24-12 Specific Credits by Institution-Navy General Staff. 24-231 Table 24-13 Specific Credits by Institution- Air Force General Staff. 24-232 Table 24-14 Specific Credits by Institution-CiTeFa. 24-232 Table 24-15 Specific Credits by Institution- Military Geographic Institute 24-233 Table 24-16 Specific Credits by Institution-Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement and Pensions. 24-233

XXX PARTI Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

CHAPTER 1

/~v n order to determine and War and the permanent tension that x~"\ V disseminate the Defense policy marked that international situation. v—-^f of the Argentine Republic, first it is necessary to make an analysis of the That period of "world order" present strategic end-of-century scenario. ended in 1989 with the fall of the "Berlin Wall" - which became a symbol - and was The characteristics of this dominated by rigid strategic conditions scenario are such that, due to their whose disappearance gave way to the par- widespread effect and shared impact, it is ticular nature of the world today. possible to summarize them into one sin- gle concept. The cold war was based on a bipolar system, led by the two The above quality is accurately superpowers that prevailed in that period reflected in the title of this chapter, which of history. The proliferation of nuclear also derives from the main characteristic weapons available to both powers, with of our time: globalization. an "endless threat", created a strategic balance that almost completely However, its analysis requires a dominated the international agenda, prior reference to the event that led to where security and military matters this change in the international order, carried the greatest weight. which both triggered and intensified the above-mentioned phenomenon. The possibility of a nuclear war with unpredictable consequences and the extreme antagonism of both systems acted 1. Changes in the international as a containment wall for most of the environment other world issues, whether historical, cul- tural, or geographical. The end of the cold war About half a century ago, the The fall of that order, which world witnessed the beginning of the Cold prevailed during the Cold War, led to

1-3 Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

substantial changes in the international phenomenon whose complexity makes it rules of the game, significant difficult to summarize its main features. modifications in the structure of relations, the appearance of new phenomena and Globalization undoubtedly the enhancement or acceleration of requires more answers from society as preexisting ones. regards fairness and solidarity. However, in this document we will not consider it as In summary, the end of the Cold an ideology to be chosen, but as the part War established a new international of our new reality which requires, from agenda, presenting a wider range of the political viewpoint, both a basic effort contents and affected by unexpected to understand the phenomenon and the variables and nuances. consideration of viable alternatives in pursuit of people's well-being. Globalization Having mentioned the two main Globalization implies, in the first changes in the international system —the place, a complex and intensified end of the Cold War and Globalization— interdependence among national we can now proceed to the other economies, with a high level of phenomena and processes that affected interpenetratton in all economic activities. the evolution of the new international order, which are either direct This process had already started consequences of the above mentioned during the Cold War, but its evolution factors or derived from their interrelation. was constrained by the East- West struggle. After 1989, with the victory of democracy and free market, this trend became more evident and it prevaled all relations among societies, whether social, cultural, scientific, communications- related, public, etc.

Thus, globalization goes beyond the merely economic aspect, originating a "TAM" tank squadron preparing for fire practice. m ulti dimensional world

1-4 Chapter 1 - Global Overview

A4-AR fighter bombers refueling from a KC-130 aircraft.

As already stated, this shows the Higher trade volumes lead to new highly complex nature of the intense commodity demands. Moreover, the exchange between countries across increase in population results in a greater borders which, at the horizontal level, demand for food and for the fulfillment of involves many government agencies basic needs. Both situations, in turn, including the Military. increase the pressure on natural resources.

2. Transition features The asymmetries of transformation: Globalization and fragmentation International world trade is The progress towards interrelation growing significantlv and a formidable increase is taking place in the exchange of between countries is not in balance in goods and services, leading to market every part, of the world. Rather, it shows openness and to the reduction of different features and intensities both in protectionism and deregulation. respect of geographic location and extent. Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

This phenomenon tends to isolate consumption points and between countries or areas that have not become investment centers are reduced, a greater part of the globalization process or which demand is imposed on the international are not integrated because of social, system's stability and security due to the ethnic, religious or cultural reasons, which greater influence exercised by lead to an exacerbated nationalism. disturbances, which are often global in nature. This fragmentation resulted in an "explosion of differences" and these These advances influence both the inequalities are also reflected in different economic sphere and other fields: degrees of system stability. As a consequence, there remain areas . A society based on knowledge: presenting varying degrees of conflict, Education and training in the use of though their instability is not always every new technology are considered caused by the absence of the globalization key for a country's insertion into the process. emerging global society. Nations and their institutions, including the Armed The rise of regional poles Forces, must therefore adapt to this The reaction to fragmentation reality where knowledge is present, leads to the integration of regions as a more than ever before, as a strategic concept which encompasses many aspects, resource. Hence, the lack of access to i.e. regions based not only on geographic- knowledge implies a wider gap in economic factors but also on political or growth and the resulting imbalance cultural similarities, with shared values may result in tensions and conflicts. which eventually lead to a strategic evolution. . The "Revolution in military affairs" is linked to the previous concept and Technological-scientific revolution arises as a transformation of the This sign of our times, mainly traditional nature of the military driven by permanent advances in the field power, especially in developed of information and telecommunications countries. Military power increasingly technology, among others, is the structural tends to leave behind the criterion of reason for a dramatic change in large quantities as a decisive factor. It production methods. has, instead, incorporated the so- called "soft power" which, in general, Paradoxically, as geographic revolves around three issues: distances between production and intelligence (unmanned sensors which

1-6 Chapter 1 - Global Overview

monitor wider battle spaces), influences decisions such as whether to information processing (advanced C3 act or withdraw from conflict areas. 12 systems) and the actions based on that intelligence (weapons with The present characteristics of the surgical precision). These changes Nation-State bring about a new danger: threats to The interconnection of political- the information technology systems economic decisions, the involvement of themselves. new international actors and the new rules of the game create real and virtual New Actors in the world scenario border permeability affecting the It is important to remember that organizational structure of the Nation- all these changes are, to a great extent, a State. However, in spite of some changes consequence of globalization and of the in the absolute sovereignty concept, this "decompression" caused by the remains the cornerstone of international disappearance of Cold War conditions. power relations, though it needs to adapt to the new world conditions. These changes have caused new transnational and intranational leading Aside from influencing national actors to emerge in international relations, cultures, this permeability makes the a sphere previously reserved to Nations Government, its institutions and the only. The following are some of the main members of society more vulnerable to new players: new types of threats and risks. At the same time, another issue that carries some . Individuals and domestic social weight is the insufficient capability of the groups, who are gradually becoming international system to provide answers the subjects of international relations to new changes. actions. . Non-Goveniment Organizations But, on the other hand, the (NGO's), which bring together many Nation-State is emerging with new social interests, often before these strengthened qualities as a political matters are included in the national instrument and a strategic catalyst laws. guiding the actions of society, as a whole. • Public opinion causes the "transnationalization" of events — Old conflicts revived with an impact through the media and As we have already stated, there strengthened by the are still many conflicting areas. In the telecommunications revolution— and past, the scenario was practically

1-7 Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

dominated by an ideological struggle that The globalization of the media has characterized the Cold War, where such increased the public's awareness of these areas remained under control thanks to cruel events and has contributed to the logic of the nuclear-based bipolar mobilize political actions by the system: the danger of a one-to-one conflict governments. between the superpowers moderated the incentive they themselves provided for Revival of values such confrontation. At the same time, all The permanent perception of non-ideological conflicts within the same imminent global war, which prevailed throughout the Cold War, led to a bloc were eliminated by the action of each common belief in the importance of superpower and its main allies. international stability and the underlying concept of peace as an intrinsic value. In addition to the rise of new States, the fall of the bipolar world World peace should not be resulted in the reappearance of many considered as a state of total absence of historical, ethnic, religious, cultural and conflicts but rather as a status aiming at territorial conflicts. mitigating a conflict's effects and consequences by considering its causes, Another important factor is that carefully controlling the use of force and such conflicts do not only occur between eventually substituting it for other countries - (interstate conflicts) but are mechanisms. increasingly present within countries (intrastate conflicts). Confrontations Peace is closely linked to another often arise in weak nations, with fragile or value firmly present in many regions of non-consolidated government systems of a the world: the democratic system, which doubtful viability, or with a highly in turn emphasizes fundamental issues for impoverished population. the benefit of individuals, such as the Rights of Man. Sometimes, these conflicts result in The projection of the Argentine a terrible loss of human lives and bring defense policy particularly underlines and about great suffering for the population, fosters these values. including massacres, starvation and massive refugee migrations, leading to From "bipolarity" to "multipolarity" more violence and to the expansion of the The dual nature of the Cold War original area of the conflict. was substituted by the present

1-8 Chapter 1 - Global Overview

hierarchical multipolar international Another consequence of system. multipolarity is the strengthened role played by international organizations, The United States have emerged such as the UN and the OAS, especially as the only superpower in the military as regards security. field. The strategic balance that characterized the previous period New challenges arise disappeared but, so far, it has not been The above considerations bring replaced by any other mechanism. about new types of conflict and dangers, of past or new origin, such as drug Nowadays, a general diffused trafficking, terrorism, fundamentalism, power prevails. This power is exercised by many actors in various fields and proliferation of mass destruction weapons supported by different attributes. and their launching vectors, the transfer of excess ordnance and intangible This situation has introduced technologies (scientist migration), strong uncertainty in the development of organized crime, arms trafficking and world matters, a concept expressed as the even environmental damage and difficulty to strategically anticipate events migrations due to the lack of spaces and their consequences, thus generating suitable for survival, among many others. more dangerous and less predictable Because of their interdependence, these general conditions. events acquire a transnational nature and are considered by States as threats to Another factor emphasizing such their security and national interests. uncertainty is the fact that the international system is still in the transition stage, almost ten years after 3. Effects on Security and Defense the fall of the Berlin Wall, and its final configuration is not fully defined. A preliminary view reveals that there are fewer probabilities of a global This uncertainty and its associated war, either nuclear or conventional. In expectation or strategic state of alert contrast with this concept, there is a keeps the classical defense needs of the Nation-State, though their dimension and multiplicity of new local conflicts, within qualities have been adapted to the new a context of uncertainty that triggers requirements derived from an evolving unexpected crises, due to the difficulty of situation. interpreting the signs of tension.

1-9 Pan I The Strati -(fie Scenario: An Ainennne View

On the other hand, new and But there has also been a change complex risks have appeared, with a that takes the form of an emerging threat, .stiong interdependence in terms of security such as the many varieties of issues and without an efficient security transnational crimes, which have affected available institutions and people because of their hostile nature and also increased border In turn, there ha> been a shift in permeability between the countries. the nature and scope of threats making it eMieinely difficult to define the profile of There are also risk factors which, the futme challenges beforehand. though lacking a driving force, are considered of interest to the countries, On the one hand, classical threats such as the stockpiling and transport of to security are still present and relate to nuclear waste, the build-up of chemical, the integrity of the countries. Therefore, bacteriological and nuclear weapons and (lie strategic uncertainty prevents them damages to the environment, among from overlooking such threats. others.

A69 f )//;<' corvette in sea control patrol. Chapter 1 - Global Overview

Lastly, there are sources of However, because of their instability that include all kinds of transnationalization and their influence on the globalization process, these events worldwide events. These are generated by are now taken into consideration by external or internal, historical, cultural or security and defense policies, since their territorial conflicts, perceived by the particular geographical distance does not international community as critical by itself reduce their influence. Thus, it is situations which, depending on their often difficult to distinguish between their evolution, might affect security. external or internal nature.

Far from implying a militarization In the past, events of this nature approach to such problems, changes were considered unimportant in under way require to adjust the elements comparison with basic security and of the State's defense, including the defense problems. Armed Forces, to the new demands.

1-11 Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

CHAPTER 2

—^^ he importance of the Nowadays, shared conditions for •V^/ hemisphere for Argentine the development of important \~S interests - and particularly cooperation commercial bonds are our region - in the present scenario leads increasing, though the imbalance of the us to analyze in some detail the political globalization phenomenon causes gaps in changes that have taken place in this the relative economic development of geographical context, on account of their countries within this hemisphere. present or potential influence over Moreover, in certain cases, those gaps national defense issues. exist between sectors of their own societies.

1. The Western Hemisphere. Its But the stable political and political-structural consolidation democratic situation has become the main common factor, while growing economic The map of our hemisphere has ties are a major contribution to remained practically unchanged since the development and peace. beginning of the 20th century. On the other hand, the Latin Taking into account changes at a American component of the hemisphere, world level, the 90's gave rise to particularly , presents a coincidences all over the Americas, firm structure based on common featuring the almost complete elimination historical, cultural and linguistic ties. of non-democratic governments, the strengthening of representative On the other hand, geography has democracies, important integration traditionally placed South America in a processes, a progressive economic situation of strategic isolation. Major interrelationship. The economies in the international actors have, to a certain hemisphere were subject to severe degree, ignored it - a trend which regional adjustment, based on privatizing efforts integration processes have started to and government spending reduction. change.

2-13 I'ari ! The Strategic Scenario: An Arqeuiine View

Increasing dialog and stability came to a head. However, common actions developed by the guarantors to The early 90's led to ihe end of the the Rio Protocol (Argentina, Brazil. most: significant conflicts, particularly in and the US) allowed to put an end to the Central America where tinal peace confrontation and, through a regional agreements were signed thanks to the peacekeeping force (the MOMEP), Contadora Process. prevented an armed conflict while political negotiations were being held on The new Latin American the root cause of the conflict. A final democracies were united in this process settlement was reached in f 998 with the and became accustomed to coordinating signing of the Presidential Agreement of policies and setting up common Brasilia. objectives. This process also played an important role in achieving the present Although there are other zones of consensus. The Rio Group is the successor unrest caused by domestic problems, at of the Contadora process, which now present the hemisphere enjoys a healthy focuses on a wide range of issues. stability and a climate of detente compared to other parts of ihe world. The A few years ago, the traditional general enforcement of the Treat}' of border dispute between Peru and Ecuador Tlatelolco for the Prohibition of Nuclear

Argentine mid Chilean Navy units, during the first combined e\crcise of both Navies hi 1998.

2 11 Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension

Weapons in Latin America and the to common security problems brought Caribbean is an important contribution in about the creation of several mechanisms this sense. geared to this purpose.

Another point worth mentioning is That interest also resulted in the Latin America's low investment in creation of a specific forum, the OAS weapons - one of the lowest worldwide. Commission on Hemispheric Security, (See Table 24-2) which played a central role in the development of confidence-building Public statements of some measures through the Declarations of governments - such as Brazil and Santiago and El Salvador, in 1995 and Argentina - affirming the settlement of 1998 respectively. These declarations were previous conflict scenarios have also contributed to the present situation. recommended for application by the countries of the region in their reciprocal At the same time, the relations. strengthening of inter-American dialog and political ties have led to positive These mechanisms, focused on attitudes towards cooperation. Several confidence-building measures, contribute agreements have been signed with the aim to the progressive and fast settlement of of preventing, in practice, the use of force historical mistrust and fears, paving the to resolve disputes, even those including way for a higher degree of dialog and territorial issues, thus enhancing the negotiations both in bilateral and transparency of technological multilateral relations. developments, especially in the nuclear sphere, prohibiting mass destruction Towards cooperation in security weapons and reaching understandings of issues all natures. Our country has played an active role in these advances. The global phenomenon of growing cooperation in search of This outlook mitigates, at least in international peace and security, expressed the hemisphere, the level of uncertainty in the United Nations Charter as the caused by international affairs. collective security concept, was strengthened in this decade as a result of a Confidence-building. The OAS strong change of direction in world Mission history.

The renewed interest of the whole Although the situation in this hemisphere in providing common answers hemisphere is different from that in other

2-15 Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

areas, progress is being made towards the revitalize and strengthen the Inter- goal set in the OAS Charter. The Defense American System's security-related Ministerial of the Americas, after its first institutions in the hemisphere. meeting in the US in 1995 proves this fact. The ensuing "Principles of Argentina believes that this contex Williamsburg" were a valuable provides a good opportunity for contribution in this sense. These redesigning regional security mechanisms. Principles were endorsed and complemented by the Declaration of Remaining problems and new Bariloche in the second meeting, held in dangers our country in 1996, and by the Declaration of Cartagena in the third Although on a lower scale, America meeting, held in Colombia in 1998. is not exempted from the overall parameters, paradoxes and pressures of The MOMEP (Military Observers the global situation today. In spite of the Mission in Ecuador-Peru) is an example of present dialog and stability, there are still this. Its legitimacy is based on an some long-standing problems, in addition instrument originated in the region - the to other phenomena, carrying a Rio de Janeiro Protocol - and the forces transnational potential and representing involved are exclusively from countries of specific threats, risk factors and instability the hemisphere. sources for the region.

The ongoing debate in several Aside from active or latent border regional forums regarding Cooperative disputes, in which our country is Security is an additional contribution, fortunately not involved, there are such such security being understood as the actions derived from drug trafficking, joint anticipation and the prevention organized crime and illegal arms mechanisms implemented in the political, trafficking, which outcrop in certain areas diplomatic and military sphere. of the region associated with terrorism and guerrilla activities. A major step, based on democratic Nations' shared interests, was taken in the These problems affect individuals, // Summit of the Americas, held in April societies, national identity, values and 1998 in Santiago de Chile. In this summit institutions, rather than traditional of heads of State and Government, the "territory sovereignty" in the classical Commission on Hemispheric Security was sense. And, although they may not imply asked to identify ways and means to the automatic and direct use of the

2-16 Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension

military instrument, they are considered To implement such mechanisms, it part of the general defense interests as is essential to take advantage of, and they relate to the international security of intensify, confidence-building activities of our country. all kinds. From the Argentine perspective, these activities play a central role as the basis for future consensus in the A feature that, from our point of implementation of the mentioned view, characterizes the security context of schemes. this region is the different perception towards these new problems by the various actors.

A clear evidence of this is the difficulties encountered in producing a shared agenda of common threats.

All this is happening in a context that lacks any effective regional mechanisms for conflict prevention, management and settlement. Troops of the UN Multinational Force during the Joint and Combined Peacekeeping Exercises "CEIBO98" with Uruguay; an Argentine Army helicopter can be seen.

2. MERCOSUR'S strategic environment

In order to understand the present defense and security situation within the sub-region, we must analyze the origin and evolution of this historical initiative, which places our country and our Argentine Naty units operating with the "Minas Gerais" aircraft carrier of the Brazilian Navy during the partners in an excellent position to "Fraterno" combined operation. cope with the challenges of the coming century.

2-17 Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

The first step in this economic Common Market (Treaty of Asuncion) in integration process took place in 1985 1991, and the present structure of with the Declaration oflguazu signed by MERCOSUR was adopted on January 1st, the presidents of Brazil and Argentina, 1995. which was mainly aimed at overcoming the mistrust and the rivalry vis-a-vis other The "Enlarged Mercosur" parties characterizing the relations between the countries at the time. The 1996's Free Trade Agreements with Bolivia and Chile (these countries With the signing of the are not members of Mercosur) established Declaration of Buenos Aires in 1990, the the concept of the "Enlarged governments of Paraguay and Uruguay MERCOSUR". This concept implies their stated their interest in joining the bilateral participation in certain bloc meetings and project and a four-party agreement began the implementation of coordination to be developed in that same year. measures for international actions.

Finally, the four presidents signed Political agreement the Treaty for the Constitution of a The MERCOSUR agreement established the basis for the largest political agreement ever accomplished in the region. Thanks to this agreement, the concepts of reliability, foreseeability and sensitivity became the common language among all the parties.

The member States, together with Bolivia and Chile, created the Mechanism for Political Consultation and Agreement, through which common positions are reached on regional issues other than strictly economic or commercial matters.

Another important political Simulation of a Multinational Force commitment was achieved in 1996, with command post for UN during "CRUZ DEL the signing of the Presidential Declaration SUR 97", combined Exercise with Brazil. on Democratic Commitment to

2-18 Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension

MERCOSUR. Chile and Bolivia adhered In this new context, the old to this instrument which was ratified in concept that neighbors were adversaries 1998 through the Protocol. and that they represented an eventual threat to our security is being replaced by MERCOSUR and sub-regional the idea that our neighbor's risks are our security own risks as well.

The evolution towards integration Hence, MERCOSUR is acquiring, led to interdependence and shared in a natural and spontaneous way, a interests. Public and private actors strategic dimension: an important tool to gradual!)' became involved in the same face the new global challenges. political scenario. These advances paved the way for a common political forum Thus, the countries' willingness to where a "MERCOSUR policy" is cooperate creates the conditions for implicitly in force. security and defense understanding, because by changing the perception of our MERCOSUR has therefore become neighbors as being dangerous for a vision an element of stability, as the interests and of partnership, both the approach and the relations it creates strengthen ties in every answers to these issues are also changed. sphere and neutralize fragmentation Yesterday's rival becomes today's ally, tendencies. regardless of a legal instrument that may define those positions.

In this regard, the search for coincidences and common viewpoints does not necessarily eliminate the nuances inherent to the different histories, identities, experiences and change processes of each country, or \\ V their geographic and economic •'£ potential.

Stronger links do not imply the Training of Marine Corps in riverside operations during elimination of national diversity, which the Sirena combined maneuvers with Paraguay. makes the region so rich; rather, they

2-19 Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

strengthen all of it as a whole, while . Support to international instruments respecting such diversity as well as the and mechanisms aimed at the non- basis for consensus required to develop proliferation of mass destruction these sensitive issues. weapons - the goal being global nuclear disarmament - and non- "Enlarged MERCOSUR", a Peace proliferation in general. Zone . The willingness to make MERCOSUR, The mentioned willingness to cooperate on common security matters Bolivia and Chile a region free of anti- resulted in the recent Political Declaration personal mines and to promote this of MERCOSUR, Bolivia and Chile, as a concept throughout the Western Peace Zone, signed by the six presidents Hemisphere. in Ushuaia in July 1998. . The commitment to extend and systematize the information provided Some steps taken by these to the UN Register of Conventional countries towards the non-proliferation of Weapons and to establish a single nuclear, chemical and biological weapons methodology to report military preceded this crucial political spending. breakthrough. . The support to the OAS Commission The main points of the above on Hemispheric Security, particularly agreement are the following: in connection with the mandate entrusted to it by the II Summit of the . The declaration of Mercosur, Bolivia Americas. and Chile as a region free of mass . The encouragement to cooperate in destruction weapons, and the concept the peaceful and safe use of nuclear of peace as an essential element for its power and of space science and integration. technology. . The strengthening of defense and security consultation and cooperation 3. The South Atlantic: An area of mechanisms, the progressive peace and cooperation integration of the region, the promotion of cooperation and the This wide maritime space, with an implementation of confidence-building eccentric nature, is the meeting point for a measures. wide range of actors from West Africa and

2-20 Chapter 2 - The Hemispheric Dimension

easi America, including several countries In the wake of technology and that carry out operations in the communication developments, distances continent. are now shorter. The main consequence of these advances is the virtual proximity of At present, the control of natural continental coasts separated by oceans. resources in the energy and food sectors is The seas that not long ago separated a subject of fierce competition at world nations, now bring them closer. Thus, the level. In both cases, countries have started oceans offer new possibilities of exchange to look to the sea. This has led to the with the African continent. presence of large extra-regional fishing In our region, the legitimate coastal states of the South Atlantic Ocean have common interests, and therefore share the same need: to exercise control over the maritime space in order to protect it.

Coastal countries have expressed their interest in reaching an acceptable level of cooperation in several areas of concern. This Orion P3 !\'ai-:v aircraft during fishing control tasks in the south of Argentina. These aircraft also perform maritime SAR (Search and provides the opportunity to Rescue) tasks. cooperate in different fields, thus turning the ocean space into an fleets in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. area of integration and materializing the Another factor that has aroused much UN declaration of the South Atlantic as a interest is the foreseeable availability of "Peace and Cooperation Zone" (1986). non-renewable resources. The inter-ocean passages The South Atlantic is therefore running the risk of over-exploiting its The Beagle Channel and the Drake fisheries. Given the wide spaces at stake, Passage have been used as alternative control activities require significant routes to the Strait of Magellan ever since efforts. In this respect, it is necessary to their discovery. improve the preservation of non- renewable resources outside Exclusive The Beagle Channel, as an inter- Economic Zones. ocean passage, shows certain hydro-

2-21 Part 1 The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine View

Navy Units from Argentina, Brasil, South Africa and Umguay at Cape Town, during the ATLASUR HI combined operation. meteorological limitations, aside from the reasons, certain flagships carrying restrictions applied by coastal states, materials such as plutonium and hearing in mind that the Channel's radioactive waste chose this route. western part and such channels leading to the Pacific Ocean are categorized as Today, as always, Argentina internal waters. continues to strive for free navigation and the enforcement of the international The Drake Passage represents the southernmost and longest route between instruments ruling over those passages, both oceans. Extremely severe weather within the framework established in such and sea conditions are experienced when documents. This effort is reflected in the crossing it. However, that path is Peace and friendship Treaty signed with presently the only alternative for large- Chile in 1984 and in ensuing negotiations ships, oil tankers and warships, especially aimed at establishing operating rules for submarines. Furthermore, for other the use of those passages. Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view

CHAPTER 3

1. The geographical context of the • South American continental space: country1 It is the most compact and vast region. Its 2,791,810 km2 represent The territory over 70% of the emerged lands; it holds almost the entire population. — he Republic of Argentina is Most of the economic activity is I\/J/ located in the southern, developed in this area. ^>X western and maritime • Antarctic continental space: The hemisphere. Its territory comprises a population living in this territory South American continental part, islands belongs to scientific bases and family 2 and a sector of Antarctica. groups. Its area is 965.597 km . • Fluvial space: It is formed by the South America has the Argentine part of the Great Plata approximate shape of a right-angle Basin, comprising the Rio de la Plata triangle with its minor leg to the north, its (whose coast holds the City of Buenos Aires), Uruguay Parana and Paraguay major leg to the west and the hypotenuse rivers. The last two form the waterway facing the Atlantic. The narrowest bearing the same name, a project portion in the south is, at the same time, shared with Bolivia, Brazil and Para- the least populated area of the territory, guay. This waterway is more than in spite of its great potential. 3,200 km long, of which 1,230 km belong to Argentina. The Rio de la Pla- The lies ta and its waterfront are shared with between 25° and 74° W long, and south the Republic of Uruguay under the of 60°S lat. down to the . terms of the Rio de la Plata Treaty, signed un 1973. The main features of the Argentine . Maritime space: Maritime Spaces territory are the following: Act 23968 provides the basis to tn Information approved by the Military Geographic Institute.

3-23 Part I - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view

determine the maritime space, which with five countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, comprises more than 2,700,000 Ion2. Paraguay and Uruguay) make up two . Insular space: Overall, this space thirds of the perimeter. The ocean coasts comprises an area of approximately are poorly articulated and the country 33,000 km2 and includes the eastern thus lacks suitable natural harbors on its part of Isla Grande de Tierra del maritime coast. In fact, the territorial Fuego (Grand Island of Tierra del area/coasts ratio is low. (1 km of coast for Fuego) (20,400 km2); the Malvinas, every 560 km2) Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands; the Borders (Island of States) and other small . With Bolivia: 740 km. islands in the South Atlantic. . With Brazil: 1,130 Ion; most of it is . Air space: An area that covers the fluvial. whole surface of the earth up to the . With Chile: It is the longest, lower boundary of outer space. The amounting to around 5,300 km and lack of a physical borderline makes it accounting for 37% of the total. difficult to determine its dimensions, . With Paraguay: It is mainly fluvial. which are established by a number of Its length is 1700 km, second only to International Law provisions. the border with Chile. • With Uruguay: It is mainly fluvial,

The Argentino e territorys,' in the with a length of 885 Ion., of which 495 southern tip of the South American cone, Ion correspond to the Rio Uruguay enjoys a great climatic diversity due to its (Uruguay River) and 390 km to the wide , which includes both the Rio de la Plata. The sedimentation Tropic of Capricorn and the geographical effect around the Martin Garcia South Pole. Its different climates and the Island, located east of the presence of agricultural lands place our debouchment of the Uruguay river, country in a privileged position as regards created the first land border with that diversified extensive production, especially country. (Martin Garcia and Timoteo grains and oil-seeds. For the same reason, it has sectors with excellent natural Dominguez Islands which belong to prairies for cattle raising. Argentina and Uruguay respectively).

Borders The population The perimeter of the country on At present, the Argentine popula- the South American continent is tion is 36,000,000, with a projection of approximately 14,500 km. Land borders 40,000,000 by the year 2010.

3-24 Chapter 3 - The Nation

The country shows a significant asymmetries, create important demographic unbalance. The population geopolitical gaps. density in inhabitants per km2 is the following: Its environmental characteristics, population distribution, empty spaces . Federal Capital and and the present layout of the Greater Buenos Aires 2500 communications system have caused . The Humedas distant regions to develop their own (Humid Plains) region 12 activity, disregarding economic centers . Northeast 8 and tending towards self-supply. . Northwest 5 . 1.3 90% of Argentina's foreign trade . Country Average 13 takes place through maritime means of transport, a situation that is changing due The birth rate is 24 per thousand. to increased regional overland trade. The literacy rate is 94%, and shows a slight increasing trend. The Rio de la Plata, with 140 km. of artificially maintained navigable 2. The national situation channels, mobilizes 80% of the maritime foreign trade. As an access gate of the Argentina contains a wide range of great Par ana-Paraguay Waterway to the social-economic spaces. 80% of the sea, the Rio de la Plata is the most important fluvial transport route of the economic activity is concentrated in the whole country. River sources are located "litoral-pampeana" region (littoral- in neighboring Countries, which requires plains), and 45% of the territory is agreements on certain issues in order to located in a warm climate zone. This preserve both the navigation conditions imbalance is also reflected in population and the quality of the water and the distribution and density, as 30% of the environment in general. inhabitants are concentrated in 0.1% of the territory. Patagonia, with 4%, is the At present, Argentina shows a least populated region, though it steady economic growth, a solid position comprises over 28% of the total area of against international financial crises and the country. the capability to attract direct financial investments. This vast territory shows particu- lar geographic environments which, The country has not only grown coupled with population density but has also changed substantially. Our

3-25 Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view

economic policy has changed and a new era of interactivity, placing it in a economic system has been adopted. Our favorable position in this strategic sector. currency has become a respected and reliable economic institution, and its The social-economic structure of stability, supported by the Convertibility the country continues to attract Act, has become a major factor for neighboring countries, whose inhabitants economic growth. migrate in search of new working opportunities and health care. This The Argentine production profile phenomenon is observed in the region of in the last years, with strong emphasis on the plains as well as in important agricultural industry and the use of southern cities where the number of natural resources - including fishery - foreigners represents a significant confirms Argentina's potential for percentage. industrial development. At present, our country is the eighth world food producer The empty spaces are a cause of and ranks fifth as international exporter. great concern for countries like ours, due to the serious problems of overpopulation Argentina has become the first in other parts of the world. During the power supplier in the region and shows "Conference on Population and great potential in the mining sector. Development" (Cairo, 1994), the region of Patagonia was presented as an In the power field, 95% of the unpopulated area (less than 2 inhabitants hydropower is produced in border areas, per km2) together with Greenland, and 75% of the oil and natural gas Saharan Africa and the Amazon. reserves are located in the same zone. As to power transport, power lines and gas These factors hinder the exercise of and oil pipelines also start in border areas. suitable controls the important area of Large mineral fields are concentrated in environmental preservation. that area as well. Our EEZ (Exclusive Economic The transformation in the field of Zone) possesses enormous food wealth. It telecommunications - as we have seen, includes large fishing areas approximately the key to modern production methods and to social organization mechanisms - 200 meters deep, which attract other has been significant indeed. The level of countries that fish near the limits of the digitalization, the quantity of fiber optic EEZ. This often triggers law-breaking and the expansion of home cable episodes and, as a result, the Government television are leading the country into the needs to send Navy ships to avoid

3-26 Chapter 3 - The Nation

depredation. As a consequence, this Another challenge to be faced is situation requires permanent control terrorism, both at local and world level. activities. Our country has suffered from its actions On the other hand, Argentine sea and many lives were lost as a consequence species are characterized by their thereof. migration habits, a fact that leads to agreements aimed at establishing consistent measures to preserve these 3. The Malvinas, Georgias del Sur renewable resources. and Sandwich del Sur Islands issue The geological features of the Argentine continental shelf - of In the context of our national continental and insular nature - are situation, the dispute over the sovereignty suitable for hydrocarbon generation and of the Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and trap formation, and for the eventual Sandwich del Sur Islands and the exploitation of polymetallic nodules. This maritime and air spaces that surround makes the platform a future economic them, is of special concern in our country. factor, which leads to the need for its The recovery of these areas is an preservation. aspiration that now has a constitutional Our country has peacefully basis, after its reform of 1994. resolved many border disputes with its neighbors, particularly with Chile, after Argentina's rights regarding its the 1991 presidential agreements, and in sovereignty over territories and sea spaces 1998 a presidential agreement was in the framework of the dispute with the reached regarding a small sector known as , are preserved by the Hielos Continentales (Continental Ice), protection of rights included in item 2 of which still remains to be ratified by both the "Joint Declaration of the Delegations Congresses. of the Argentine Republic, the United Kingdom and Northern ", adopted Argentina could be exposed to the in Madrid on October 19, 1989. emerging threat of drug traffic and other transnational phenomena if their actions increase, a situation worsened because of The Joint Declaration signed in the characteristics of its borders Madrid on February 15, 1990 resulted in (extension and morphology), which the restoration of diplomatic relations require permanent surveillance. between both countries in that same year.

3-27 Part / - The Strategic Scenario: An Argentine view

Despite the fact that bilateral relations and is indisputably linked to the interests have been progressing steadily including of our country. A wide variety of actors the first official visit of the President of conflicting interests might, at some point, Argentina to the United Kingdom in 1998 bring about disagreement in the positions the dispute still exists, with a sizable held by the countries involved. British military presence in the zone. Historically, Argentina has shown Moreover, the countries' different the world its clear and definite interest in approaches over the exploitation of Antarctica as one of the J 2 original countries that signed the Antarctic Treaty renewable resources constantly lead to (to which our country is an advisory disagreement. A new factor was recently

ARA "Alte. hizar" Argentine Navy icebreaker in the Antarctic ice. added: the eventual future exploitation of member). This is also proved by the hydrocarbon fields. uninterrupted scientific work performed by the country for almost a hundred 4. Argentine Antarctica years, starting with the settlement of our first scientific base in the Islas Orcadas in The Antarctic continent is an area 1904. Thus, our country has been in the with a very complex geopolitical situation, continent for the longest time, and its

3-28 Chapter 3 - The Nation

presence has been permanent. Our Under the terms of the Antarctic geographical proximity allows us to act as System, Argentina asserts its sovereignty a base for the projection and support of over the claimed sector, an assertion that activities in the area, as Argentina is one does not prevent us from cooperating with of the closest countries to Antarctica, other countries in scientific research and together with Chile. environmental and resource preservation.

Aii Air Force transport aircraft performing logistic support in Mara/nbio Base - Argentine Antarctica.

3-29 PART II Part II - The National Incentives

CHAPTER 4

/_?'" / ' his chapter contains a below. Later, we will analyze their main P\J/ summarized description of characteristics when specifically applied ^—^ the major regulatory to certain issues. Also, other highly conditions governing defense activities, in technical regulations and commitments general, and military actions in particular. will be mentioned later in this book when considering the aspects involved therein. References made below are not only a formal legal framework but also represent the highest political guidelines for 2. Domestic references National Defense in the Argentine Republic. The National Constitution The National Constitution sets the goal of "...providingfor common defense" 1. Defense and the rule of law first in its Preamble, among the other constitutional objectives of our Nation. Since democratic institutions were The articles of the Constitution further restored in late 1983, the Argentine establish the duty of all Argentine citizens Republic has been under the rule of law. to arm themselves to defend the country This means that all activities in the public and the Constitution, pursuant to the sector are ruled by the legal system laws enacted by our National Congress for governing the Argentine Republic, either such purpose and decrees issued by the through local laws or international Executive Branch. Naturalized citizens instruments. These affect the country are free to provide such service to the either because they have been country for a period of 10 years after incorporated in national laws or as a becoming Argentine citizens. result of our compliance with the "pacta sunt servanda" principle which guides our The National Congress has the international actions. constitutional power to authorize the Executive Branch to declare war or make Major legal instruments governing peace, allow it to instruct retaliation the Ministry of Defense are summarized measures, and permit foreign troops to

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enter our national territory and national The Defense Act sets forth the forces to leave the country. structure of the National Defense System and sets out its goals and responsibilities Congress also has the authority to of its members. It also establishes the organize the Armed Forces in times of organizational guidelines for the Armed peace and war and prescribes regulations Forces and defines the fields of action of for their organization and management. their commanding officers, the Chiefs of Staff of each Service, in favor of the Furthermore, Congress has the Armed Forces jointness. This Act also constitutional power to agree or disagree establishes the basis for the National with the promotion of high-ranking Defense Service, Territorial Organization officers of our Armed Forces as proposed and Mobilization. by the President. Domestic Security Act 24059 The constitution also confers on the It was enacted in 1992 and amended President of the Nation the power to act by Act 24194. It provides the structure as Commander in Chief of the Armed required in the area of domestic security, Forces and as such, to control, organize basically involving the Security Forces and distribute the forces as well as to National Gendarmerie, the Argentine provide for the use of the military Coast Guard, the Federal Police and the instrument. police corps of such provinces that have decided to form part of the system, given This set of regulations reflects the the federal nature of our country. It constitutional basis for our Armed Forces establishes the Domestic Security and the exclusive power of the Argentine Council, whose non-permanent members Government over National Defense are the Minister of Defense and the Chief matters. of the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces.

National Defense Act 23554 This Act sets out, in principle, the non use of the Armed Forces within the It was enacted in 1988. It establishes sphere of domestic security (subsidiary the legal, organizational and functional principle), but establishes several events bases to elaborate, execute and control where the Armed Forces would have an our National Defense, defining its goals eventual involvement in logistic support and clearly distinguishing it from by providing weapons, supplies, health Domestic Security, which is ruled by care, veterinary services, construction another legal instrument. services, transport, and engineering and

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communications elements to Security and Military Personnel Act 19101 Police Forces (complementation principle). This act was passed in 1971, it is the last update of a series of Acts related to The Act indicates such cases where military personnel, the first of which was the Armed Forces can exceptionally use Act No. 4856 (enacted in 1905 and combat elements to defend their own amended in 1945, 1950 and 1958). It units or to restore Domestic Security, previously declaring the "State of Siege", defines the basic principles related to according to the constitutional procedure military personnel, such as the "military to this end. status", groupings, concepts such as "seniority and precedence", retirement, Armed Forces Reorganization Act separation or relief from active duty, ranks 24948 and the promotion system, suitability for It was enacted in 1998 and sets out service, recruitment, salary system and the political and organizational basis to length of service among others. carry out the reorganization of the military in the medium term, establishing its basic principles, general modalities for Military Justice Code the use of the Military Instrument, its It was established by the National organization, deployment, personnel, Congress through Act 14029 in 1951, equipment and funding. and was amended by Act 23049 in 1984. It meets the provisions of our National The implementation of a five-year Constitution and the Argentine Criminal budget as from 1999 and a special budget Code; that is, it does not represent any allocation destined to Armed Forces special personal venue. modernization expenditures during that period are the most relevant aspects of The Code describes specifically this Act. military offenses, the organization and It also establishes a number of jurisdiction of military courts, court complementary tasks to be performed martial proceedings and the respective with certain deadlines. penalties.

The act also sets up a National Volunteer Military Service Act 24429 Congress Committee, represented by both senators and representatives, to oversee It was enacted by Congress in 1994 the reorganization, as well as to make a and superseded the previous mandatory review five years after the enactment of system of conscripts, replacing it by a new this Act, i.e., in 2003. system open both to men and women. It

4-35 Part II - The National Incentives

has allowed turning our Armed Forces The United Nations Organization into a completely professional Article 1 of the UN Charter states as organization, abandoning the previous its first objective the maintenance of scheme based on conscript service. The international peace and security through previous System of Conscript Act is still collective measures aimed at preventing in force and is to be applied only under and removing threats to peace. Article 2, exceptional circumstances. in turn, prohibits the threat or use of fora against the territorial integrity or political Directive for Joint Military Planning independence of any Nation, defining the (Decree No. 1116/96) principle that international conflicts Through this directive, the President should be resolved by peaceful means. of the Nation outlined the National Defense Policy updated guidelines and Article 51 of the Charter clearly missions of the Armed Forces. Moreover, states the inherent right of every State to he established the application of a its legitimate defense, providing for the deterrent and defensive strategic policy in choice of an individual or collective the sphere of Defense. defense.

Through the Security Council, the 3. International commitments UN have the right to use force in order to

As already mentioned, the characteristics of today's international scenario also influence our Defense in the legal sphere. As in the previous point, we will now deal with the major international instruments to which our countryJ has adhered and will later mention more specific provisions when considering activities they apply to.

Army assault troops (seals) in pneumatic boats during training exercises in water course.

4-36 Chapter 4 - The Defense Legal Ftamework

maintain, restore or build peace in case Its main objectives include an other measures fail. At present, the effective limitation on conventional arms. enlargement of the Security Council is under discussion, a fact that has drawn International Law of War the interest of several countries, including Together with the The Hague Argentina. Convention, the Law of War regulates the laws, uses and practices of war and The Charter also promotes regional establishes a legal method to conduct agreements and organizations to pursue operations. However, this branch of law the peaceful settlement of conflicts. has not evolved much due to the increasing and widespread rejection of the The Organization of use of force for conflict resolution. American States (OAS) The first three articles of its Charter International Humanitarian Law make reference to the goal of The 1949 Geneva Convention and strengthening peace and security in the its Additional Protocols have established Hemisphere, and state that an aggression military conflict rules in relation with the against an American State constitutes an management of casualties, the sick, aggression against all of them. shipwreck victims, prisoners of war, non- combatant civilians and the environment. Having as one of its objectives, the organization of joint actions in case of aggression, the OAS Charter aims at the The IRCC (International Red Cross implementation of "collective security" in Committee) has played an essential role in the American continent. Some this sphere. unsuccessful attempts in this sense were the creation of the IDE (Inter-American Nuclear Weapons Defense Board) in 1942, and the TIAR The NPT (Treaty on the Non- (Inter-American Reciprocal Assistance Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) seeks Treaty), organized during the III to reduce the threat of a nuclear war and Consultation Meeting of Foreign prevent the number of countries that hold Ministers held in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. this kind of weapons from increasing. It also aims at preventing countries from The OAS also encourages the developing nuclear weapons. It forbids consolidation of the representative those nations that already have them to democracy, observes the principle of non- transfer their technology and forces them intervention, and promotes peaceful to carry out actions in favor of nuclear settlement of conflicts. disarmament. Under this treaty, non-

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nuclear countries must accept the be Deemed to be Excessively safeguards of the IAEA (International Injurious or to Have Atomic Energy Agency). Indiscriminate Effects, and their four Additional Protocols (untraceable On the other hand, the members of fragments and weapons; mines and the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear trap weapons, laser weapons and the Weapons in Latin America (Tlatelolco like.) Treaty) undertake to use nuclear power exclusively for peaceful purposes and also Missile Non-Proliferation to prevent the introduction or Although this is not an international development of nuclear weapons in the agreement, the MTCR (Missile region. The Treaty establishes Technology Control Regime) is another mechanisms to control its members' important reference, of which our compliance with these obligations. country is an active member after the Other agreements on arms control adoption of certain political decisions As a complement to the previous (including the de-commissioning of the agreements, it is essential to include the "Condor" project) which enabled our following: country to join it.

• Convention on the Prohibition of Convention on the Law of the Sea the Use, Stockpiling, Production This Treaty was adopted within the and Transfer of Anti-personnel UN framework and was ratified by Mines and on their Destruction. Argentina through Act 24543. It defines • Convention on the Prohibition of criteria for the international regulation of the Development, Production, the various maritime areas according to Stockpiling and Use of Chemical the coastal nature of each country. Weapons and their Destruction. Besides the Territorial Sea and • Convention on the Prohibition of Contiguous Zone concepts, another the Development, Production, and important principle is sovereignty over Stockpiling of Bacteriological and resources within the Exclusive Economic Toxin Weapons, and on their Zone (EEZ) up to 200 miles from the Destruction. baselines, and in the continental shelf, as • Convention on Prohibitions or defined by the Convention. Our country Restrictions on the Use of Certain defined its Sea Spaces through Act Conventional Weapons which may 23968.

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While this Convention does not However, this does not prevent the specifically cover defense matters, it deals presence of military equipment or with issues of great concern for our personnel for logistic purposes and defense, as it recognizes sovereignty and scientific tasks. It is complemented by the jurisdictions, among other matters. Convention on the Preservation of Antarctic Living Resources, defined as the The Antarctic Treaty "rational use" thereof, and by the Protocol This treaty has been in force since on Environmental Protection. The latter 1961. At present, it constitutes a System bans any kind of activities related with that reserves the Antarctic continent Antarctic mineral resources for a fifty- exclusively for peaceful purposes and year term, as from its adoption in Madrid specifically bans military activities. in 1991.

"Super Pinna" j \>><:\ I hiin'i'tcr during logistic tusks in an Argentine Bri^c in the Antarctic.

4-39 Part II - The National Incentives

CHAPTER 5

efore we outline the national Life in society requires the rule of interests that our National justice as social concept. While preserving Defense should pursue, we the personal values of man (life, liberty, will highlight the values underlying those dignity, survival, etc.), the rule of justice interests, according to the ethics that should subject individual interests to the guide our Defense. common well being of society as a whole.

1. Underlying values Society therefore prescribes a set of rules aimed at harmonizing personal goals The preservation and strengthening within a just social order. of democracy, the fundamental rights and freedoms and the common well being of When this scheme prevails within our people are the prevailing basic values the frame of a democratic system, social of Argentine society underlying the peace is also achieved. interests supported by our Defense. These essential ideas have also been included in However, such order must be our Constitution. provided with a coercive capability, and this requires the government to establish a As human beings undertake courses monopoly of the organized force. of action in pursuit of their goals, they find that life in society is the adequate All these concepts should not mislead context that enables them to develop us into thinking that military institutions their capabilities in order to achieve the should play a direct role in maintaining goals they set for themselves. domestic peace. The concepts described in the previous chapter clearly state, that a Those goals are many and diverse, legal distinction exists between the fields and life in a community, in liberty and of military and domestic security harmony, requires a certain order that institutions. The limitations imposed on encourages their accomplishment: a fair the eventual involvement of the military social order, adjusted to the characteristics institutions in domestic security tasks inherent to human behavior. were also pointed out.

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However, it is important to domestic and international level, to the emphasize that, underlying the extent of its specific field of action. specifically military missions that gave rise to the very existence of the Armed Forces, there is a set of basic values of the 2. Vital interests Argentine Nation that involve the Military as part of its society and political Vital interests are those that affect life. the Nation and its people, and therefore remain mostly unchanged. The Armed Forces - whose men and women come from such society - have the For that reason, they have been immediate and specific objective of defined by the highest representatives of providing for common defense and the people of our Nation, i.e., by permanently guaranteeing the sovereignty Congress, in its National Defense Act. and independence of our Nation, its However, due to the implications of those territorial integrity and its right to self- vital interests in situations critical to determination. They must also support national security, they become truly vital the common well being, which is their only when supported by the majority of ultimate objective, by respecting those the society, whenever it is required to basic values of our Nation. preserve them against any aggression.

These fundamental values also apply, From this legal reference, vital from an Argentine perspective, to the interests can be summarized as follows: international arena. We also attach special importance to the maintenance of other • Sovereignty and independence of the societies' democratic systems and of an Argentine Nation. atmosphere of peace and justice for the • Its territorial integrity. well being of their people. These, coupled . Its right to self-determination. with the development of close friendship, • The protection of the life and freedom cooperation and integration with other of its people. Nations, in particular with our neighbors in the region, are also some of our goals, Those self-explanatory interests are since their success will undoubtedly therefore closely related to the very benefit our own. existence of the Argentine Nation itself, thus requiring a high degree of attention Our defense policy contributes to and priority on the part of the consolidate all those values both at a government and a proper degree of

5-42 Chapter 5 - The National Interests

consideration in terms of the political the current legal framework and as definitions related to our National required by the authorities, as a function Defense. of the evolution of the strategic situation.

3. Strategic interests The list of interests detailed below does not imply any priority therefor (the Strategic interests are those that assignment of priorities is made at a influence in any manner the achievement strategic planning level) and includes the of national interests. Although they also following main defense interests, in the pose goals to be achieved, their lesser framework of national regulations in importance compared to vital interests force: they contribute with, make them less permanent in time, since they relate to . International peace and security such variables derived from the existing . Limitation of mass destruction strategic scenario and the development of weapons the country's international relations at a • Regional integration and security certain time. • Economic and social growth • Scientific and technological Strategic interests analyzed in this development chapter and the consideration of the • Protection of the Nation from the security matters mentioned below should drug trafficking and international not be interpreted as having a direct effect terrorism on basic Defense objectives, nor on the • Renewable and non renewable development and primary use of the resources Military Instrument. This clarification is • Environmental protection also valid for other considerations made in . Maritime, insular and fluvial spaces this document. of national interest . Argentine air space In spite of the above, strategic • Inter-ocean passages interests play an essential role for the • Preservation of geopolitically empty Nation and should not be ignored by the areas (unpopulated and with no Defense System. On the contrary, such government presence) System should contribute -in various • Preservation of the Argentine wavs- to their better achievement within position in the Antarctic System

5-43 PART III Part III - Defense Policies

CHAPTER 6

he contents below support it is put in practice in every aspect of our National Defense Defense and its relation with the political Policy. institutions of our country.

In this manner, the Armed Forces are 1. Civil Control of the Military integrated in the Government sphere involved in a wide range of areas, through The enactment of the National their specialized contribution at the level Defense Act in 1988 and the Domestic and functions established by law. Security Act in 1992 unanimously approved by all political sectors of At present, the political leadership - Congress, set the foundations and legal advised by the military- makes all framework for the Armed Forces in decisions related to the Armed Forces democracy. development and conduction. The National Defense Act, Domestic Security At present, the Armed Forces of Act and -more recently- the Argentina are willingly and spontaneously Reorganization of the Armed Forces Act subordinated to the political leadership. are a clear proof of the above. This fact transcends the mere formalities and derives from the extraordinary 2. A comprehensive concept of mindful and spiritual devotion of the Defense and Armed Forces' Argentine military to democracy. involvement The change has meant a turning point leading to the true conduction of the In certain spheres, there is a limited Military Instrument by the political vision of the concept of Defense, which leaders. associates it only to one of its components: the Military Instrument. Such use is not merely formal - according to the law. It is also concrete There is no doubt that the Armed management of day-to-day activities and Forces are the substantive element of

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National Defense. Its institutions are National Defense is implemented essential to the System, not only as a through a number of plans and actions result of having the exclusive use of aimed at preventing and overcoming such weapons and skilled personnel capable of conflicts both in times of peace and war, exercising the power of acting within their managing all the essential aspects of the field of competence, but also due to their Nation during such crisis or war and history and tradition. These are closely throughout the subsequent consolidation of peace. related to the special characteristics of the Nation-State and thus form part of our Defense is a function of the Argentine country's vital interests. Government that cannot be delegated and it is both a right and a responsibility for In order clearly tell Defense Policy all Argentine people, according to the laws and Strategy from Military Policy and in force. Strategy, the following definition can be given. National Defense involves the It also involves private production, Nation and therefore it is the result of the research, infrastructure and resource integration and joint action of all its forces sectors, and particularly the intellectual and capabilities for the settlement of any sphere -including teaching and academic external conflict that may have the activities— both to foster awareness in this military force as a key element. subject and to carry out parallel intellectual activities. Conceptually Defense involves the Argentine people as a whole, tinder the terms of the Defense Civil Service Act 20318.

In summary. Defense requires the active and permanent involvement of the whole institutional spectrum, including leaders and citizens in general.

Ml 13 Combat Army vehicles during a troop deployment exercises.

6 48 Chapter 6 - The Pillars of oar Defense Policy

Class TR I ,'00 Nary submarine returning to its support base in Mar del Plata.

All these concepts contribute to Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur develop a wide consensus on this subject, Islands, as well as the remaining isles and thus making defense policies an integral maritime and air spaces of the Argentine part of the government policy. Republic. It also includes other national interests, such as the Argentine Antarctic- This has led to stable decisions sector, considering the scope set by through time, with a greater level of international regulations and treaties certainty in the development of the signed by our Nation. Military Instrument and a higher degree of foreseeability and reliability of the National Defense also considers country vis-a-vis the international citizens and national assets in third community. countries, international waters and the international air space. 3. The scope of Defense' In this regard, the determination of National Defense comprises theaters of operations is a legal power continental spaces, the Malvinas, vested to the President.

''''According to the National Defense Act, 5th Section.

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4. Defense policy and foreign ways. It continuously contributes with it policy and often implements it.

When describing our national At the national policy level, the situation, we stated that Argentina is a relationship between defense and foreign vivid example of the 90's, in which policies becomes evident. Some examples democracy, economic policy and foreign include the involvement of Argentine policy are closely related. troops in the international Gulf War coalition of the 1991, under the UN The defense policy, at its highest level mandate, as well as in the operation for of abstraction, is in turn closely related to the restoration of democracy in Haiti. the foreign policy of the country in many Another example is the high involvement of Argentine troops and units in international peacekeeping operations under international organizations. Such activities represent, in practice, the commitment of Argentina's foreign policy to international efforts towards peace and stability.

Regional integration benefited from the increase in confidence-building measures with neighboring countries, aided by a greater exchange and interrelation between their respective defense and military areas.

Similarly, the participation of defense and diplomatic officials, including ministers, in various regional and continental forums and in other international events is also a common characteristic of this process. Since 1995, The "Libertad" Navy training Tallship, designed a formal inter-ministry mechanism has and built in Argentina (AFNE). also been in place.

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5. Defense policy and security and represent the bases of international security policy reference for Defense as they implicitly involve security or receive its influence. It is precisely in the field of Security where both sectors are closely interwoven. Argentina's International Security Policy The concept of Security has a wide At present, the international security scope, according to United Nations policy is expressed in various ways, definitions: summarized as follows:

. It is a situation in which a Nation is • Cooperation ("consult") considered protected from military . Non-Proliferation of Nuclear, aggressions, political pressures or Biological and Chemical Weapons significant economic restrictions, ("agree") leaving it free to pursue its own . Arms Control ("inform and development and growth. supervise")

• The countries and the international These concepts are closely linked but community as a whole, in general, have been broken down only to enhance have different bases they rely on for Argentine commitment to peace and their own security: security policies are international security and to better therefore measures used to promote it. identify their main expressions.

. The concept of security comprises and In this regard, Argentina has agreed combines different elements, such as with Brazil on the disclosure of their military capability, economic power, respective nuclear programs, by means of the 1991 Guadalajara Agreement. The social development, progress in science Brazilian-Argentine Agency for and technology, and political Accounting and Control of Nuclear cooperation through bilateral and Materials (ABACC) was created to multilateral diplomacy. implement this agreement, and a Safeguard Agreement was signed by both We can, therefore, conclude that, countries, the ABACC and the among all the elements related to a International Atomic Energy Agency •ertain problem, the military contributes (IAEA). These agreements contributed to together with the political cooperation build confidence, provide assurance to which translates to negotiations and third parties and enhance regional and agreements that benefit the country's global stability.

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Our country also joined the stockpile or use this kind of weapons and Tlatelolco Treaty in 1994 after proposing agreed to adhere to the Convention on the some amendments together with Chile Prohibition of the Development, and Brazil. Such amendments did not Production, Stockpiling and Use of affect its essence, but were geared to Chemical Weapons and on their improve its mechanisms and applications Destniction. maiding them more efficient and less costly; and were approved and signed by Argentina sends technicians to the member countries in 1992. attend inspection courses and also participates in chemical and biological Argentina has also joined the Treaty inspection tasks under the UN mandate, on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear for example in the Special Commission Weapons (NPT), which prohibits the created by the Security Council to development or construction of nuclear monitor Iraq's elimination of mass weapons. destruction weapons and ballistic long- range missiles. Since 1991, our country has also supported the principles and guidelines Besides, our country is a member of contained in the Missile Technology the Organization for the Prohibition of Control Regime (MTCR), which it finally Chemical Weapons, based in The Hague, joined in 1993. Under this Agreement - and the Ministry of Defense has which Brazil also joined- Argentina organized a regional Course for undertakes not to develop missiles with Inspectors' Accompanying Personnel. ranges higher than 300 km and payloads These courses are held in the National exceeding 500 kg. Defense College, CITEFA (Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Our country promoted the non- Institute), the Military Explosives Factory proliferation of chemical and in Azul and the Azopardo Naval Arsenal. bacteriological weapons in the region through the Declaration of Mendoza, With respect to the question of signed in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil and biological weapon non-proliferation, Chile. Later on, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina is a party to the Convention on Paraguay and Uruguay adhered to this the Prohibition of the Development, agreement. Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and Through this instrument, the on their Destruction. It participates in all countries undertook not to develop, review conferences, and supports the

6-52 Chapter 6 - The Pillars of our Defense Policy

design of a verification regime; moreover, Weapons, thus promoting greater Argentina is a member of the Australian transparency in military matters. Our Group engaged in chemical and biological country supports the creation of a similar weapon transfer control activities. register within the OAS, an initiative included in the action plan of the II Control on sensitive exports is an es- Summit of the Americas. Argentina sential requirement for the success of any believes that such register should be policy for mass-destruction weapon non- mandatory and that its scope should be proliferation. enlarged.

Our country's international Based on the above, Decree No. 603/ cooperation has been evidenced by its 92 created the National War Material involvement in various consultation and Sensitive Export Control mechanisms with several countries, Commission, whose members are officials including the joint participation of the from the Defense, Foreign Affairs and Ministers of Defense and Foreign Affairs. Economy Ministries and technicians from competent organizations: the Nuclear In summary, the Defense Policy and Regulatory Authority (ARN), National Security Policy are interrelated and Air Space Commission (CONAE) and contribute to achieve the legitimate goals CITEFA (Armed Forces Scientific and of our Nation. On the other hand, these Technical Research Institute). policies, by promoting peace, international security and stability in the Furthermore, our country complies region also contribute to the with the UN Register of Conventional accomplishment of our own interests.

6 53 Part III - Defense Policies

CHAPTER 7

. — a he Defense policy, stated in reorganization of the Armed Forces, , f\^/ general terms, implies the adapting them to the new world >*-^ protection of Argentine vital requirements, including the redefinition of interests and contribution, within its military missions and the promotion of scope and according to the national and jointness. international legal framework, to the support and development of strategic This transformation does not imply interests. any action towards an armamentism. Rather, its objective is to provide viability In relation to the military to the Armed Forces, in the long term, instrument, this policy pursues the regarding their personnel, equipment and consolidation and enhancement of its operational capability, commensurate spiritual and material capabilities, aiming with the needs imposed by our national at an effective deterrence strategy and at interests and the availability of local the maintenance of peace and resources as determined by the general international stability, especially in our context. hemisphere.

This policy has a threefold nature: In other words, our goal is to have national, regional and international. Armed Forces with prestige in our society, with highly capable and well-trained Our country has the right to organize personnel, and provided with the suitable its Armed Forces to be capable of equipment required to accomplish their exercising our legitimate defense, as missions and tasks. expressly stated in the UN Charter. This implies that such equipment 1. The Armed Forces should be readily available for use, with the appropriate maintenance and The main goal of our policy regarding complemented by the necessary logistics the military is the modernization and and suitable levels of operational activity.

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Moreover, the Armed Forces diplomatic fields, excluding the use of personnel should be allowed to fully force. exercise their profession -which influences their morale and motivation. Thus, they Our Defense policy in this area is should be given the opportunity to receive supported by confidence-building training and continuous practice in measures, as stated in the "Joint ground, naval and air activities, a decent Declaration of the Delegations of the financial compensation according to the Argentine Republic and the United demands imposed by military life, and Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern should have the assurance of a proper Ireland" adopted in Madrid on February retirement at the end of their active duty. 15th, 1990.

For the last fifteen years, the Defense The Rounds of Military-to-Military Ministry and the Armed Forces have Contacts with British counterparts, made, and continue to make, great efforts undertaken by Ministry of Defense's and adjustments to adapt themselves to officials together with Joint Staff and the new realities of the country and the Armed Forces officers and diplomatic world as a whole. support, also contribute to the progressive restoration of military relations between The consolidation of all these both countries. changes, with a medium term perspective, started with the enactment of the In coordination with the Ministry of Reorganization of the Armed Forces Act Foreign Affairs, a contribution to preserve by the National Congress in 1998, with renewable resources in the seas surrounding the Islands is made through the unanimous vote of every political periodic fishery patrols by Navy units and party. other institutions and organizations of the Argentine Government. 2. Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands The Argentine government has offered the British Government to undertake demining activities in the area, Our national policy, based on the in order to remove mines planted by the Constitution, emphasizes the strategy to Argentine Armed Forces during the recover our sovereignty over the islands conflict in 1982. This offer has been and maritime space of the national maintained and ratified, especially in territory in both the political and international forums.

7-56 Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action

3. Sub-regional and continental including the continuation of areas Consultation Meetings between the Joint Staffs and Armed Forces of both The basic goal of. the Defense policy countries. in the hemisphere is to continue . The Argentine-Chilean Permanent contributing to confidence building, Security Committee, set up by a especially in its relations with the Memorandum of Understanding countries of the region. signed in 1994 and the Consultation Meetings of high-ranking officers of Regarding the "Enlarged both countries' Armed Forces. MERCOSUR" -our main priority- our . The continuation of combined exercises goal is to consolidate the region as a Peace with Brazil and Uruguay -which Zone, considering a possible development have been held for many years- to of a common security system based on a improve the interoperability of their number of common challenges and respective Armed Forces. opportunities that can be perceived as • The continuation of combined exercises shared concerns. with Chile, successfully initiated in 1998, as a contribution to confidence To achieve that goal, we will continue building. to participate, support, cooperate and . The Agreement for Cooperation execute the relevant actions in relation to Strengthening in the fields of the following forums and activities: International Defense and Security with Bolivia, signed in 1996. . Meetings at the Ministry of Defense . The initiation of negotiations for a and Foreign Affairs levels, both with cooperation agreement with Uruguay. Chile and Brazil, following the steps and spirit of the meetings of "Tandil" At a hemispheric level, our policy is (1996) and "Itapaiva" (1997) held based on the following guidelines: with Brazil, and "Zapallar" (1996) and "Campo de Mayo" (1998) held . Defense Ministerial of the Americas, with Chile. following the spirit of Williamsburg . The Consultation and Coordination (1995), San Carlos de Bariloche Mechanisms on International Defense (1996) and the consolidation achieved and Security set up with Brazil as in Cartagena de Indias (1998). from the Memorandum of • Action Plan of the II Summit of the Understanding signed by both Americas on security and defense governments on April 27th, 1997, matters.

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. Practical application of confidence- Argentine policy regarding building measures, according to the Peacekeeping Operations recommendations of the Declarations Argentina's involvement in these of Santiago (1995) and El Salvador operations is not new, as it dates back to (1998). the first UN operations established in the . Bilateral Working Group with the Middle East in 1958. This mission has US, at the levels of Minister and uninterruptedly continued to involve Secretary of Defense respectively, and national troops to the present time. their specialized teams comprising officials and military staff. In all these decades, the Argentine . High Level Consultation Mechanisms on security, disarmament and non- presence in peacekeeping missions has proliferation established with Canada increased and, in the last few years, it and the US. multiplied in accordance with the * Involvement in UNITAS combined dramatic increase of Peacekeeping exercises and other similar activities. Operations (PKO) in the world since the . The support to the Army, Navy and end of the Cold War. Air Force Inter American Conferences, as the true forerunners of confidence- Between 1991 and 1995, our building in the hemisphere, as well as country sent an average of 1,400 men all types of historical military and women each year. At present, they exchanges of the Argentine Joint Staff account for 800 approximately, including and Armed Forces of the hemisphere. members of the Security Forces. This reduction follows the decreasing curve of 4. International sphere the UN's overall participation and is mainly due to budgetary limitations of The Republic of Argentina has contributing countries. developed, especially in recent years, a policy of active involvement in the new It is important to note that design of the international security Argentina is one of the countries that strategy, through the involvement of its Armed Forces in peacekeeping operations. have made the greatest efforts towards This has meant a contribution of our international peace and stability in National Defense to its strategic interest relation with our GDP. Up to the present being the preservation of peace and time, more than 13,000 members of our international stability, which are key three Armed Forces have participated in values for our country. PKO's.

7-58 "S/C 705" Tank from the Argentine Combat Team, carrying out patrolling activities in Eastern Slavonia (Croatia) in a UN Mission. Part III Defense Policies

At present, the country ranks seventh but has also taught military personnel among PICO participating countries in UN from Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, El missions, and aside from troops deployed Salvador, USA, Guatemala, Paraguay, in the field, Argentina has also assigned Peru and Venezuela. Its curricula follow high ranking officers to the Peacemaking the same guidelines as the UN Operations Department at the UN Peacekeeping Operations F)epartment. Headquarters in New York. The international importance of As a recognition of the effort and CAECOPAZ and of PICO's as a clear commitment of our country and the capability and skills shown by the Argentine military, the UN have entrusted many peacekeeping missions to the command of our officers. For that reason an Argentine general is presently the UNFICYP Commander in Cyprus, and another officer is the Second Commander at UNIKOM in Kuwait.

Air Force Personnel in its deployable hospital, Argentina is also participating in providing health care to the people in tlie other projects aimed at enhancing UN Mozambique UN Peacekeeping Mission. readiness to respond to any contingency, such as the "Stand By Forces", the Fast manifestation of the links between our Deployment General Command and the foreign and defense policies is proven by Multinational High Readiness Brigade. the fact that the Director of International Organizations under the Figure 7-1 shows the current Foreign Affairs Ministry is a member of deployment of Argentine forces in PICO's the CAECOPAZ Academic Council. all over the world. Argentine's involvement in this field The special nature of PICO's led to the has not only increased substantially in creation of the Argentine PKO Joint numbers, but its performance has also Training Center (CAECOPAZ) in 1995. gone through the same quality changes as those of PICO's. This Center offers PKO theoretical and practical courses and welcomes not In fact, up to 1988 typical missions only members of our three Armed Forces were mostly based on the "classical

7 6O CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF ARGENTINE TROOPS IN PEACE MISSIONS <1)

UN PREVENTIVE INTERNATIONAL MULTINATIONAL DEPLOYMENT COORDINATION UN MISSION IN FAST DEPLOYMENT PREVLAKA - FORCES CENTER BRIGADE CROATIA MACEDONIA BELGIUM 1 1 ' 1 UN SEC GEN : UN MISSION IN N YORK '• BOSNIA- 1 ; HERZEGOVIA

,_ v. 32 (*) ARG. PERM MISSION , IN THE UN i MULTINATIONAL NYORK I SPECIALIZED UN 1 j STABILIZATION FORCE IN BOSNIA 77 D UN MISSION IN HAITI' 146 (*)

UN MISSION IN UN PKO FORCE IN CYPRUS GUATEMALA 407

MILITARY OBSERVERS UN IRAK-KWAIT MISSION IN . OBSERVERS ECUADOR-PERU MISSION 14 53 I FORCES REFERENCES UN MISSION FOR UN UN TRUCE Armed Forces (I) As of December 1st. 1998. 485 THE REFERENDUM IN OBSERVERS OVERSIGHT National WESTERN SAHARA IN ANGOLA MISSION IN THE (*) Includes Security Force* Staff Gendarmerie 277 MIDDLE EAST 1 is n .-«. J General Headquarters and Quarters 3 'CTAu 762

•si FIGURE 7-1 s r-ro- Oi 6' Part III - Defense Policies

mandate" (such as truce observers and We believe that a new concept of peacekeeping forces). Later, their sphere cooperation is emerging between the two of action grew to include tasks such as extremes: deterrence and declared war; humanitarian assistance, casualty and PKO's are particularly important in assistance, refugees, mine sweeping, its implementation. political elections supervision and human rights protection, among others. This policy also takes into account PKO transfer effects from the technical- For Argentina, the diverse roles military sphere to the political-diplomatic played by PKO's in the course of time - field, since their execution presents some from classical operations to temporary difficulties inherent to the model coalitions and Stand-By Forces- are key (command, communications and logistics to face the changing nature of conflict problems, among others) which must be scenarios. resolved through political-diplomatic channels. Our policy frames these Peacekeeping Operations in the field of cooperation and Thus, PKO's lead to a continuous under a strict international legality synergy in terms of cooperation, which, in criterion. This means that the political turn, requires transparency, and in time decision to commit forces in PKO's is generates confidence. Thus by based on the assessment of certain contributing to stability, the latter is of conditions that need to be met before great significance for security and peace. sending our Armed Forces to peace missions. Such conditions include the following: a real threat to peace and international security, a clear mission scope and objectives established in an international legal instrument, and an agreement from the parties involved to the presence of PKO troops. "Dabur" class Navy patrol boats sailing in Fonseca Gulf (Central America) in UN Peace Mission.

7-62 Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action

We believe that the national policy of involvement in PKO is an important contribution to a new International Security structure inserted in a world with universally shared values and with consensus on certain basic principles.

Humanitarian demining activities The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Air Force personnel and equipment deployed in UN Stockpiling, Production Peace Mission in Cyprus. and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and in relevant forums, including a recent on their Destruction signed in December agreement with the new Argentine 1997 marked not only the end of a "White Helmets" Organization. process but also the beginning of a new one, characterized by the enforcement of One consequence: Major non-NATO provisions contained in the convention ally of the US and the implementation of mine sweeping On January 26th, 1998, the activities worldwide. designation of Argentina as Major Non- The contribution of our country to NATO Ally of the US was confirmed by humanitarian mine sweeping tasks is its publication in the US Federal Register. significant. The involvement of Argentina in this field is strengthened through the This appointment does not imply the participation of military experts in Mine- formal creation of an offensive-defensive Sweeping Programs in different parts of alliance. The denomination "Major Non- the world, such as Nicaragua, Angola and NATO Ally" was the name chosen by Kuwait. In addition, training and advisory American legislators to grant a number of services are offered to foreign Armed benefits, usually reserved for NATO allies, Forces at the CAECOPAZ and the to certain countries that maintain a close Ministry of Defense actively participates relation with the US.

7-63 Part /// - Defense Policies

So far, the list includes, besides into a category that includes only 7 other Argentina, other countries such as nations. Our country is also the first Latin , , Israel, Egypt, American nation in such category. Jordan, South Korea and Japan. Through this designation, the US acknowledge Such designation is not linked to the their excellent relations with Argentina, relation that the US or Argentina the strengthening of our democracy and maintains with other countries of the our defense policy in favor of region. In other words, Argentina does not international peace and security, and become a military ally of USA to face recognize our support to international common threats posed by neighboring free trade. Such acknowledgment is more countries. On the other hand, our country than a mere symbol: it is a sign of trust in has already stated that it would not the relationship between both countries. object to other countries of the region receiving this designation as well. Its designation as Major Non-NATO

All-y< differentiates ArgentinO a from other Also, its status does not impose any countries in the world by incorporating it formal obligations to Argentina: by not constituting an alliance, it does not create a joint policy mechanism and it does not imply an automatic alignment of our country with US

*•#&* - <•»•"'"" T**' ' • positions.

Other bilateral initiatives Our Defense policy also extends to other spheres in the international arena.

Pursuing this policy Argentina signed an Agreement on US Navy aircraft refuels a Super Etendart SUE Argentine Navy aircraft, in a Defense Cooperation UNITAS combined exercise.

7-64 Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action

with Italy, in force since 1992, which is at present under a process of negotiation to implement it at military levels.

Similarly, we will continue implementing, by means of different exchanges, the Agreement on Defense Organization with , which was signed in 1992.

On the other hand, as from the Agreement on Combined exercises between the Argentine and Italian Marine Corps. Information and Working Visits with Germany, signed in 1994, we level. We will also support all military continue fostering annual meetings of the exchanges that have historically been Argentine-German Round of Military maintained both by the Joint Staff of the and Technical Contacts. Armed Forces and our Armed Forces throughout the world. Also, the Inter-institutional Cooperation Agreement on Defense Issues with Ukraine, which dates from 1998, 5. The environment will be implemented. We have already mentioned that the Within this context of international deterioration of the environment is one of initiatives, the Agreement on Defense the new problems of the international Cooperation with , signed in 1998, agenda. will be implemented through the Joint Commission created by such instrument, Though the environmental issue once it is ratified by both parties. involves every sector of society - and Non- Government Organizations provide Aside from these formal relations, valuable contributions in this regard - the Argentina strengthened its relations with government is the only political entity in several countries at the defense ministry the world community that can effectively

7-65 Part III - Defense Policies

guarantee efficient actions, as expressed However, this new mission does not by the UN Peace Program in its Letter to mean that the military instrument should the Planet. immediately be involved in matters of environmental damage to our territory Argentina designed its environmental resulting from actions performed in policy at a national level and developed another country as this will be addressed strategies aimed at achieving sustainable by the political, institutional and development. This implies that special diplomatic channels, as necessary. attention is paid to the preservation of the environment. Clear examples of the interface In this regard, the reform of our between the Military and the National Constitution in 1994 included Environment include: bio-diversity the right of its people to enjoy a healthy preservation in relation to defense and and balanced environment, suitable for military training activities, control of the human development, and also provides marine environment due to potential for the obligation to preserve it. pollution caused by warships, protection Moreover, the obligation to remedy of the atmosphere from noise emissions environmental damages was also included. and military aircraft gas releases, and These constitutional provisions are preservation of the soil as a result of complemented by a set of laws and codes ground operations. as well as by international treaties on environmental matters that our country Argentina observes the Convention has endorsed to. on the Prohibition of Military or any Other Hostile Use of Environmental The question of the environment Modification Techniques, adopted in concerns the jurisdiction of the Defense 1977 within the UN framework. Ministry, as shown by the inclusion of a chapter on "Armed Forces support to environmental protection" in the agenda In sum, the environmental policy of the II Defense Ministerial of the carried out by the Environmental Americas held in Bariloche. Committee under the Ministry of Defense with the involvement of the Armed Forces In the specific area of Defense, this and the pertinent organizations is policy has been considered in the redesign implemented on two levels: inside military of military missions. institutions and outside their sphere.

7-66 Chapter 7 - Main Fields of Action

Environment-sensitive military activities. This criterion reflects the first level of focus mentioned above and involves the following four steps which, in a way, summarize an international doctrine on environment and were adopted by our country for its Armed Forces:

Strict compliance with regulations, whether derived from national or international instruments entered into by our country, especially considering transnational consequences brought about by certain environmental damages. Cautious Approach, which involves a Air Force helicopters used in environmental prior consideration of the possible protection tasks as part of the environmental impact caused by National Fire-Fighting Plan. military activities. and training play an essential role. For Pollution Prevention in the execution that reason, the Armed Forces, as well as of military operations, which, in other sectors of our society, are addition to a certain "behavior" incorporating into their training and required, concerns environmental education curricula the necessary considerations in the acquisition and academic and non-academic elements to operation of equipment and weapons. transmit adequate values, awareness, Restoration to the condition prior to attitudes, techniques and behavior the military activity performed. towards the environment.

These aspects must be taken into National and international account both inside military garrisons and cooperation quarters as well as in the case of forces This is the focus of the second level of operating outside their bases. Defense environmental policy. In order to meet these goals successfully, long-term efforts are Equipment and logistics capabilities required. And, in this regard, education of the Armed Forces to comply with their

7-67 Part /// - Defense Policies

main mission coupled with their of environmental awareness, landfills permanent readiness, make them capable movement, support to fire-fighting of cooperating with the pertinent civilian activities, forestry, water and coast authorities not only in case of natural contamination prevention, as well as disasters but also to protect and restore educational activities, among others. the environment. Also, there is a permanent interrelation between the Ministry of On this basis, the Armed Forces have Defense and the Ministry of the Interior entered into several cooperation as regards support required from the agreements with the Secretariat of Armed Forces in case of natural disasters. Natural Resources and Development of the Nation, with provincial and municipal This cooperation extends into the authorities, and with NGO's. These international arena on issues such as agreements include various environmental ozone layer depletion, greenhouse gases matters, such as water sanitation, and environment-sensitive marine areas, National Parks protection, the promotion among others.

7-68 Part HI - Defense Policies

CHAPTER 8

—in he reorganization of the capable of developing extended f \^/y Armed Forces in the operations involving different ^—•^ framework of the National specialties and geographic Defense policy requires suitable tools to environments. become effective. In order to elaborate the Skilled and trained commands and appropriate projects required by Act No. general staffs in order to conduct 24948, several sectors of our National operations, carry out studies and Defense system were involved. research, planning and support to the senior levels of the military strategy, To such effect, Defense Ministry operational strategy and high-level Resolution No. 440/98 created the tactical planning. Military Reorganization System, as Prioritizing on jointness and on the shown in Figure 8-1. operational integration of our Armed Forces in order to avoid duplication of Work Teams have been set up to efforts. perform their activities pursuant to the Implementing political, strategic, terms of the above mentioned Act. logistical and mobilization plans which, in the event of crisis situations, 1. Reform goals may enable to increase the operational capabilities in a short period of time. The main objectives of this Having budget allocations transformation process include: commensurate with the requirements described above, thus eliminating all • Having highly motivated personnel of expenditures that do not contribute all ranks, recognized by society and directly to the tasks assigned. with high professional skills -both in Improving the status of military theory and in practice- and trained in personnel by providing them with single-service, joint and combined salaries commensurate with their operations. responsibilities, while increasing the • Reduced number of operational units requirement of full-time dedication with an efficient logistic support and and training.

8-69 Part III - Defense Policies

MILITARY REORGANIZATION SYSTEM

MINISTER OF DEFENSE \ ARMED FORCES CHIEFS OF GENERAL STAFF COMMITTEE I

REORGANIZATION COMMITTEE ADVISORS

Secretary of Secretary of Planning and Army, Navy and Military Affairs Reorganization Air Force Deputy Chiefs Joint Staff Depputy Chief Under-Secretary of Staff for Technical Coordination

I Executive Secretary Group of Representatives Under-Secretary for Policy and Strategy Representatives from the Joint Joint Staff Chief of Operations Staff and the Services General Staff

I Work Teams

• Law Regulation • Military Instrument's Design • Budget

• Salary Improvement •Retirement and Pension Systems •Planning, Programming and Budgeting Information Systems

• Mobilization and Reserves • Military Education System •Tailoring of Act. 19101 • Production for Defense

FIGURE 8-1

8- 70 Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization

Launching of the "ROLAND" Annj Air Defense Missile. A 35 mm L 90 "OERLIKON CONTRAVES" cannon can be seen in the back.

Characteristics required from the performance specific actions and Military Instrument should provide the necessary In order to comply with the interoperability capacities for joint reorganization objectives, the Military and combined operations. Instrument will have to meet the following To be provided with a flexible conditions: organization and size according to the national interests to be protected, the • To be multi-purpose, versatile, missions to be accomplished, the technologically developed and capable spaces to carry out operations, of permanent evolution. readiness times and the economic and • To be provided with command, technological capabilities required for control, communications, intelligence and information technology systems as maintaining the military instrument. well as logistic support systems and to To be provided with a suitable have a doctrine for their use, all of strategic projection capability and a which should guarantee the high mobility.

8- 71 Part III - Defense Policies

2. Specific Areas Deployment decisions will take into consideration the geographical size of Organization the country at the continental and The organization will be designed coastal levels, its maritime and fluvial on the basis of strategic areas, each spaces, the low density of population in managed by a Joint Command. Joint distant areas as well as the characteristics commands will develop operational of certain insular areas. strategic reviews and forecasts and will elaborate doctrines for the use of the Moreover, the consolidation of military instrument for their strategic units into fewer quarters/bases will be areas. considered. Such facilities will be complemented by others to be established Intermediate commands will be in case of necessity, but priority will be eliminated as they lack a practical given to fast deployment capabilities. purpose, and administrative and bureaucratic structures will be reduced to Units from the three services that the minimum. will become part of a certain Operational Strategic Command will be located in Furthermore, priority will be given contiguous areas to the command post. to the organization of combined weapon groups or task forces groups over units in Personnel structure the pure sense. The personnel structure will be broken down into hierarchies, ensuring a These criteria do not exclude the proper distribution of command and creation of other single-service, joint or technical personnel (engineers, physicians, combined Operational Strategic Commands or territorial commands, etc.), but aiming at reducing the latter to pursuant to the National Defense Act. the minimum.

Deployment and Infrastructure As regards recruitment of technical Wherever possible, units will be personnel, individuals who have grouped in different geographical areas. graduated from the National Education The Armed Forces will share the use of System will be given priority, so as to facilities, enhance the utilization of avoid incurring into costs derived from installed capabilities and cut down on training those officers in the Military infrastructure and utility costs. Education System.

8-72 Chapters- Modernization and Reorganization

Our National Congress is Education in the Armed Forces will empowered to approve the number of follow the national education system's military personnel in the Armed Forces structure and will seek to take advantage and the number of civilian personnel, with of available capabilities, thus eliminating their respective organizational and duplication and aiming at a better budgeting structures. insertion of its members in the general educational and cultural environment. The Armed Forces personnel are organized according to the following Personnel promotion categories: The policy objective in this field consists in contributing to the level of . Full-time active-duty personnel: As excellence mentioned before, through the defined in Act 19101 following actions, and those set forth in . Active-duty personnel incorporated for Act 19101: a specified term: Those who serve within one of the Services for a . Promotions are based on selection and specified period of time as part of the vacancies. permanent staff, in order to . In relation to the above mentioned complement or support it. Their item, extending the years of active- military condition will automatically duty, in an attempt to make more cease at the end of such period or for intensive utilization of the experience specific reasons. This category also acquired and endeavoring to obtain includes volunteer soldiers, as defined the best cost-effectiveness in military in Act 24429. personnel training. . Reserve personnel: Pursuant to Act • Addition of new requirements for prior 19101. education: . For the promotion to Senior Officer The number of reserve personnel (Colonel and equivalent ranks): in each service will be determined by the College and university level of Joint Military Planning, paying special education for such personnel who attention to quality over quantity. graduated from the Armed Forces academies after 1992. Personnel education . For the promotion to Senior Non- The main objective in education is Commissioned Officer: High school to achieve excellence. degree or an equivalent level.

8-73 Part HI - Defense Policies

These requirements will become scheme and the government pension effective as of 2005. system, maiding it compatible with the national system and allowing the transfer Civilian personnel of beneficiaries. The administrative structure of the Armed Forces will allow replacing military Defense Equipment personnel by civilian personnel, so as to Fund allocation priorities will be optimize military personnel training costs the following: in the operational field, and concentrating on the exercise of the military profession itself. . Firstly, to recover out-of-service equipment (including their logistic Such substitutions will be cycle) whenever feasible and performed following Ministry of Defense's acceptable, provided that they are approval. suitable to maintain operational capabilities. This exchange should not exceed the total number of military and civilian . Secondly, to upgrade available personnel and the positions established by equipment when deemed appropriate, our National Congress for each Service, feasible and acceptable, in order to nor should it entail an increase in meet the corresponding operational personnel spending. capabilities. • As a last resort, to acquire new Salaries The criteria followed to determine equipment. When procurement military personnel salaries will be based decisions are made, priorities shall be on hierarchical equivalence to the other the following: sectors of the Civil Service. • Promoting a deterrent capability. • Promoting standardization with For this purpose, in addition to existing equipment, at a joint level. resources assigned to salaries (subject to funding allocations), the total savings . Providing new technological made in each financial year as a result of developments. In these cases, personnel reduction will be assigned to priority will be given to progressive salary improvements. incorporating weapon systems that may include the transfer of Military retirement and pensions technology and simulator training The present system will be modified to follow both the capitalization equipment.

8-74 Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization

Decisions on equipment suitability partnerships with other countries will be and acceptability should be made in sought to this end. accordance with the joint military planning. However, the Ministry of Defense is considering actions aimed at maintaining To such effect, a Technical and acquiring essential and indispensable Committee for the Follow-up of Military logistical capabilities, difficult to attain in Acquisitions was created under the times of crisis and whose permanent local Ministry of Defense. availability should therefore be ensured.

Based on the above priorities, the Budgeting and management control equipment policy should not be This area is essential for the proper interpreted as excessive arms increase conduct of Defense issues, according to causing an imbalance with respect to the the criteria and mechanisms described in regional and world situation or with other Part V, and for a more rational allocation requirements of the country. of funds. In order to improve efficiency in this field, policies have been set with the In brief, the criterion followed to following objectives: equip the Armed Forces responds, within reasonable limits, to such operational • To foster the use of compatible and capabilities as are required for the joint interoperable information systems by attainment of National Defense the three Armed Forces, the Joint Staff objectives. of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense. Logistics and Production for . The final implementation of the Defense articles Planning, Programming and The Senior Logistics Board Budgeting System (S3P) consisting of (described in Chapter 17) will endeavor an information system suitable to to rationalize, standardize and classify all meet the requirements mentioned Armed Forces and logistic equipment. above.

An involvement of the private industry in the production of Defense 3. Resource rationalization articles will be encouraged. Dual measures technology research in areas of interest both for Defense and for the civilian In compliance with the sector will also be promoted, and Government Reform Act No. 23696, the

8- 75 Part III - Defense Policies

Executive Branch issued decree No. 558/ conceived and implemented by the Armec 96, establishing the need for the Defense Forces on the basis of general guidelines Ministry to elaborate projects aimed at provided for by the Ministry of Defense, modernizing personnel administration, the operational capability of the Armed accounting, budgeting, health care, Forces was improved as reflected in Table logistics and education systems for the 8-2. Armed Forces. Actions were aimed at improving Since then, based on a previous the following areas: professional review performed by the Armed Forces, the Minister of Defense Logistics approved, through Resolution No. 3247 96, a number of rationalization measures Health care aimed at utilizing savings made in • Organization of joint medical expenditures intended to improve the assistance centers in military units Armed Forces investments and training. with personnel from more than one Service. Through these measures and other • Centralization of various high- expenditure optimization actions, complexity and chronic-pathology

Service Operational activity increase Army (1) 30% Sea Fleet (2) 45% Navy Submarine Force (2) 57% Naval Aviation (3) 10% Marine Corps (4) 42% Air Force (3) 23% Based on increases in: (1) Manoevers / Training days at troop level (2) Training ays at sea (3)Flight hours (4) Manoevers / Training days at troop level

TABLE 8-2

8- 76 Chapter 8 - Modernization and Reorganization

services in only one Service Military Infrastructure Hospital, depending on the available . Moving the Ministry of Defense Staff expertise and infrastructure. and Joint Staff headquarters to the • Consolidation of complementary "Libertador" Building. medical assistance services. • Sale of the building formerly used by . Consolidation of Army medical the Ministry of Defense. organizations at operating units. . Closure of the Rio Santiago Naval Operations Hospital. . Reduction in the number of first-aid Joint education and training centers and combat health-care • Consolidation of specialized training storerooms for the Argentine Navy. as follows: . Introduction of computerized health- . Divers: Common training phase in care cards. the Navy. . Diving instructors: from the Navy. Personnel • Commandos: Common phase in • Standardization of personnel the Army. information systems, integrated by the • Parachuting: in the Army. Ministry of Defense. • Antarctica: Common "rock-ice" Supply phase in the Army. • Consolidation of common supplies • Commandos, Parachuting, Forest management and creation of a joint and Mountain Instructors: in the commission to coordinate common Army. requirements. These tasks have been • Military Attache Training: undertaken by the Senior Logistics Common phase at the Armed Board. Forces Joint in Staff.

Maintenance Specific actions for the Army • Joint use of each Service's repair shops . Closure of the following units: and arsenal facilities, according to • Seven Army garrisons (Las Lajas, geographical areas involved. Catamarca, Guadalupe, Santo Research and Development Tome Corrientes, San Nicolas, La . Promotion of an increased utilization Paz, and Tucuman). of each Service's technological . Two intelligence sections. capabilities and coordination of their • Army Hospitals in Tucuman and research and development activities. Corrientes.

8-77 Part /// - Defense Policies

. Sixty-eight finance services, by • Closure of "Dr. Francisco de centralizing and merging their Gurruchaga" Naval School. tasks. . Consolidation into one of the units Specific actions for the Air Force in Santo Tome, in the Province of • Organizational changes in the X Air Santa Fe. Brigade, by transforming it into an Air . Phased closure or transfer of the Base. Military High School "Damaso • Closure of the X Air Brigade Air Centeno". Squadron, transferring air equipment to the VI Air Brigade and the Specific actions for the Navy remaining equipment to the "Rio • Transfer of the Naval Operations, Cuarto" Material Area. Naval Aviation and Marine Corps . Reorganization of the Chemical Air Commands from Buenos Aires to Force Detachment into an Puerto Belgrano Naval Base. Operational Support Squadron.

8-78 PART IV Part IV - Redefining Military Missions

CHAPTER 9

s-^s~-*i. o far, we have described the possibilities of our country, and is »\^_t>\^ Defense policy objectives commensurate with the national v_x through an evaluation of the development achieved. strategic scenario as perceived by our country, including new challenges, problems and opportunities. Also, we have 1. Use of the Military Instrument assessed the national interests and conditions imposed by the new "rules of The issues discussed above allow us the game" as contained in the legal to define the following circumstances or framework. scenarios where the Armed Forces are expected to be used: Our Armed Forces are adapting to these new realities and demands through • In defense of the Nation's vital the redefinition of the Military interests Instrument's missions, based on national strategies established by the • In the framework of the UN and other constitutional branches of the international organizations government, in particular the Executive • In support to security and the Legislative. • In support to the national community The re-definition of missions leads to or friendly countries a better use of our country's economic resources and improves the effectiveness of the military component, it offers better 2. Missions conditions and provides this component with the necessary, adequate and modern The main or primary mission of the tools in terms of personnel, equipment, Military Instrument is to deter aggression training and doctrine. or to employ its means effectively in order to guarantee our Nation's vital interests Therefore, the defense program is and to permanently protect them from balanced against the needs and foreign aggressions.

9 -81 Part IV - Redefining Military Missions

Food loading into an Air Force C-130 aircraft for people affected by the floods in the .

Army SA 315-B "LAMA" helicopter in rescue activities during field exercic

9-82 Chapter 9 - Missions of the Military Instrument

In addition to this traditional role, coalitions under the mandate of there are other missions derived from the International Organizations; new demands posed by the strategic • Involvement in domestic security scenario. operations under the terms of Act The use of our Armed Forces to 24059; accomplish these missions will be based on • Involvement in the development of the available capabilities and will military cooperation, confidence- contribute to the actions of government in building and other measures aimed at respect of our strategic interests in preventing conflict situations at support of world peace, as well as to national and international efforts towards regional and international level; a better standard of living. • Search and rescue; • Antarctic activities support; These missions complement, but do . Humanitarian aid; not substitute, the main mission. The . Community support; other missions of the military instrument • Contribution to environmental are as follows: protection; * Involvement in peacekeeping • Accomplishment of any other missions operations and/or multinational assigned by government.

0-83 Part IV - Redefining Military Missions

CHAPTER 10

asic, common and specific Integrate C3 12 systems (command, control, communications, intelligence tasks of the Armed Forces can and information technology) at be defined in consideration of national, military and operational their missions as described in the previous strategic levels, in order to manage chapter. ground, naval and air operations. Participate in satellite systems 1. Basic functions applicable to the Defense area for research, development, installation, maintenance and operation activities; From the conceptual viewpoint, these manage systems enabling or tasks can be summarized as follows: facilitating the development of military operations. » Scope of Action, including the national Integrate electronic warfare systems at land, sea, river and air spaces. Control national, military and operational of national interest areas pursuant to strategic levels, and carry out ground, legal regulations and commitments naval and air electronic warfare undertaken. operations. • Projection of joint or specific ground, Conduct CBN defense operations naval and air forces. against chemical, biological and nuclear weapons or means. 2. Tasks common to the three Services 3. Specific Army tasks These tasks are discharged by each specific Service, and are identical for the • Execute the following operations with three: ground resources and manned or • Operate in any environment (land, unmanned aircraft and helicopters: maritime and fluvial, air) with minimum advance notice and high » Air exploration and reconnaissance readiness levels. • Observation

10*85 'art V7 - Redefining Military Missions

. Target acquisition Amphibious • Specific high priority air transport in Mining areas close to combat zones. Anti-submarine . Fire support (only helicopters) Specific air defense (counter-air and . Security and protection (only anti-aircraft) helicopters) Demining . Air mobility operations (only Tactical and strategic interdiction helicopters) Maritime and fluvial control of . Search and rescue with aircraft shipping and protection under its control during operations. Defense of coasts, ports, bases, naval facilities and support points . Provide ground and air-to-ground Maritime and fluvial transport mobility with helicopters (systematic Specific fixed and mobile logistic air mobility) support . Provide fire support with surface-to- Hospitalization and evacuation surface weapon systems necessary to Tactical divers (seals) and execute the maneuver involved and amphibious commandos coordinate support to be provided by With auxiliary cruisers other Services. In restricted waters . Integrate the air defense system (at a Operational environment research national level) with its own resources Search and rescue for the execution of air defense per se Search, assistance and rescue and anti-aircraft defense in ground Exploration, reconnaissance and operations, participating in the intelligence planning and coordination phase. Fluvial and riverside activities . Execute operations in large rivers with the necessary fluvial and lake Integrate the air defense system (at a capabilities. national level) with its own resources for naval operations, participating in 4. Specific Navy tasks the planning and coordination phase. Provide navigation safety services for the public by gathering, centralizing . Execute naval operations in the and disseminating information, following fields: including beacon services, hydrography, oceanography and • Surface navigation in general in the relevant • Submarine spaces or as determined by our . Air naval operations national interests.

10 - Chapter 10 - Armed Forces Tasks

5. Specific Air Force tasks and specific Air Force operational requirements. . Permanent control and surveillance of * Tactical air operations necessary to our airspace provide air support to ground forces . Immediate execution of the following by means of aircraft. operations: . Special operations to achieve Air . Airspace defense operations: Force objectives other than those Detection, identification, mentioned above. interception and destruction of targets Execute and coordinate air defense at a * Strategic air operations: Strategic national level air offensive, strategic air Execute and coordinate its specific air interdiction, strategic air defense exploration and reconnaissance. Provide security and defense to Air . Transport operations necessary to Force means meet the requirements of the Forecast and evaluate weather scenarios national-level joint military actions in specific geographical areas.

10 -87 PARTY Part V - Management of Defense

CHAPTER 11

ama

—Ml he following structures and • Threats and risks to national rV^/ concepts reflect the basic interests, comprising them into S^X criteria for the organization scenarios and determining their and general management of our National seriousness and likelihood of Defense. occurrence • The strategic conception to 1. Defense System structure prevent them, avoid them and, if necessary, to cope with them. The Defense System involves several national authorities, institutions and . Develop plans to prepare the entire organizations that coordinate inter- jurisdictional activities, and is based on nation for eventual armed conflicts. the society as a whole. . Develop planning activities both at a military and operational strategic Defense System's aims level. . Conduct war in all levels, including The organization of the National the national strategic level. Defense System is aimed at managing, • Conduct the Armed Forces and sectors governing and administering its sub- systems, so as to accomplish a high level in the country affected by the conflict National Defense in accordance with the involved at a military and operational requirements of the country. strategic level. . Prepare and execute national The main goals of the system can be mobilization actions. summarized as follows: . Ensure the execution of joint and,

. Inception and design of a national eventually, combined military defense strategy which should operations. basically include the following • Establish points of convergence in elements: order to establish possible alliances.

11-91 Part V - Management of Defense

System components CODENA (National Defense Council) Members of the Defense System CODENA is the legal body that provides assistance and advice to the include: President of the Nation: being the Ministry of Defense its working body. . The President of the Nation and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Permanent members Forces. • The President, who chairs the Council . The National Defense Council and will adopts decisions in all cases. (CODENA). • The Vice-President. . The National Congress, which plays • The Ministers two major roles: . The chief of the highest-level intelligence agency. . Exercising its constitutional powers Optional members already mentioned in Chapter 4. . The chairman of the Defense . On a daily basis, through the House Committees from both Houses of and Senate Defense Committees Congress and other specialized committees, . Two members from such Committees, which hold meetings with the one for the majority party and one for Ministers that assist the Executive the minority Branch, and through annual and periodic reports. Possible members . The Chief of the Joint Staff of the . The Ministry of Defense. Armed Forces, accompanying the . The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces Minister of Defense at the hitter's (JSAF). convenience. . The Army, the Navy and Air Force. . The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and Air . The Security Forces (National Force General Staffs, accompanying Gendarmerie and Coast Guard), as the Minister of Defense at the hitter's established by law. convenience. • The Argentine people, through their Occasional participants active involvement in compliance with . Other authorities or members of other the laws that require mobilization; civil government branches or specialists, as service and civil defense. determined by tho President.

11-92 Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense

. National Strategy Working Team (GRUTEN) * National Strategy Team (GAEN) . National Mobilization Working Team (GRUMO17)

These teams are formed by personnel from the Ministry, the Armed Forces and the concerned

Nary tactical divers (seals) operating with SH3 Naiy helicopter. government organizations .

Crisis Committee Whenever the President may deem This organization assists and advises necessary, a reduced CODENA team is the President of the Nation in the summoned to act as a Defense cabinet to military conduct of war and the advise and assist him in the exercise of his management of Operational Strategic political and strategic management of Commands. Defense matters, crisis management and supervision. Its members are the following:

National Defense Council's . The Minister of Defense, who is in Secretariat (SECODENA) charge of coordinating its actions. This body is headed by the Secretary . The Chief of the Joint Staff of the of Military Affairs under the Ministry of Armed Forces Defense, who uses his own organization. . The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and Air Its mission is to promote and implement Force (ieneral Stalls. the necessary actions to assist the CODENA or the Defense cabinet. The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces will be its working body, and its Deputy The following arc the SECODENA's Chief will act as the Committee's working teams created to accomplish its mission: Secretary.

11-93 Part V - Management of Defense

Service Chiefs of Staff Committee . The production of the annual (COMIJEM) budget for the Armed Forces and As we have seen, the idea of jointness the pertinent general plan for plays an essential role in the Defense equipping them. policy and it is considered one of the . Assist the Minister of Defense in: cornerstones of the system. . Issues concerning human resources required for the Armed Forces This joint body was created in order Reserve. to help achieve the above mentioned • Producing the Armed Forces Joint objective. The Chief of the Joint Staff Mobilization Plan. chairs the COMIJEM and the Chiefs of . The coordination of Armed Forces' the Army, Navy and Air Force General common aspects, especially as Staffs are the members to this committee, regards administration, legal which ensures and provides for the matters and logistics. continuity of such activities aimed at enhancing jointness. As a result of its The Armed Forces similarity to the Crisis Committee, the The Armed Forces of Argentina COMIJEM can perform both roles. comprise the Army, Navy and Air Force.

The COMIJEM reports to the They constitute the Military Ministry of Defense and its main Instrument of our National Defense and missions are the following: include personnel and equipment organized under a chain of command . To be responsible for: responsible for the conduct of all its . Setting priorities regarding subordinates. resources necessary to meet operational requirements. The Armed Forces have to comply . Integrating and/or complementing with an internal discipline regime and are communications and electronic governed in their actions by national and warfare. international laws applicable to armed . To be involved in: conflict. This is one of the pillars of our . Military organizational changes country's defense policy. aimed at implementing jointness. • Military mobilization The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and requirements. Air Force General Staffs report to the . Military strategic intelligence. Minister of Defense by delegation from • To participate in: the President and maintain a functional

11-94 Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense

relation with the Joint Staff as regards areas. Commanders-in-Chief (CINC's) are joint military actions. appointed by the President and report to him directly: they are responsible for the Responsibility of the Security military conduct of operations in the Forces assigned territory. The Security Forces include the National Gendarmerie and the Argentine In such cases, the powers of Coast Guard. In 1996, as part of the constitutional authorities remain in full comprehensive Government Reform force, and the Commander of the Theater process, a political decision was made to of Operations must coordinate with the transfer both organizations from the area civilian authority the actions required to of the Ministry of Defense to the accomplish his mission. Ministry of the Interior. This decision was embodied in Executive Branch Decree No. In the case of a federal intervention 660. pursuant to Article 6 of our National Constitution, an exception to this One of the Security Forces' basic principle will be made only if missions as regards national defense is the circumstances make it absolutely control and surveillance of our borders, unavoidable. Even in this case, the surrounding waters, and the custody of Judiciary will retain its full powers. strategic facilities. Under current With the previous approval of legislation that integrates these forces into Congress, the President can define the System of National Defense, their human resources and equipment, or a part of them, will be assigned to the Operational Strategic Commands and territorial commands, in accordance with the evolution of the conflict involved and the pertinent planning.

2. Basis for territorial and operational organization

The President is empowered by law to establish TJieaters of Operations, Army parachuters in an airborne exercise. determining the corresponding geographic

11-95 Part V - Management of Defense

DEFENSE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

GRUTEN co±i, PRESIDENT AND CRISIS GAEN National Defense COMMANDER .CouncjJ Secretary. COMMITTEE GRUMOVI 3* DEFENSE IN CHIEF STAFF

CHIEFS OF JOINT STAFF MINISTER OF STAFF DEFENSE COMMITTEE L ^n ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE

OPERATIONAL STRATEGIC COMMANDS ARGENTINE NATIONAL COAST GUARD

RELATIONSHIPS Organizational Planning and Training

Advise and Assistance Support

Functional — — - In the event of an armed conflict-

FIGURE 11-1

11-96 Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense

military areas subject to military custody The participation of National and protection on account of National Congress members in the System as per Defense reasons. our National Constitution enables access of parliamentary representatives into the On the other hand, the military system. strategic planning process might require the establishment of Strategic Areas, The Minister of Defense manages, Operational Strategic Commands and organizes and coordinates all defense Territorial Commands. The President of activities and tasks other than those the Nation commits forces with the advice reserved or performed directly by the of the Crisis Committee. Their President. Commanders report directly to the President in case of an armed conflict, and CODENA participates in the process to the Ministry of Defense - through the of identifying potential conflicts, adopting Joint Staff - for planning and training strategies and in the coordination of plans purposes. and actions required for conflict resolution. Therefore, a warning mechanism that considers predictable 3. Defense System - Its operation conflict situations and the appropriate response to each situation must be Decision and Rules of Engagement implemented and followed up. The President manages National Defense in his capacity of Head of State As already mentioned, there will be and Commander in Chief of the Armed occasions in which the president will Forces, under the terms established by our resort to the Defense Cabinet. National Constitution. The support to CODENA is provided With the advice of the CODENA, by its Secretary, essentially through the the President determines the contents and organization of working teams specialized guidelines required to elaborate the in strategy and mobilization. National Defense planning. The Joint Staff assists and advises The President is also in charge of the Minister of Defense on military both the general and military conduct of strategy and participates in the Joint war, with the advice and assistance of the Military Planning according to the CODENA and the Crisis Committee guidelines provided by the President respectively. through the Minister of Defense.

11-97 Part V - Management of Defense

The Chiefs of the Army, Navy and This legal premise implies that, Air Force General Staffs are in charge of military commanders must receive, in managing their respective organizations. addition to the classical orders for their They conduct the preparation for war of mission, tasks and the way to execute their respective operational elements and them, special instructions with clear and the logistic support therefor. They also accurate guidelines on the effective use < provide advice to the Joint Staff of the force. Armed Forces in joint military planning activities as regards the components, These provisions are especially dimension and deployment of their necessary in the current strategic Forces. environment as well as in a situation of conflict, given the large diversity of The Operational Strategic situations that may arise apart from tho: Commanders do not report to the Chiefs typical of a classical war. of the Army, Navy, and Air Force General Staffs but to political authorities, namely Rules of engagement are especially the President in case of an armed conflict important during crises, so as to avoid or the Minister of Defense in normal unwanted escalation of conflict, in situations. In other words, the decision on situations of tension and even when the use of military forces is in the hands necessary to prevent such situation -whii of representatives democratically elected sometimes arise from wrong perceptions by society, whereas the Chiefs of the of actions and attitudes adopted by Armed Forces general Staffs only provide military forces even unintentionally. for military force organization, training, readiness and logistic support. These instructions are known in the world as Rules of Engagement. They are Figure 11-1 illustrates the structure issued by the competent authority and and operation of the Defense System define the circumstances and limits to described above. which the forces will start or continue an armed engagement with other forces. 4. Rules of Engagement Rules of Engagement Objectives We have already mentioned the legal These rules represent a key element provisions for the conduct of military in the use of military force based on operations according to the rules of national objectives and their overall aims national and international law. are:

11-98 Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures of Defense

our national policy, the law and the military operation requirements.

Among other aspects, the Rules of Engagement also provides for the definition of a "hostile act", restrictions and conditions to open fire, the size and duration of the attack to be deployed, target limitations, tactical, technical and geographical space restrictions, etc.

Air force C-130 aircraf discharging cargo from the air. These Rules are especially useful in unclear conflict situations . To provide standard guidelines in and can be issued by the highest political- times of peace. diplomatic level of the Nation. They are . To enable control of the transition to a subsequently incorporated into the crisis, and from a crisis to a war. operating instructions of military . To control combat operations once authorities using the appropriate forces become involved in an armed operational terminology. conflict. In brief, the Rules of Engagement Their specific objectives are the represent a practical tool that provides following: rationality, proportion and humanity to the use of military force. • Political objectives: To ensure that our national policy is followed in the Some actual examples of the military sphere. application of this instrument by our . Military objectives: To provide security to the forces and to prevent country are the following: the possibility of an unwanted reaction from the opponent. . Permanent orders given to our Armed • Legal objectives: To ensure that Forces between 1982 and 1990 (when operations are executed according to diplomatic relations were restored with the law. Great Britain) regarding British military forces stationed in, or in Thus, the Rules of Engagement transit to, the Malvinas Islands. It is represent an inter-relationship between important to note that certain Rules of

11-99 Part V - Management of Defense

Engagement common to both report to the National Government or to countries' military were added to the the provinces. II Madrid agreements -which formalized that restoration- to prevent It is a functional, non-hierarchical undesired misunderstandings in the organization, which implies that agencies military field which might affect the forming the system are not linked by political and diplomatic process aimed command relationships but by at restoring relations between both coordination lines. countries. . Rules incorporated -upon instructions The head of the system who carries of the Foreign Ministry- to operating out management and coordination orders for the Argentine Naval Task activities is the State Intelligence Force providing logistic support to the Secretary in his capacity as Chairman of international coalition involved in the the National Intelligence Office (Central Gulf war in 1991, under a UN National de Inteligencia), which reports mandate. directly to the President of the Nation. . These concepts were incorporated into the curricula of regular courses of the Figures 11-2 and 11-3 illustrate the Command and Staff College and at system and its levels of activity. the Argentine PKO Joint Training Center (CAECOPAZ), because The top organization in the system is Peacekeeping Operations are a field the National Intelligence central. where these guidelines are especially necessary. The Joint Military Intelligence System Our country's regular use of this Military Intelligence organizations mechanism again reflects the effective constitute a particular subsystem within application of political guidelines at the the National Intelligence System called decision-making level. the Joint Military Intelligence System. Its organization is shown in Figure 11-4. 5. Joint Military Intelligence System - Parliamentary oversight This system reports to the President of the Nation through the Minister of The National Intelligence System Defense, whose main advisory comprises all the intelligence agencies of organization is the Joint Military the country, regardless of whether they Intelligence Committee.

11-100 Chapter 11 - Fundamental Concepts and Structures oj Defense

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA

C.N.I. (National Intelligence Central)" SIDE (State MINISTRIES Intelligence Agency)

DEFENSE K«NT STAFF NATIONAL GENDARMERIE INTERIOR ARMY GENERAt S ARGENTINE COAST GUARD ECONOMY NAVY GENERALL ARGENTINE FEDERAL POLICE FOREIGN AFFAIRS AIR FORCE GENERAL STAFF

FIGURE 11-2

Thus Committee, chaired by the The structure of the Joint Military Minister of Defense, is formed by Intelligence System is based on functional Ministry and by Armed Forces relationships between its members arid representatives. not on a command chain. The Chief of

NATIOAL SYSTEM ACTIVITY LEVELS

CNI j National Long -and medium- Term Strategic Intelligence. -"^^ ' ^ SIDE ) Short - Term Strategic Intelligence. • ^ • --. (EMCFFAA) Strategic Military Intelligence. -^ -\ FFAA j Military Specific Strategic Intelligence. -- -""^ FFSS ) Specific Security Intelligence.

FIGURE 11-3

11 - 101 Pan V - Management of Defense

Intelligence of the Joint Staff coordinates All military intelligence activities the whole system and provides the address only foreign issues since, according to the National Defense Act, guidelines required to obtain and produce such matters related to domestic policies military strategic intelligence only, i.e. of the country cannot be considered -in information on specifically military and whatsoever manner- as conflict hypothesis Defense matters. or scenarios for any military intelligence agency. From the organizational point of Finally; it is important to note that all view, every Service intelligence intelligence activities, including those in organization reports to its respective the military are under the permanent Chief of Staff and its personnel and oversight and supervision of the National budget come from its own Service. Congress Committee set up to that end.

PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA

JOINT MILITARY

Joint Staff Chief of Air Force Intelligence General Staff JII

(CCEEOO: Operational Strategic Commands) FIGURE 11-4

I •>••••!

11 - 102 Part V - Management of Defense

CHAPTER 12

he previous chapter included • Planning, managing and executing several references to the research and development activities of Ministry of Defense. To clarify interest for Defense. its functions, we will now proceed to a • Developing the policy and plans for detailed description of this Ministry's role national mobilization, including the as the political head of the National reserves. Defense area, entrusted to it by the • Coordinating aspects common to all President of the Nation, whom it assists in Armed Forces. all matters related to this area of • Managing the joint organizations that government and in the relationship with report to it. the Armed Forces. • Proposing the number of personnel from the Services as well as their distribution and, on a yearly basis, 1. Main Functions their promotions. . Administering military justice and The Ministry is responsible for, or discipline through its relevant courts. participates in, the following areas: • Coordinating the execution of Antarctic activities. . Setting its objectives and policies and • Determining joint military planning executing plans, programs and projects requirements. developed in accordance with the . Developing and applying principles guidelines issued by the National and regulations for Armed Forces Executive Branch. operation and employment. . Determining National Defense requirements. 2. Ministry's organization • Developing the draft budget of the Armed Forces and coordinating and The Ministry of Defense was allocating the relevant budgets. restructured by decree No. 1277 issued . Coordinating logistic activities of the by the National Executive on November Armed Forces. 7, 1996.

12-103 Part V - Management of Defense

Its structure was reorganized by: In another sphere, the Secretary develops and controls the implementation * An adaptation of its functions of research and development objectives, . A consolidation of activities policies and plans for the area, in • The elimination of duplications coordination with national plans in this . The upgrade of the command sector. structure . The elimination of one Secretariat, One of his objectives is to promote one Under-Secretariat and six General jointness in his area of competence, and to Directorates, and personnel, reduction coordinate this activity with other units by 30%. under his responsibility. The reduction in expenses resulting from these changes, the transfer of the He also participates in inter- Ministry's headquarters and the Joint ministerial actions related to the license Staff to the Libertador Building for arms exports and the resolution of (headquarters of the Army General Staff) discrepancies regarding sensitive material. in 1997, and the funds derived from the disposition of real estate, generated In addition, he coordinates resources which were allocated to the organizations that administer military modernization of the military. justice and discipline and sports activities for the Armed Forces personnel. The following Secretaries and Undersecretaries report to the Ministry. The following units report to this These units carry out the functions Secretary: described below and their organizational . The Under-Secretary for Policy and features are shown in Figure 12-1. Strategy: This is the branch supporting the Secretary for Military Secretary for Military Affairs Affairs. The Policy and Logistics This Secretary is the Vice-Minister and his main functions are to conduct the General Directorates, the Armed Joint Military Planning, propose national Forces Scientific and Technical Defense and Armed Forces' general Institute (CITEFA) and the National management policies, develop logistics, Antarctic Directorate (D.N.A.) report National Defense education, military to it. education and training policies, and . Organizations related to military provide advice on the Services' justice, national defense education international activities. and military sports.

12-104 MINISTRY OF DEFENSE ORGANIZATION

MINISTER OF DEFENSE "I k \l

1 SECRETARY FOR UNDERSECRETARY MILITARY AFFAIRS FOR PLANNING AND RHORQANI2ATION

UNDERSECRETARY UNBIR8ICRITARY UNDERSUBSECRETARY for FOR POLICY FORTfCHNICAL ADMINISTRATION and FINANCE AND STRATEGY COORDINATION MANAGEMENT

_ARMED FORCES SUPREME COUNCIL GENERAL _ARMED FORCES GENERAL GENERAL POLICY DIRECTOR GENERAL LEGAL AFFAIRS DIRECTOR . ADMINISTRATION .GENERAL PLANNING AUDIT OFFICE DIRECTOR DIRECTOR •PERMANENT WAR COUNCIL FOR ARMED FORCES CHIEFS AND OFFICERS

_HH1GH COURT OF ONOR -GENERAL LOGISTICS DIRECTOR . GENERAL SECRETARY DIRECTOR GENERAL HUMAN GENERAL REORGANIZATION FOR THE ARMED FORCES ~ RESOURCES DIRECTOR COORDINATION DIRECTOR -COURT OF HONOR FOR CHIEFS AND OFFICERS 9 .ARMED FORCES GENERAL -CITEFA .SUMMARY DIRECTOR •§ PROSECUTOR k™Ii — NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION bo

-ARGENTINE MILITARY SPORTS FEDERATION .NATIONAL ANTARTIC DIRECTOR , NATIONAL WEAPONS REGISTRY I I DECENTRALIZED FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE for MILITARY Military Geographic Institute AGENCIES RETIREMENT and PENSION

FIGURE 12-1 Part V - Management of Defense

Secretary for Planning and Under-Secretary for Technical Reorganization Coordination This Secretary centralizes, Because of the nature of his coordinates and controls National activities, this under-secretary reports Defense budgetary requirements. directly to the Minister, and carries out administrative documentation It is involved in the reorganization of the Armed Forces and promotes dispatching, follow up and filing activities. jointness in terms of personnel, accounting, budget, health care and other He also coordinates the legal office areas. and participates in all law and regulation's drafting activities related to It also coordinates the economic, the sector. financial, human, organizational, IT and administrative resources, with the aim of On the other hand, he provides strengthening the institutional and operating capabilities of the Ministry and advice on the legality of administrative the Armed Forces. acts, carries out their institutional defense and files disciplinary administrative It is involved in restructuring and proceedings. deregulation policies, and promotes the transfer of this sector's companies, Lastly, he supervises the national organizations and assets. weapons register (RENAR) as provided for in the National Weapons and Finally, it ensures financing for research and development plans in the Explosives Act No. 20429. Defense area and promotes their management control. The General Legal Affairs Directorate, General Secretary and The following units report to this Summary Directorates act within the Secretary: sphere of this Under-Secretary. . The Under-Secretary for Other organizations Administrative and Financial Management. The Administration and The following are some of the Human Resources General decentralized organizations under the Directorates report to this Under- Ministry of Defense: secretary. . The General Planning Directorate . The Military Geographic Institute . The General Reorganization (I.G.M.): Act No. 22963 and its Coordination Directorate. amending act No. 24943 establish the

12-106 Chapter 12 - The Ministry of Defense

mission of the I.G.M., which is to 3. Ministry Personnel develop basic official maps and to keep them permanently updated. It is Unlike other countries where the defense ministry's staff combines civilian also in charge of supervising and and military personnel in active duty who approving all publications circulating fill different hierarchical positions, the within the country where all or part of organization chart of the Ministry of the territory of the Argentine Republic Defense does not contemplate any is described or represented. positions for military personnel in such category. . The Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement and Pensions The personnel base is mostly (I.A.F.) is in charge of paying all civilian, while professional military advice military retirement and pension is permanently provided by the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces, which in turn benefits (see Chapter 20). assists the various areas of the Ministry both horizontally and directly. Finally, the Internal Audit Unit (UAI) examines and evaluates all the Though some positions are filled matters related to the Ministry's by retired military personnel, their activities, exercising comprehensive and presence is considered as individuals and integrated controls based on economy, is based only on political reasons or on efficiency and effectiveness criteria. their personal skills.

12-107 Part V - Management of Defense

CHAPTER 13

l.Role • Developing joint military planning activities ^~ni he political vision of the need • Controlling the operational strategic planning f x^y for integrated actions on the • Developing a joint military doctrine part of the Armed Forces was . Ensuring the efficiency of joint military conceived some decades ago. actions . Conducting joint military training In 1949, presidential decree No. activities 1775 created the Coordination Staff, which at the time reported to the After the new frame law on President of the Nation. reorganization, the role of this organization as regards logistical issues has been enhanced through the The Ministry Act enacted in 1958 assignment of the following new transferred the Coordination Staff to the responsibilities: Ministry of Defense. Later, in 1966, it was reorganized into the Joint Staff (Act . Assist and advise the Minister of No. 16970) and in 1969, through Decree Defense on the suitability and No. 739, its name was changed to the acceptability of equipment envisaged current denomination of Joint Staff of the in the joint military planning. . Advise on matters involving urgent Armed Forces. equipment requirements proposed by the Armed Forces according to their Main Functions suitability and consistency with joint According to the National Defense Act, planning requirements. the basic role of the Joint Staff is to assist . Coordinate the tasks undertaken as a and advise the Minister of Defense as result of the Military Instrument's regards militajy strategy, and participate reorganization whenever it is required in the following issues: to develop or integrate joint actions.

13 -109 Part V Management ofDefense

The guidelines for the Joint Staff functions are established by the President directly or through the Ministry of Defense.

2. Organizational structure

In August 1997, the Minister of Defense, with the approval of the President and exercising his legal powers, adopted the political decision to modify the organization of the Joint Staff. This was done under Resolution No. 1087/97, in order to enhance the reorganization of the Armed Forces following the Government Reform and Modernization process established by Executive Decree No. 558/96.

As a result of the structural modernization, the Joint Staff's Air Force Chinook Helicopter moving a 155mm operation was optimized according to its Annj/ cannon during joint exercises.

mission and main functions. Administrative tasks became more efficient and were redefined, and a personnel reduction of 37% was achieved.

A schematic description of the Joint Staff organization is shown in Figure 13-1, including the number of personnel assigned to it. Such personnel An Argentine Air Force aircraft fires over the position of a comes from the three Armed Forces in "TADIRAN" Amy multi-channel communications equipment an even proportion, so as to promote as part of the joint training carried out in the field. jointness in all functions and tasks.

13- 110 ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCES JOINT STAFF

JOINT CHIEF OF STAFF

JEZ33- • FOREIGN POLICIES DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE • SPECIAL POLICIES JOINT STAFF PERSONNEL • LIAISON WITH THE ARGENTINE PARLIAMENT Generals 2 STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTER Admirals 2

Brigadiers 2

Staff Officers 25

Chiefs and Officers 54

EDUCATION AND HUMAN NCO's 136 u INTELLIGENCE ' TRAINING RESOURCES sr Volunteer Force 16 PLANSAND MATERIAL »-* - COUNTER - INTELLIGENCE ' ORGANIZATION RESOURCES CO Civilian Personnel 36 ADMINISTRATION • OPERATIONS L FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND BUDGET TOTAL 273

• DOCTRINE

REFERENCES: 1 - Stars refer to General's rank or equivalent positions. 2 - Reporting to Chiefs or Directors are the Departments leaded by Colonels or equivalent officials.

FIGURE 13-1 3" Part V- Management of the Defense

3. Jointness Based on the Argentine defensive and deterrent strategy, jointness is Although the word "joint" was developed between the Army, the Navy known to the Armed Forces a long time and the Air Force. Although each has its ago, the concept of "jointness" had not own resources to comply with its specific been applied thoroughly for long. functions, jointness reinforces their capabilities and strengthens their power, It was only after the bitter flexibility, mobility and speed, thus experience of the Malvinas Islands enhancing their operational level as a conflict of 1982 that the need to whole. coordinate, harmonize and integrate ground, naval and air forces was Experience - especially in recognized. Since then, the criterion of Peacekeeping Operations such as in jointness began to prevail and joint exercises were increased as well as the Cyprus - indicates that objectives have responsibilities of the Joint Staff of the best been met when acting jointly. Armed Forces. Moreover, the control of these operations, once the forces have left the country, is The new duties conferred by the the responsibility of the foint Staff. A Reorganization Act to the Joint Staff tend similar concept is applied in the case of to emphasize this trend. The Act Strategic Areas, which arise from Joint emphasizes the concept of "jointness" in Military Planning and report the Joint different areas. Staff in terms of planning and training.

It is important to mention that the concept of the Argentine Joint Staff is that of a "coordinator" and that the General Staffs of the Armed Forces do not report to it but to the President through the Minister of Defense.

This approach leaves the Armed Forces sufficient freedom to carry out their specific training, while ensuring political leadership control over military An Army M-l 13 is loaded into the hold of a Navy transport vessel. operations.

13- 112 Chapter 13 - The Joint Staff of the Armed Forces

Construction of a tactical bridge by Army Engineers while an Air Force aircraft simulates an air attack.

Jointness guiding principles Unified command Jointness is based on an attitude Maximum integration of available forces involving organizations and persons and, Synergetic use of all capabilities in practice, based on the following Mutual support concepts: Shared doctrine

!*•••••

13- 113 PART VI Part V7 - The Military Instrument

CHAPTER 14

wrnu (7

—^ he wide geographical spaces Brigades are based on the weapon rr^/ characterizing the Argentine system involved. The member units \^,S territory have historically complement each other's functions and exercised a special influence on the thus provide operational autonomy. development of the ground forces, a factor especially emphasized by the This means that a Brigade is the topographical and climatic diversity of the smallest unit ready for independent country. combat, based on the interaction of its components. This feature demands In addition, a new demand has particular efforts in ground training. arisen for the international presence of the force, based on the country's involvement There are different types of in different types of peacekeeping Brigades: operations. . Armored Brigades, formed on the basis of three Armored Cavalry Regiments 1. Organization and deployment and one Mechanized Infantry Regiment, in addition to the pertinent The Army's main operational fire, combat and logistic supporting structure is based on Army Corps (Large resources. Its vehicles are designed for Battle Units) formed by Brigades (Large combat against armored units. Combat Units). . Mechanized Brigades, formed by two Mechanized Infantry Regiments and This core organization is one Tank Cavalry Regiment, in complemented by a School Brigade addition to the pertinent fire, combat reporting to a Military Schools and logistic supporting resources. Command. These Brigades are provided with different types of armored track The Army structure also comprises vehicles, suitable for infantry combat, the Buenos Aires Military Garrison and land exploration and combat against the Army Air Command. tanks.

14-117 Part VI - The Military Instrument

Mountain and Forest Brigades formed resources, even the heaviest ones, which by two or more Infantry arid made them less speedy and mobile. Mountain or Forest Cavalry Instead, the present Logistics Support Regiments, in addition to the Bases only send out a small portion of pertinent fire, combat and logistic their resources (all of them being light in supporting resources. The units nature) and remain in place to support forming these Brigades are equipped the Brigades operating in the area, acting with light equipment easy to transport on the basis of geographical criteria. by horse and mule, in the case of Mountain Brigades. To support Argentine Airborne Brigade, whose structure is commitments towards world peace, the based on two Parachute Regiments, in Army and its counterparts in other addition to the pertinent, fire, combat nations have joined the Multinational and logistic supporting resources. Fast Deployment Brigade iSHlRBRIG) Their material and equipment is that will operate under the UN. A light designed to be transported, landed reconnaissance sub-unit was organized for and eventually launched from aircraft this purpose. during flight. /Ml its members are capable of parachuting directly into With the aim of providing the the area where military operations are desired excellence in Service members' to be carried out. education and training, the School

Recently, the Arm}- created an Air Assault Battalion capable of displacing part of its resources with its own helicopters.

The Army has reorganized its logistics structure, previously based on Logistical Battalions that had to accompany the movements of the Groups of "PALMARIA" Army vehicles, executing fii\-support Brigades with all their for the maneuver.

14- 118

Part V7 - The Military Instrument

CURRENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY

CHIEF OF ARMY GENERAL STAFF

Deputy-Chief

General Staff

III Operations

Systems, Comm Recruitment nformation \lohi!i/.;ition Dirfctoratt Directorate

V Army Corps

X Army Bs. As. Mechanized III Education Aviation Military Brigade Command Garrison Command

FIGURE 14-1

14-120 Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army

Brigade was organized in 1991. This This has resulted in smaller, more School is formed by all schools of the flexible and mobile units, with improved various Services. operational capabilities.

The above changes were Unit concentration has allowed accompanied by a series of measures optimizing both the operations and the aimed at reorganizing the Regiments, administration of the Service. An example Combat Support Battalions and other is the reduction of the number of organizations and units from 287 to 144 organizations, in order to adjust them to during the period 1983-1998. the Volunteer Service requirements, to group training needs and to the The Combined Weapons Elements rationalization of the administrative (EAC) organization started in late 1997 structures.

^

Effective launching by an Army "PAMPERO" Multiple Launcher.

14- 121 Pan VI- The Military Instrument

CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY Army Corps Level

"V ^1

XXX Liull*- CORDOBA

BUENOS AIRES MILITARY INSTITUTES COMMAND

REPCBLICA ARGENTINA

XXX

BAHiA BLANCA22* 1 :i ,5 r »

1

FIGURE 14-2

14-122 Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army

with the creation of Detachments on the basis of an Infantry Regiment, an Artillery Group and an Exploration Section.

The Executive recently approved the creation of the Combined Weapons Detachment "San Julian", in the province of Santa Cruz. Studies to organize new EAC on the basis of existing organizations Fire position of an "OTO MELARA" 105 mm caliber artillery piece during exercises in the Argentine forest. continue. . Combat support, a responsibility of Figure 14-1 shows the organization the Engineers and Communications Branches together with Intelligence chart of the Armv'j s senior level and structure, while figures 14-2 and 14-3 and Army Aviation organizations. show its territorial deployment. . Logistical support, a function basically performed by Combat Support Services. 2. Equipment and assets In this sense, many direct action Tactical units are provided with organizations are basically equipped with various types of military equipment, different types of mechanized and which allow them to perform their armored vehicles, personnel transport functions in modern combat fields. Some vehicles and various helicopters and aircraft which operate in close contact examples are: with ground units. Combat organizations designed to operate in the mountains and . Close combat, an activity performed forests are equipped with light materials, by Infantry and Cavalry the same as airborne units. organizations. . Fire support, performed by the various With regard to Fire Support types of Artillery units. resources, they are incorporated into the

14-123 Part VI - The Military Instrument

CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY Brigade Level

XII

POSADAS

x SANTA ROSA

II \ PARANA NEUQUEN REPUBLIC A ARGENTINA GUAR. MIL. MAT* POUT ICO BS. AS. TANDIL CAMPO DE MAYO

• iix f 'OMODORO ?..„ UVADAVIA REFERENCES

RIO GALLEGOS

FIGURE14-3

14- 124 Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army

Campaign Artillery or Air Defense belong to the so-called TAM (Argentine organizations. Medium-sized Tank) category. Reconnaissance aircraft and helicopters As regards the materials provided have also been incorporated. to the combat support organizations, they are designed to facilitate the movements Following the same plan, the units of the Service's own resources in the have been equipped with modern battlefield and restrict the movements of portable ordnance and individual the adversary, and allow operational equipment, different types of surveillance control and command through the use of radars, and optical and communications last-generation technologies. material.

With respect to Combat Support As regards education and training, Service Units, thev have the materials s different simulators were incorporated and required to perform material supply and modern equipment being developed in the maintenance functions, as well as medical country will also be added. A Training functions. Center as also created to train and test combat resources in the field with material In order to provide or recover for and equipment similar to those normally service a large part of the materials used. detailed above, the Army has undertaken a plan aimed at recovering and incorporating material meeting current requirements and suited to the new organization. Some measures adopted were the mechanization process and the increase of Infantry firepower as well as the increase of Cavalry combat power.

As a function of the above, mechanized combat vehicles, tanks, armored Artillery vehicles, mortal- carriers, and other units have been incorporated, all of which Personnel Transport Combat Vehicle (TAM) crossing a river.

14-125 Part VI - The Military Instrument

EQUIPMENT OF THE ARGENTINE ARMY

Basic Combat TYPE MODEL QUANTITY Tanks TAM 230 AMX 13 56 SK 105 IIS SHERMAN 70 Combat Vehicles Semitrack 126 TAM (VCTP - VCTM - 160 VCPC) 323 VCTPM 113 30 AMX (VCTP - VCDT - VCPC) Exploration Vehicles PANHARD 48 MOWAG 47 GLOVER 9(1)

Fire Support Armored artillery 155 mm AMX cannon 24 155 mm VGA - TAM cannon 17 Medium artillery 155 mm cannon 109 Light artillery 105 mm Howitzer 70 Heavy Mortars 120mm 360 Anti-aircraft Artillery 40 mm cannon 76 30 mm cannon 21 Self-propelled projectile 2 groups

Air Exploration and OVIDMOHAWK 23 Reconnaissance Attack Helicopters A 109 AUGUSTA 5 General Purpose FIAT G 222/TWIN 18 Aircraft OTTER/MERLIN/CASA 212 General Purpose AUGUSTA/UHIH/UH 27 Helicopters 205

) = Purchased from Great Britain in 1997; currently serving in the Cyprus peace mission - UNFICYP

TABLE 14-4

14-126 Chapter 14 - The Argentine Army

The main equipment of the Army in-depth conceptual transformation of the can be seen in Table 1 4-4. model that prevailed during the last few decades. 3. Personnel This new scheme, called Plan 2000, completed its experimental phase in Table 14-5 shows the approximate 1997 and at present is in its general personnel currently serving in the Army. implementation phase. It is scheduled for completion in 2003. The main Academies and Institutes where the different personnel Thus, the Army has reorganized its groups are trained are the following: the resources on the basis of two large groups Army Higher Education Institute, the engaged in different activities: National Military Academy, the Army Command and Staff College; Technical Higher School; NCO Academy "Sargento Cabral" and the "General Lemos" NCO Academy for Combat Support Services. All these organizations report to the Military Schools Command.

Officers 5,300

NoiYcommissiones officers 20,600

Volunter troops 15,500

TOTAL 41,400

TABLE 14-5

4. Development concept

In parallel, the Army has Woman Anny Non-Commissioned Officer wearing desert clothing and armed with modernized its organization through an a 7.62 mm PAL gun.

14-127 Parr V7 The Military Instrument

The second group is called Variable Use Forces and is organized and equipped so as to allow the Army to carry out its functions within and outside the national territory.

Because of their versatility, autonomy and location these Forces allow the country to be ready to give the necessary, adequate UH IH "BELL" helicopter lifting a light vehicle during exercise cat tied out by the Army's Air Assault Detachment. and sustained response in th various scenarios where the The first one is a set of military interests of the .Argentine Republic are a units geographically distributed stake. throughout the country, and operates in the areas of the national territory where Variable Use Forces are located in they are located. They are called Regional central regions of the national territory, Use Forces. are provided with significant combat power and are able to move quickly to These Forces are organized, places where contingencies requiring thei equipped and trained to act in the various presence arise. geographical regions of the country (mountains, desert, high plateau, forest, Some of their main functions etc.) in the cases mentioned above, and include the capability to move outside tl they assist neighboring communities country to comply with Argentina's struck bv natural disasters. international commitments.

I« *•••!

14-128 Part VI - The Military Instrument

CHAPTER 15

<7

—,U| he protection of Argentina's Readiness Commands manage p^}/ interests over the sea zones and prepare the forces and units assigned, V^^/ located next to its coasts or which are formed by ships, submarines, beyond them, whether acting jointly with aircraft and Marine Corps units, other countries or independently, requires according to the Navy's plans and a wide range of military capabilities. policies. Their objective is to provide and sustain adequate and timely resources The dimension of the areas required for Naval Operations Training and the execution of the Naval involved and the requirement of naval Operations performed by the Navy. forces to perform those functions are significant and the resources are always These Commands are: proportionally scarce. . The Surface Fleet Command, located The geography and the maritime at Puerto Belgrano. In turn, this and fluvial interests that Argentina needs Command comprises: to defend form the basis to design a desirable Navy; resources and smartness • A Destroyer Division for anti- will determine the actual Navy. surface and anti-submarine operations and anti-missile defense. 1. Organization and deployment . Two Corvette Divisions for anti- submarine defense, sea control, Figures 15-1 and 15-2 show the ecology and electronic warfare. current organization and deployment of . An Amphibious Naval Command the Navy. responsible for planning and executing amphibious operations The operational organization of and air defense tasks. the Service is based on two concepts: the Readiness Commands and the Naval . The Submarine Force Command, based Areas, both reporting to the Naval in Mar del Plata, comprises the Operations Command. following:

15- 129 Part VI - The Military Instrument

CURRENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ARGENTINE NAVY

CHIEF OF NAVY NAVY SECRETARY DEPUTY CHIEF OF GENERAL STAFF STAFF OF THE NAVY GENERAL

GENERAL MATERIAL GENERAL STAFF NAVIGATION DIRECTORATE DIRECTORATE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT GENERAL PERSONNEL DIRECTORATE CHIEFS OF: SOUTH ATLANTIC • POLICY & STRATE< SEA AREA NAVAL EDUCATION • PROGRAMS & COORDINATION & TRAINING DIRECTORATE BUDGETS • NAVY'S INFORMATION ACADEMIES TECHNOLOGY AND INSTITUTES SERVICE

INTELLIGENCE SERVICE NAVAL OPERATIONS NAVAL OPERATING COMMAND CONTROLLER

Sea Fleet Submarine Naval Aviation Marine Corps • Weaponry & Electronic Command Force Command Command Warfare • Communications • Rescue & Chemical- Biological Nuclear • Search & Rescue Antartic • Fishing Affairs Austral Naval Area Naval Area

Naval Shipping Traffic Command

FIGURE 15 -1

15 - 130 Fleet main units operating in the Southwestern Atlantic. Part VI - The Military Instrument

* Submarine Units with anti-surface Base. It concentrates combat an and anti-submarine capability, anti-submarine aircraft forming capable of carrying Tactical Divers Fleet's Air Naval Group. (Seals) and Amphibious Air Naval Force No. 3, based at Commands the Almirante Zar Air Naval Ba; . Tactical Divers Group (Seals) provided with Exploration and J . Submarine Search and Rescue Surveillance Squadrons, Electroi Groups Surveillance and Mobile Logistii . The Mar del Plata Naval Base, providing logistical support to the Support. Submarine Force. The Naval Air Training Command and the Naval Aviati The Air Naval Command, based at School based at the Punta Indio Puerto Belgrano. The following Naval Air Base; the Advanced organizations report to this command: Training and Attack Squadron a . Air Naval Force No. 2, based at the Aerophotographical Group the Comandante Espora Air Naval report to this organization.

Super Etendard SUE Navy fighter launching an "Exocet" missile.

15 - 132 Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy

CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE NAVY MAIN OPERATIONAL COMMANDS

"

PUNTA INDIO MR NAVAL EDUCATION] K X & TRAINING i

MAR DEL PLATA REPUBLIC A SUBMARINE FORCE j if SEA FLEET MARINE ARGENTINA It CORPS FORCE MAT* fOUTICO OMCMU

Rin r.Ai.LF.r.os AUSTRAL MARINE CORPS FORCE RIO GRANDE

FIGURE 15 - 2

15 - 133 i Part V7 - The Military Instrument

The Marine Corps Command, based at • Marine Corps Battalion No. 3 will Puerto Belgrano, has subordinate be based at Zarate, to perform multipurpose forces that were recently fluvial and coast operations. reorganized and that are in process of modernization. It is formed by: • The Baterias Marine Corps Base, which provides logistical support • The Surface Fleet Marine Corps to the Fleet Marine Corps Force Force, based at Baterias and to the Marine Corps Battalion Headquaters. It carries out No. 3. amphibious tasks and is integrated by: On the other hand, Naval Areas The Marine Corps Battalion are responsible for providing logistical No. 2. support, through their bases, to The Command and Logistical operational units based in their Support Battalion jurisdiction or to units of any task The Amphibious Vehicle organization carrying Out operations in Battalion their area of responsibility. The Campaign Artillery Battalion No. 1 Some of them have permanently The Air Defense Battalion assigned resources that are appropriate for The Group of Amphibious the area, such as fast boats, patrol boats, Commandos mine hunters and patrol ships, but when specific situations come up within a given . The Southern Marine Corps Force, Area, other operational units are assigned based at the cities of Rio Gallegos accordingly. and Rio Grande, which operates in cold areas and on the particular In addition, each Naval Area has terrain of that region. Its function different responsibilities in accordance is to contribute to sea control. It is formed by: with the specific areas where they exercise their jurisdiction. The Marine Corps Battalion No. 4 On the other hand, the The Marine Corps Battalion Operational Analysis, Weapons and No. 5 Electronic Warfare, Communications, The Rio Gallegos Naval Rescue and QBN Defense, Fishery Issues Detachment and Search and Rescue Services provide The Rio Grande Naval specialized complementary activities in Detachment essential operations performing areas.

15- 134 Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy

In particular, through the National Sea SAR Agency the Navy exercises its legal powers as provided for in Act 22445 as regards safeguarding human life at sea according to the international commitments undertaken by the country under the Hamburg Treaty in the frame of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

Other organizations . South Atlantic Maritime Area Coordinator

The South Atlantic Maritime Area (AMAS) was created by a recommendation of the Inter American Committee for Sea Traffic Defense at a meeting held in Buenos - shipping safety support provided Ity the Naval Hydrography Service. Aires in 1965. This area comprises the seacoasts of Brazil, Uruguay and « Naval Hydrography Service Argentina. The members of this organization are Argentina, Brazil, Act No. 19922 is the instrument Paraguay and Uruguay. establishing the mission and functions of this Service, whose mandate is to AMAS is represented by a coordinator "provide nautical security to the that becomes the Area Commander in Nation". To this effect, the Service wartime. The first South Atlantic maintains its assistance systems Maritime Area Coordinator (CAMAS) updated in accordance with technological advances in the area and was formally designated in Buenos with the international agreements Aires in August 1967. In peacetime, signed by the country. the Camas's functions are performed on a rotating basis by Argentina, Its main duties are the following: Brazil and Uruguay. publish conventional and special

15 - 135 Part V7 - The Military Instrument

nautical charts, including river Submarines: sketches; publications such as . The Submarine Force has two TR navigation charts, lists of 1 700 submarines, one IKL 209 and signals; tide tables and nautical submarine and a rescue ship. almanacs; warnings to mariners; radio Air Naval Force: warning service; tide forecasts; sea . The Air Naval Training Command ha beacons and the official time. 10 Turbo Mentor (T-34 C) aircraft, 8 Macchi (MC-32) aircraft, 2 Beechcraf 2. Equipment and assets (B-200F) aircraft, and 1 Porter (PL- 6A) aircraft. The equipment of the Naw is . Air Naval Force No. 2 has 5 Turbo detailed in Table 15-3. Tracker (S-2T) aircraft, 5 Sikorsky (SH-3) helicopters, 2 Augusta (PH-3) Surface: helicopters, 11 Super Etendard (SUE) Four ship divisions form the aircraft, 5 Alouette III (AI-O3) Surface Fleet, which is organized by ship helicopters, and 4 Fennec (AS-555) types to facilitate training and helicopters. maintenance control. . Air Naval Force No. 3 has 4 Orion (P- 3B) aircraft, 3 Fokker (F-28) aircraft, . The Amphibious Naval Command has Electra (L-188W) aircraft, and 5 two T-42 destroyers, one transport Beechcraft (BE-200 M/G) aircraft. ship, general support ships and a Naval Beach Detachment (Sea Bees). . The First Corvette Division Command has three A-69 corvettes. . The Second Corvette Division has four MEKO 140 corvettes. . The Second Destroyer Division has four destroyers. . Support ships: Logistical, oceanographic, hydrography and patrol ships.

Marine Corps troops disembarking from an amphibious vehicle.

15 - 136 Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy

EQUIPMENT OF THE ARGENTINE NAVY

^7AVY PURPOSE TYPE CLASS QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATED

Combat Destroyers T42 2 Meko 360 4 Corvettes A 69 3 Meko 140 4 2 Submarines TR 1700 2 209 1

Patrol Avisos ATF Cherokee 3 ATA Sotoyomo 1 Marsea 1 Patrol craft 2 Fast craft Liirsen 148 2 Fast patrol craft Dabur 4

Logistics Transport Costa Sur 3 Tank 3

Training Rigged 1

Research Oeeanoaraphic ship 1 Beacon ship Red 1 1 Hvdrographic ship 1 Hvdrographic craft 2

Mine Warfare Mine hunter Ton 2

Polar Icebreaker Varsillia 1

TABLE 15-3

15 137 Part. VI - The Military Instrument

PURPOSE TYPE CLASS QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATE!

Others Floating dock 1 Harbor tugs 12

NAVAL AIR OPERATIONS

PURPOSE TYPE QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATED

Basic training T-34C 10 Attack SUE 11 Advanced training and attack MC-32 8 Exploration and Surveillance P-3B 2 2 L-188W 1 BE-200 M/G 5 Transports (log. Supp.) F-28 3 Anti-submarine S-2T 5 Helicopters SH3 5 PH3 2 AI-03 5 AS-555 4 UH-IH 8 Photography B-200F 2 PL-6A 1

MARINE CORPS TYPE MODEL QUANTITY TO BE INCORPORATED

Amphibious vehicles LVTP-7-A1 21 LARC-5 13 Exploration vehicles PANHARD 36 Multipurpose vehicles HAMMER 3 137 Field artillery 1 55 mm-NA howitzer 4 MOR 1 20 1 2 1 05 mm-NA howitzer 6 105 howitzer CN 105 6 Ottomelara 12 Anti-aircraft defense CN 40L HS 12 MS RBS-70 6

TABLE 15-3

15 - 138 Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy

The education and training of the various groups is carried out in the Schools and Institutes reporting to the Naval Education and Training Directorate. Some of them are the Naval University Institute, the Naval Academy, the Naval Command and Staff College, the Navy Officers Academy, the Navy Non- Commissioned Officers Academy and the Marine Corps Academy.

IKL 209 submarine cruising along the coasts 4. Development concept of Tierra del Fuego.

Marine Corps: It is difficult to design an intermediate Navy such as that of the The Marine Corps either has J incorporated individual equipment and Argentine Republic, especially because of the size of the geographical scenario. As it ordnance to operate in any type of cannot be prepared for everything, it is environment, or is close to doing so. It is necessary to assign priorities to the provided with short and medium range resources selected. anti-tank material and the support material (guns) required for artillery fire It would be wrong to define our support, particularly suited to amphibious naval forces by proportionally reducing and coast operations. In addition to its the large models existing in the world. communications equipment it is incorporating resources that meet C3 12 requirements. It also has the ground Officers 2,300 displacement resources required for Non-commissioned officers 13,400 amphibious operations. Volunteer Troops 1,500 TOTAL 17,200 3. Personnel TABLE 15-4 Table 15-4 shows the approximate personnel currently serving in the Navy.

15 - 139 Part VI - The Military Instrument

The nearly certain consequence would not provide the required deterrent would be a Service inadequate for its capability. strategic purposes, in addition to probable technical inconsistencies. The involvement in international naval blockade or maritime interdiction The size of the main mission operations such as those of the Gulf War assigned and the vast maritime spaces and Haiti implies the need for long- encompassing the Argentine jurisdiction distance projection capability. and area of interest where the Navy must exercise Control over the Sea and Force No naval resource, whether Projection lead us to consider that this ground, submarine, air or marines, can by Navy should have the characteristics of an itself satisfy all the requirements which oceanic navy. the Navy is called upon to meet. All these resources have their own characteristics With this oceanic profile, the Navy which, when combined, optimize their will be able to exercise the following strengths and mitigate their weaknesses. functions: The adequate combination of • Defense in Depth systems with different but complementary • Presence in the sea capabilities creates a multiplier effect. The • Projection capability removal of a part of that force can affect overall capability. While individual This means that the core of the platforms can be oriented towards the operational forces should be able to performance of specific tasks, the whole separate itself from land-based logistics must form a balanced naval force, which facilities and carry out its operations with should provide the following main the resources on board. capabilities:

Logistical autonomy optimizes . C3I2 deterrence, because it provides not only . Anti-surface, anti-aircraft and the capability to defend territorial integrity but also facilitates the use of the anti-submarine resources far from the country's territory. • Air naval attack, exploration A navy lacking oceanic characteristics and air defense

15 - 140 Chapter 15: The Argentine Navy

Amphibious, over limited . Air and floating mobile logistics objectives or in coasts with • Other specific and support tasks scarce defenses Submarine attack The modernization undertaken by Coastal defense, based on mining the Argentine Navy is based on these and mine sweepinglumting guidelines.

*s f"5_( ^j

an Exocct missile from a MEKO 360 destroyer

15 - 141 Part VI - The Military Instrument

CHAPTER 16

he intangibility of air space Air Operations Command and the large dimensions of The mission of the Air Operations Argentine air spaces spreading Command is to plan and conduct training over national jurisdiction land and sea activities for the operational resources areas are the main factors that determine and operational support resources, and to the structure and deployment of the Air execute in due time any airspace Force. operations and special tasks entrusted to it. The essential importance of the Service for efficient jointness also affects To training effects, the Air those aspects, while its mobility and Operations Command has Brigades and redeployment capability make it a natural Air Bases forming Air Groups and/or asset, contributing to the country's Squadrons, as well as Technical Support international project requirements. and Logistical Support Squadrons which allow it to train the personnel to perform the various Airspace Operations and their 1. Organization and deployment respective Operational Tasks and Operational Support Tasks. At present, the Air Force has an organic structure allowing it to comply Personnel Command with all its operational, administrative The main role of the Personnel and logistical obligations and Command relates to personnel education, responsibilities, on the basis of Four training and welfare, and participate in Superior Commands: their training through the various Schools and Institutes • Air Operations Command • Personnel Command Air Regions Command The basic function of the Air . Air Regions Command Regions Command is to exercise the . Material Command (Logistics) powers provided for in act 17285 "Aeronautical Code" and its amendments

16-143 Part VI - The Miittary instrument

according to act 21521, "National Material Command (Logistics) Aeronautical Police" and act 12945 The Material Command provides "National Meteorology Service". It also technical and logistical support for the manages air traffic, communications, Argentine Air Force and its main role is to aircraft and personnel registration and plan and manage the Service's material certification, the promotion of civil logistics. aviation activities, the prevention and investigation of civilian accidents in the Its structure is mainly formed by national territory and jurisdictional the following units: waters and other associated responsibilities, consistent with the . Rio IV Material Area: Its main country's international commitments role is to implement major within the frame of the International Civil maintenance work plans and Aviation Organization (ICAO). aviation material research, development, repair and To accomplish its tasks, the Air manufacturing activities. Regions Command has adopted an * Quilmes Material Area: Its mair adequate organization to carry out the responsibilities are to repair and specific functions of each of its areas. maintain aircraft, helicopters, Thus, the following organizations report engines, propellers, instruments to this Command: and fittings, electronic equipment, heavy vehicles and . Central Air Region automotive vehicles. . Northwest Air Region . Palomar Supply Group: This . Northeast Air Region organization is very important . South Air Region because it receives and delivers a the materials supplied to the Air In addition to the Air Regions Force, from airplane spares which carry out such obligations in their through engines, electronic and respective geographical areas, a group of communication systems, to the Services and Directorates in charge of individual equipment for each specialized tasks also report to this soldier. Command: • Cordoba Material . National Weather Service Administration Group: This . National Aeronautical Police group was created after the Directorate privatization of the Cordoba • Air Traffic Directorate Material Area. Its functions are

16-144 *„ iW«"";* * * "f, ' "X'4, •""* ' • tf f-', ?*' ^ > ^ •* -V *- -c- ^ r « 8 B-l^ugols „ r^

"* " ', - .

,-.. *:.

'""' Z&,,. -.^-*e~r-> P;:^'< i^^^f^T^S''4- '

T/tc new A4-AR's first flights in Argentina. Part VI - The Military Instrument

CURRENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ARGENTINE AIR FORCE

CHIEF OF AIR FORCE GENERAL J.I STAFF PERSONNEL J. II INTELLIGENCE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE J.lll AIR FORCE PLANNING

J.IV LOGISTICS

PERSONNEL AIR OPERATIONS MATERIAL AIR REGIONS COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND

I AIR BRIGADE • RIO CUARTO MATERIAL • NE AIR REGION (TRANSPORT AND SEARCH AREA AND RESCUE) II AIR BRIGADE — • QUILMES MATERIAL AREA • NW AIR REGION (EXPLORATION & RECONNAISANCE) in AIR BRIGADE (TACTICAL — • PALOMAR SUPPLY GROUP • CENTER AIR REGION OPERATIONS) IV AIR BRIGADE • CORDOBA MATERIAL • SOUTH AIR REGION (MOUNTAIN TRAINING & MANAGEMENT SEARCH & RESCUE) GROUP V AIR BRIGADE • WEATHER SERVICE (STRATEGIC, TACTICAL & DEFENSE OPERATIONS) VI AIR BRIGADE - • NATIONAL AERONAUTICAL (STRATEGIC, TACTICAL POLICE DIRECTOR & DEFENSE OPERATIONS) VH AIR BRIGADE • AIR TRAFFIC DIRECTOR (TACTICAL OPERATIONS AND SEARCH & RESCUE) IX AIR BRIGADE (TRANSPORT) MAR DEL PLATA AIR MILITARY BASE (ANTI-CRAFTDEFENSE) RIO GALLEGOS AIR MILITARY BASE AIR SPACE SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL GROUP ELECTRONIC WARFARE GROUP

FIGURE 16-1

16-146 Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Force

achieve its objectives in each of the above operations are the following:

Strategic Air Operations - Two "DAGGER" airplane squadrons - Two A4-AR squadrons - Electronic Warfare and Exploration and Reconnaissance Systems

'-•>,- *^£ Airspace Defense Operations - One MIRAGE III/EA squadron - Missile Weapon Systems The Air Force's Mirage IJIfEA interceptor - Anti-aircraft Artillery Systems filter aircraft. - Air Space Surveillance and to control and follow up the Control Group work to be performed for the Service by Lockheed Aircraft Tactical Air Operations Argentina S.A. - Three IA-58 "PUCARA" squadrons One MS-760 squadron Electronic Warfare Weapon System 2. Equipment and assets Exploration and Reconnaissance To carry out its operational Weapon System responsibilities through effects on material Transport Weapon System targets, the Air Force performs the so- Search and Rescue Weapon System called "air operations" which, according to the aims pursued, can be the following: Air Transport Operations - One BOEING B-707 squadron 1. Strategic Air Operations - Two HERCULES C-130 squadron 2. Airspace Defense Operations - One FOKKER F-28 squadron 3. Tactical Air Operations - One FOKKER F-27 squadron 4. Air Transport Operations - One TWIN OTTER DHC-6 squadron 5. Special Operations Table 16-4 summarizes the main equipment currently available to the Air The combat and operational support Force and indicates the unit to which they resources employed by the Air Force to are assigned.

16-147 Part VI - The Military Instrument

CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE AIR FORCE Main Operational Units

RECONQUISTA_ III AIR BRIGADE

PARANA II AIR BRIGADE

EL PALOMAR

MARIANO MOREN VII AIR BRIGADE MERLO AIRSPACE CONTROL / SURVEILLANCE GRO MAR DEL PLATA MILITARY AIR BASE REPUBLIC A ARGENTINA

:OMODORO RIVADAVIA

FIGURE 16-2 16-148 Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Fora

Air control and air defense equipment Air Force 20 nun Oerlikon cannon and TP5-43 radar.

Air Force Bell B-212 helicopter for air SAR and Antarctic activities.

16-149 Part VI - The Military Instrument

CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF THE ARGENTINE AIR FORCE Air Regions and Material Areas

REPOBLICA ARGENTINA •unpouneeoncwi

COMODORO RIVADAVIA

FIGURE 16-3

16-150 Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Force

EQUIPMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

RESOURCES M ATERIAL NUM BER UNIT TO BE IN CO RPO RATED D efensive M IRAGE III EA 14 VI Air Br Attack M -5 / F/ M -5A 23 VI Air Br A4-AR 8 V Air Br 28 Fire Support PUC ARA IA-58 39 III Air Br Transport BOEING-707 3 I Air Br C-130 14 I Air Br 4 I Air Br FOKKER F-28 10 I & IX Air Br FOR KER F-27 6 IX Air Br TW IN OTTER 5 II Air Br IA 50 Search and Rescue BELL-212 4 VII Air Br UH-IH 10 VII Air Br 17 V II Air Br HUGHES 369/500 Strategic an d BOEING 707 2 I Air Br Tactical LEARJET 35 A 3 II Air Br 2 II Air Br R econnaissance IA 50 Advanced Training PAMPA IA-63 14 IV Air Br M S-760 10 IV Air Br Primary Training TUCANO EM B- 27 E.A .M . A ir Force 31 2 A cadem y B a sic Train ing MENTOR B -45 30 E.A.M . A ir Force A cadem y A ir defense ROLAND 3 B AM -M .D.P. B AM -M .D.P. 35 M M 1 86 III-IV -V- 20 M M VI-IX Air Br - BAM GAL-BAM M DP A ir Space TPS-43 6 FIELD Surveillan ce and RADARS C ontrol

TABLE 16-4

16-151 fart V7 - The Military Instrument

Air Force Lear /ft 35a reconnaissance aircraft flying in fonnation.

3. Personnel The main Schools and Institutes reporting to the Personnel Command Table 16-5 shows the approximate where the different personnel groups are personnel currently serving in the Air educated and trained are the following: Force. the Military Air Force Academy; the Air Command and Staff College; the Air Force University Institute; the Non- Commissioned Officers Academy and the TABLE 16-5 Ezeiza Training School.

Officers 2,300 4. Development concept iNon-Commissioned Officers 9,300 Volunteer Troops 1,500 The adjustment of the Air Force to current requirements is being carried out TOTAL 13,200 through a medium and long-term plan based on the concept of rationalization.

16- 152 Chapter 16 - The Argentine Air Force

The objectives of the plan are to . The training level and quality, improve all the operational capabilities according to the technology contributing to the deterrent strategy being incorporated and based adopted by the Nation. on the intensive use of simulators. This criterion implies the . The quality of the personnel and of the curriculum. selection of global modernization programs allowing the qualitative Equipment modernization will be enhancement of the institution. based on interoperability and multipurpose use criteria. These programs contemplate an adequate balance between: The permanent strategic deployment will be redefined and the • The need for system resources will be concentrated in relative modernization, taking into positions allowing the maximum account the age of the utilization of the infrastructure, the present material, as the rationalization of operational and technological aspect is a logistical tasks and the reduction of crucial factor in the operational expenses. It also includes the capability of any Air Force. concept of redeployment air bases.

16-153 PART VII

it> Part VII - Equipment

CHAPTER 17

* t the highest level, logistics In brief, at Defense policy level, S~~\ /2/C are a Part °f Defense Logistics integrate civil and military ^—

17-157 Part VII - Equipment

, The consent of all the participants in the logistical area to carry out coordination activities as a means to limit deficiencies, optimize resource use and avoid effort duplication. < Mutual support through permanent information exchange. , Inter-service cooperation by means of their remaining logistical capabilities. • Studies for joint undertakings. * Standardization of logistical Construction of a floating KRUPP bridge over a river, procedures. Standardization of resources which can be used by more than one Service. The role of the JSL was recently • Developing a catalog of the resources strengthened through an updated set of based on the procedures and methods regulations set forth in Resolution No. provided by the National Catalog 460/98 of the Ministry of Defense and Service also because it was included, with special responsibilities, in the Armed Forces JSL activities Restructuring Act. The Board is headed by the Ministry's Under-Secretary for Policy and Strategy. Other members are the Logistics General Director (coordinator), the JSAF Logistics policy criteria Logistics Director and the officers The main concept is that any joint responsible for logistics areas within each logistical activity must be the result of Armed Force. close coordination, whether through the joint execution of actions or through The JSL is the main organization information exchanges. assisting the Minister in the following aspects: logistics policy development; the The special policies encompassed mechanisms to implement such policies; financial support for joint projects; by the recent Ministry resolution include: national and international cooperation;

17-158 Chapter 17 - Logistics

joint acquisitions; Research & These specifications are called DEF Development, and the promotion of joint Standards, which are mandatory personnel training in specialized activities. references in the Armed Forces and Defense organizations. One of the JSL's important functions is matching the mobilization Act 19900 created the National requirements derived from the respective Catalog System, the national cataloguing plans. authority, reporting to the Ministry of Defense as enforcement authority. This Another coordination activity is system establishes a common language for the development and updating of joint material administration and the ensuing maintenance capability catalogs. Material relationships between users and suppliers. registers are prepared in the various areas so as to allow the inter-service use of the National and international facilities based on regional criteria. cooperation As regards standardization, on the All these initiatives are in turn basis of an agreement between the related with the resource rationalization Ministry of Defense and the National policies described in Chapter 8, Point 3. Standardization Institute (the former Argentine Material Standardization Institute), any DEF Standard capable of 2. Material cataloguing and being applied to private use can be turned standardization into an IRAM-DEF standard. Thus, several standards were generated, such as Denomination, description, Color Tables, Textile Material Tables, classification and coding are activities Sanitation Use Tables, and National included in material cataloguing and, Material Classification Tables. together with standardization, form one of the bases for joint logistics. With regard to cataloguing, Argentina has been considered by NATO Following this criterion, more than as a cataloguing country for 27 years and 2000 standards have been developed for a is thus capable of assigning its own codes, similar number of military supplies, which are recognized by all the member including administrative methods and countries. procedures aimed at promoting equipment interoperability and decreasing After some years of interruption, procurement and maintenance costs. our National Catalog System (SENC)

-159

1 Part VII - Equipment

signed a sponsorship agreement with the Defense equipment and infrastructure, NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency applicable to the various missions and in 1997, which confirmed this time- functions, from specifically military ones honored relationship and opened new to community support schemes. fields for cooperation with such Organization. Projects in the internal planning phase and proposals under study over After signing this agreement, which no final decisions have been SENG started to participate in AC/135 reached are not included. (NATO's national catalog directors group) meetings and attended those held in San A4 AR Fighter Bomber Aircraft Diego, Luxembourg and Brussels. This project contemplates the incorporation of 36 aircraft of this type, A cooperation agreement between with the aim of replacing material lost in SENG and its Brazilian counterpart was the 1982 conflict. The program implies also signed in 1997, and a similar the acquisition, overhaul and agreement was entered into with the modernization of nine aircraft, to be Spanish catalog agency. carried out at the Lockheed plant in the US. The remaining aircraft will be These recent instruments, together produced in our country through the with the previous agreements signed with company Lockheed Aircraft Argentina Germany, the Netherlands and France, S.A., a concessionaire of the former constitute a significant source of exchange Cordoba Material Area. The project between the SENG and its counterparts in includes pilot courses in the US and important countries, and, in its special Argentina as well as maintenance and field, represent an additional source of flight simulator courses. support for the regional and international projection Defense policy. P-3 Aircraft The program includes the incorporation of 4 P-3 ORION long-range 3. Equipment and infrastructure exploration aircraft, which will contribute programs to complement naval sea control capabilities, and includes 3 aircraft to be Based on the transparency and used as a source of spares. These aircraft confidence-building policy already will be acquired via a transfer made by the mentioned, we will now describe some of US Navy under section 5 16 of the US the main projects under way in the area of Foreign Assistance Act.

17-160 Chapter 1 7 - Logistics

been delivered. The two remaining units (ARA "Robinson" and ARA "Gomez Roca") are scheduled to be put into service in 1999 and 2000 respectively. Ships of this type provide complementary services, mainly in national sea patrol and control tasks.

Armored vehicle modernization These programs include Past and present: Old A4-B/C fighter bombers and at the back, wheeled armored vehicles with 90 the new A4-AR. mm cannons for exploration, the UH-IH Helicopters optimization of the 20 mm turret This program involves the transfer M-113 and the recovery of armored of 28 units from the US Army under the vehicle transports. FMS program. 20 will be for the Army and 8 for the Navy. Modernization of the anti-aircraft defense artillery system S2 Aircraft upgrading This program includes the The engines and avionics of five of completion of fire control directors, the these units, adequate for anti-submarine modernization of 35 mm guns provided operations, which belong to the Argentine with firing directors, the Roland system Na\y, are being modernized by the Israeli and the completion of the electronic aviation industry. The first one has warfare system. already been modified in Israel and the others are being overhauled in air naval National Air Space Surveillance repair shops in our country. and Control (Radar Acquisition) Plan MEKO 140 Corvettes This program implies the This program implies the procurement of equipment meeting the completion of the construction program in our country (by AFNE - State-owned requirements of modern air navigation, Naval Shipyards and Plants) of this type the ongoing increase of air traffic and the of ships under a German license. Four performance of the aircraft that operate in units out of the initial six have already Argentine skies.

17 - 161 Part VII - Equipment

F/«t Units. At the forefront, a MEKO 140 Corvette built in our country (AFNE).

The plan contemplates the geographical spot, close to Comodoro integration, in successive stages, of long- Rivadavia. range three-dimensional radars, primary radars for approach control and secondary Through an agreement between the single-pulse radars for route control. It provincial government and the Argentine also includes the modernization of the Navy, the project includes the assignment Area Control Center equipment and of a dock sector with its support facilities. software. This project represents a naval support point in our long sea coast, which will Caleta Paula Naval Station contribute to fishing resource control This project is located in the activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone Province of Santa Cruz and is included in and to sea control in general. The costs of the development of a fishing port at this the basic work are paid by the

17-162 Chapter 17 - Logistics

government of Santa Cruz, including the adjustment of the Nation's capabilities to living quarters for the personnel and their Defense requirements. families. The Ministry of Defense, in Its creation was authorized by compliance with the guidelines set forth Decree No. 1360/98 of the National in the Restructuring Act, is finalizing the Executive Branch. consolidation of a mobilization bill that is to be addressed by CODENA (National Ushuaia Naval Base Dock Defense Council). This project includes the construction of the new military dock at The mobilization can take place in Punta Observatorio. peacetime, during conflict escalation, crisis, war, postwar or international crises, San Julian Detachment as well as during community support Decree No. 362/98 of the National operations or when support is provided to Executive created the organic Detachment friendly countries. of Mechanized Brigade XI, based at this locality. The criterion as regards the The mobilization includes contribution to the cost of the work by summoning persons for Civilian Defense the Province of Santa Cruz is similar to Services, and the indemnified requisition that of the Caleta Paula Naval Station. of personal goods or services as an extreme measure. Such actions are based on a decree of the National Executive, 4. National mobilization which will determine the mobilization policy and the approval of the Joint From the conceptual point of view, Military Mobilization Plan, which forms this activity consists in the utilization and part of the National Mobilization Plan.

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CHAPTER 18

ww

" policy for this field is Within the above frame and with included within the higher the involvement of different government frame of the national sectors, wide powers were given to the economic policy aimed at the reform of Legislative branch as regards privatization the Government, which implies going process control. The institutional from a "Businessman State" model to organization of the privatization process another model where private activity is shown in table 18-1. prevails within a deregulated context. Such Act not only established the The Armed Forces Restructuring privatization process but also included a Act is encompassed within such context, proven after continuing in force for 10 certain number of companies that were years. This Act includes similar principles declared "subject to privatization". That for future action. number was enlarged by Acts 23389 and 24045 for the sphere of the Ministry of Defense. 1. Sector deregulation The program was developed taking The Government Reform into account National Government undertaken by the Government of the policies, Service requirements as regards Argentine Republic essentially represents a critical military production material, and vast structural transformation process the situation of the state-owned inserted within a legal frame aimed at companies. efficiency and modernity. Taking into account the The Government Reform and mechanisms established in the law, the Administrative Emergency Act No. 23696 was enacted on August 18, 1989, together Ministry of Defense proceeded to exclude with a set of complementary regulations from its area of influence most of the that supported the above mentioned companies declared "subject to transformation. privatization" by such acts.

18-165 I Part V7f - Equipment.

Villa Maria Military Factory (limited production) Fray Luis Beltran Military Factory (limited production)

Companies Petroquimica General Mosconi, residual Tanque Argentine

tank built in the country by TAMSE, during training. Mediano S.E. (TAMSE) and the ex

Militar^y Aircraft FactoryJ still remain within the sector and are pending Subsequent!}', complying with dissolution. Executive Decree No. 464/96, the Military Factories General Directorate was transferred to the Ministry of Economy 2. Future orientation and Public Works and Services, with the following residual entities and Section 21 of the Armed Forces establishments whose privatization had Restructuring Law established the basic not yet taken place (the present situation guidelines on production for Defense. of each is indicated): Such guidelines shall orient future actions in this area, based on the principles that RJO Tercero Military production for Defense should: Factory (chemical plant in production, mechanical . Encourage private interest and plant in limited production) intervention, San Francisco Military . Promote research of dual technologies Factory (privatized) serving Defense, Azul Military Factory . Endeavor to achieve partnerships with (limited production other countries for such purpose, activity) • Study and implement actions allowing Domingo Matheu Military to maintain and acquire indispensable Factory (dissolved and in logistical capabilities which, being process of being sold; its difficult to obtain during crises, should equipment were transferred be permanently available within the to F. JL Beltran) country,

/ 66 PRIVATIZATIONS REGULATORY SYSTEM

ARGENTINE CONGRESS ACT 23.696

ARGENTINA ACCOUNTING OFFICE Oversight Agencies as per Section 20 Ley 23.696 CONGRESS _ Coordinating Body COMMITTEE Section 14 Act23.696 AUDITING OFFICE I ^^ forGOVERNMENT \^ OWNED COMPANIES j

NATIONAL EXECUTIVE BRANCH PROVINCE GOVERNMENT! DECREE 1.105/89

Section 11 Act23.696 MINISTRY OF ECONOMY MINISTERY OF LABOR AND AND PUBLIC WORKS SOCIAL SECURITY SERVICES (Worker's ownership Program) MINISTERY Section 15 Decree. N9 1.105/89 OF DEFENSE ARGENTINE GENERAL •§ Enforcement Authority Section NOTARY PUBLIC ARGENTINE 13 Ley 23.696 CENTRAL BANK i Qo

NATIONAL i DEVELOPMENT BANK OR ANY 0-THER OFFICIAL APPRAISSAL Oo AGENCY

05 •v) TABLE 18-1 Part \ II Equipment

components. Standards and procedures should also be established for the procurement and/or transfer of the associated technologies.

In order to achieve the objectives underlying the above guidelines, the Ministry of Defense will develop the pertinent documents establishing the criteria and standards for the subsequent development of an Organic Act for Defense Production by the Air Force Pampa IA-63 aircraft built in the country, flying in for/nation. National Defense Council. . Provide a legal frame for the control functions exercised over the activity by the Government through the Ministry of Defense. These control functions should be strongly linked to resource procurement, and to science, technology and innovation for Defense. Production for Defense should also include the standards and procedures governing product exports as well as the exports and imports of supplies that will CALA 30 (Long-range Argentine cannon) during a firing test. become part of our defense systems, subsystems and/or

*•* «•••!

18 I6H Part VII - Equipment

CHAPTER 19

n the world scene, knowledge 1. The National scientific and technological reorganization nas become a new strategic factor. This has led to changes The perception of these new in the nature of military affairs and to the characteristics and demands of the appearance of "soft power" as a decisive modern world has resulted in a element in military operations. reorganization of the national spectrum in this area, within the frame of the A new value is thus placed on structural transformation and technological strategy as one of the modernization of the Argentine cornerstones of Production for Defense, Government. and on Research and Development (R&D). The Scientific and Technological Center (GACTEC) The GACTEC was created by R&D provides technological Decree No. 1723/96 of the Executive, solutions to recognized operational needs, within the area of the Presidential Chief regardless of whether the resources are of Staff, who chairs this center. ultimately obtained locally or abroad. GACTEC's objective is to make Particular restructuring and decisions on the policies, priorities and on modernization policies lead to the budget resource allocations for the permanent need to provide a national public sector science and technological development capability technology areas in order to contribute to economic growth, public welfare, within the country, especially with regard education and public health improvement, to those systems and materials whose environmental protection and to international availability is normally guarantee the National Defense. conditioned and which are difficult to obtain in crisis situations - especially now, Its permanent members are listed when crises always come about suddenly. below:

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The Minister of Education personalities of the business and 1 he Minister of F.conomy scientific-technological sectors of the Fhe Minister of I lealth and country, working on an ad honorem basis. Social Welfare The Foreign Minister GACTEC"s functions comprise the The Minister of Defense following: The Secretary of Natural Resources and Sustainable . Approving the National Development Multiannual Science and The Secretary of Strategic Technology Plan and its yearly Control of the Presidential revision. Chief of Staff's Office . Defining the annual revenues (President of the Executive and expenditures budget for Committee) science and technology to be The Secretary of Science and incorporated into the National technology of the Ministry of Budget Bill. Culture and Education . Defining the Public Investment (executive secretary) Program for such areas, to be incorporated into the National Public Investment Plan. . Proposing policies to promote the private sector's involvement in scientific and technological development. . Proposing guidelines for international cooperation policies in this sphere, especially those linked to regional integration processes and to the development of strategic technologies. • Determining major priority Oceanographic research activities. areas for research as to medium and long term strategic The decree establishes that definition, with special GACTEC shall receive the advice of a reference to the ongoing Consultative Committee formed by improvement of: Chapter 19 - Science and Technology

. Education . Health , Environmental Protection . National Defense . 1 he productive sector

An Executive Committee formed by representatives of the jurisdictions whose Ministers are permanent members has been set up to follow up the actions of this plan.

2. The structure of science and technology for Defense Tasks of the Air Force National Meteorology Service.

The Ministry of Defense is a member replacing the Minister and as a member of the GACTEC, being member of the Executive Committee. represented by the Under-Secretary of Policy and Strategy as an alternate The following organizations are available within the Defense sphere:

. The structure of the Ministry, according to the responsibility and task distribution established by the regulations in force. . Other organizations within the jurisdiction whose tasks include R&D: The National Antarctic Directorate, the Military Geographic Institute, the National Member of an Argentine Antarctic Base canning out scientific activities. Meteorology Service, the

19- 171 Part VII - Equipment

Technology for Defense and in other national spheres.

3. The Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute (CITEFA)

It is the only joint organization dedicated to Female Nary officer carrying out .scientific activities. scientific and technological activities and to research and development to meet National Defense Air Force University Institute, requirements. Its purpose is to maintain the Naval Hydrography Service our military potential in permanent and the Naval Research and evolution. Development Service. . T]^e Armed Forces Scientific and At present, the Institute occupies Technical Research Institute 16 hectares with facilities covering 23,000 (CITEFA), the main nr. Its main job is to produce studies and organization executing R&D developments required by the Armed activities for Defense. Forces with the approval of the Ministry . Over 580 scientists and of Defense, and to maintain, update and technicians managed by the enhance its own capabilities in the field of Ministry of Defense under the military technology in order to meet Armed Forces R&D Personnel future requirements. Regime (Decree No. 1324/68). . Armed Forces' specialized militaiy personnel with specific CITEFA not only promotes academic and technological technology acquisition but also training, able to contribute to contributes to the exercise of efficient all phases of Defense controls over undue technology procurement processes. proliferation by providing advisory services to the committee created by Tabk 19-1 shows a comparison Decree No. 603/82, already described in bct\\een investments in Science and Chapter 6. Chapter 19 - Science and Technology

Research and Development fields 4. National Defense in the The main fields of knowledge in National Science and Technology which CITEFA develops its R&D Multiannual Plan 1998-2000 capabilities, within the frame of the This plan has two main objectives. international commitments undertaken by The first one is to continue with the Argentina, are classified as follows: transformation of CITEFA's organization and operations with the aim of increasing . Conventional weapons applied research efforts in areas of . Electronics, Optical Electronics military and dual nature. The second is to and Communications keep up the commitment to maintain and . Solid state physics, lasers and update human and technological their applications capabilities in the areas, laboratories and disciplines defined by the Ministry of . Applied chemistry Defense as being of special interest for the . New materials technology Armed Forces. . Toxicology, pests and pesticides (only cooperation for the The plan contemplates the private sector). promotion and enhancement of our integration with Mercosur countries in the area of Defense research and Prototypes developed by CITEFA development through joint projects, have gone into the production stage and particularly with Brazil, Chile and many of them are being used by the Uruguay. Armed Forces. In-depth work will be carried out Some of the main projects to define the actions required to increase successfully completed include different knowledge and technology transfers to the private industry. New companies and types of surface to surface rockets with small and medium-sized industries will be their multiple launchers, anti-tank missile created to this end, coupled with training systems, various types of guns, artillery programs executed jointly with more and mortar ammunition, night vision developed countries in order to systems, laser telemeters, air to surface incorporate know-how and advanced rockets and missiles, upgrading of foreign technologies, in order to increase our weapon systems, simulators and extension capabilities and reduce project execution of missile life. times within the sector.

19- 173 Part VII - Equipment

EXPENDITURES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING 1997 1997 BUDGET PERSONNEL ORGANIZATION (Millions of $) EXPENDITURES RESEARCHERS (%) National Universities 123.8 92.0 9896

SECYT 6.8 5.3 Science and Technology Office Science and Technology 53.4 Promotion Agency CONICET 198.3 73.7 3150 National Scientific and Technical Research Center CNEA 113.3 51.4 536 National Atomic Energy Commission INTA 128.4 80.8 1019 National Agribusiness Technology Institute INTI 34.2 56.8 514 National Industrial Technology Institute SEGEMAR 20.3 66.4 100 Argentine Geology Mining Service INA (former INCYTH) 15.1 56.7 107 National Water and Environment Institute CONAE 22.5 28.5 65 National Command for Space Activities Argentine Antarctic Plan 11.3 55.7 —

CITEFA 15.2 77.4 112 Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute ANLIS 28.2 55.6 70 National Health Laboratories and Institutes INIDEP 11.6 73.9 106 National Fishing R&D Institute

TOTAL 782.4 15675

Source: National Multiannual Plan 1998-2000 TABLE 19-1

19-174 Chapter 19 - Science and Technology

5. Cooperation in the national Scientific and Technical Research Center sphere (CONICET). Such activities are oriented towards dual issues related with National Science and Technology activities Defense in the military or civilian area for Defense, mainly concentrated in and are applicable to industry, health and CITEFA, are also related with other agriculture and livestock. institutions, both governmental and These activities are related to the private. Laser, Optical Electronics, Microelectronics, Sensors, Corrosion, In line with the new policies Toxicology and Pests and Pesticides areas. applied in the area, the "Constituyentes Technological Complex" was recently Similarly, many subjects addressed created. The National Atomic Energy in several of CITEFA's scientific and Commission (CNEA), the National technical areas to carry out Defense- Industrial Technology Institute (INTI), related tasks are associated in varying the Argentine Geology Mining Service degrees with environmental aspects or (SEGEMAR), the National University of provide significant support to the study of San Martin and CITEFA form it. This this issue and its relationship with private Complex was based on a Scientific, activity. Academic and Technical Cooperation Agreement signed within the frame of the In the toxicology field, the Pest and GACTEC. The agreement coordinates the Pesticide Research Center (CEIPEIN) various common activities, and services carries out chemical, biochemical and such as technology transfer, training, biological studies related with pesticides search for financing, contracts and and with their action and toxicity on licensing are exchanged between the different insect pest species. institutions involved and their social and In addition to studying productive environment. phenomena related to laser instability and developing power lasers, the Center for Other exchanges include joint works with other organizations such as Laser Research and Uses (CEILAP) Applied Research (INVAP), the National develops remote sensing and detection Antarctic Directorate and the National systems to determine parameters and Mining Technology Institute (INTEMIN). atmospheric contaminants.

Various activities are carried out in The Center for Corrosion Research the joint centers CITEFA/National (CEICOR) carries out atmospheric and

19-175 Part VII - Equipment

microbiological corrosion studies and with the Missile Technology Control investigates corrosion inhibitors. Regime.

The Solids Research Program 6. Possibilities for international (PRINSO) is engaged in studying solid cooperation electrolytes for cathodes and semi- The National Science and conductor materials used for infrared Technology Multiannual Plan is oriented radiation detection that can be applied to both towards developed countries and to the development of sensors for countries located in our region. environmental applications. Thus, a frame agreement on R&D contributions are also made technology exchange in areas of mutual to other national sectors, such as a hail interest was signed between the Ministry control space project based on satellite of Defense of our country and the US information, the development of Secretary of Defense. irradiating systems for satellite antennas and tests involving metal exposure to the On the other hand, CITEFA has Antarctic environment. entered into exchange agreements with the Brazilian Ordnance Industries and Together with the San Martin with the Uruguayan Army, while National University and with the agreements with other countries, related involvement of its researchers as teachers, with other subjects such as the CITEFA gives Master courses on environment, are being negotiated. "Chemical Emergencies" and "Pests and Pesticides". It has also signed cooperation Furthermore, within the non- agreements with other university proliferation policy mentioned in academic centers. Chapter 6, CITEFA's applied chemistry laboratory participates in the series of Cooperation activities are also international inter-laboratory comparison developed with the National Airspace tests (Round Robin Tests) of the Commission within the frame of the Organization for the Prohibition of National Space Plan and in areas related Chemical Weapons.

19-176 PART VIII

\ Part VIII - Humans Resources

CHAPTER 20

he cornerstone of National while civilian personnel will be the subject Defense is formed by its matter of Chapter 22. human resources. 1. The characteristics of the Taking due consideration of military profession constitutional provisions and on a comprehensive basis, human resources are In Argentina, the military career related in the first place to active military has a legal basis, presently provided by personnel. But the human component of Act No. 19101 and by the regulations Defense is not limited only to soldiers in specific to each Service as a function of active service. All citizens that acquired the different requirements derived from the status of reserve personnel, the their respective spheres of action. civilian officers and employees of the Ministry of Defense and other The military personnel organizations within this jurisdiction, and the technical, teaching, administrative organization established by the law and scientific personnel of the Armed comprises the permanent rank, which Forces are also part of our human includes the personnel on effective active resources. duty, and reserves, subjected to the different conditions established in the law: An emblematic group of veterans is incorporated reserves and reserves out of formed by all the persons that duty. participated as recruits in the South Atlantic War from April 2 to June 14, The first significant characteristic 1982.' of this profession is the military condition of its members, which constitutes a legal This chapter will deal with general status based on the duties and rights aspects related to military personnel, established by the laws and regulations.

'"These War Veterans are the beneficiaries of Act. N" 23.109 (1984). The Ministry of Defense and the Services have set up orientation offices for them.

20-179 Part W// - Human Resources

Forest Specialized Infantry Patrol during field training.

The following are some of the main . The prohibition to perform essential obligations characterizing the elective public functions and to military condition of personnel in active participate, even indirectly, in service, which differentiates them from political part}' activities. civilian professions: Retired personnel have the . The subjection to military obligation of accepting military functions justice and discipline, an if and when summoned. obligation also applicable to retired personnel. On the other hand, the military • The performance of any tasks, career takes place within a strict functions and missions ordered. hierarchical system based on a rigid chain • The prohibition of performing of command and authority derived from functions or working in areas military hierarchies, and a very other than in the military structured, pyramidal and quantitatively activity without previous restricted promotion regime, based on authorization. excellence criteria.

20-180 Chapter 20 - Military Personnel

One characteristic of the military Within the. sphere of the Armed profession is that no requirements are Forces, this fact is reflected in the spiritual imposed as to religious beliefs (non- care of catholic personnel by chaplains confession all. from the Military Bishopric.1

I his freedom of conscience and 2. Fully professional Armed Forces religion is a principle recognized by the National Constitution. The military A.ct No. 24429, enacted in earlv therefore enjov due freedom to practice 1995, introduced a significant change to their personal beliefs. the Defense policy by implementing the current Volunteer Service (SMV), which The Constitution also sustains the substituted the previous System of Roman Catholic religion, a provision Conscript (SMO) in force for the last 100 derived from the historical and cultural background related to the predominance of this creed in Argentina. The SMO fulfilled a very important role that transcended the mere requirements of the Services, as it also acted as an instrument for the geographical, social and cultural cohesion of the Argentine society, which in the early 1900's included large numbers of immigrants.

The experiences of the 19S2 South Atlantic conflict resulted in the initiation of studies within the Services and led to new- experiences (such as that of the Air Force Fin1 Fighting Team training O O o Argentine Navy as from 1988).

'•'' Its predecessor, the Militmy Viamate, goes back to the the Treaty signed in 1957 with the Holv See. hi 1 9Sf), the Vatican raised it to its current rank. It cn/iys the autonomy of a territoral diocese and ivas ratified as .nidi by the 1993 Agreement.

20-181 Pan V7/7 - Human Resources

is established by the President of the Nation on an annual basis, based on proposals submitted by the Minister of Defense. Volunteers can carry out operations, logistical and administrative tasks. The incorporation age ranges from 18 to 24 years (minors require a legal authorization). Volunteers may remain in the

Marine Corps troops during an attack exercise against Services as soldiers until the age beach under hostile control. of 28.

If the quotas are not The acceleration of social and covered, the Executive Branch, with the authorization of the National Congress, political changes in the country led to the can exceptionally summon citizens under elimination of the system of conscript, the terms of Act 17531 of the SMO, and a model based on professional which is still in force. Persons thus volunteers was adopted. summoned who state objections because of deep religious, philosophical or moral The main aspects of the SMV are convictions must comply with the the following: Substitute Social Service, carrying out the following tasks: . It is a service provided by Argentine men and women of their * Civil Protection and Defense own free will with the aim of . Health, social or educational contributing to National Defense. services • Environmental preservation . The personnel thus incorporated is classified as Volunteer Troops as In the three years elapsed since its determined by Military Personnel implementation, the SMV has proven Act 19101. that it can satisfy the requirements of the . The number of soldiers and the modern Services that Argentina needs to quantity of personnel per Service meet the challenges of future scenarios.

20-182 Chapter 20 - Military Personnel

3. The reserve system The development of the new reserves system must be closely The recent discontinuation of the linked with the general System of Conscript, its substitution by restructuring of the Armed the professional volunteer system and the Forces, their dimensions and new guidelines established by the Armed deployment, including the Forces Restructuring Act have led the definition of the legal Services to study the integral change of instruments governing the the reserve force model to be employed. subject, as well as their summons in case of a national This process is affected by the mobilization. reduction of the troops incorporated since Reserves would complement, the enforcement of the voluntary regime, not replace, regular forces. and the progressive decrease, up to its The incorporation and extinction, of the reserve formed by the eventual deployment of the previous conscription system. An reserves would require a additional impact has come from the previous process to validate tactical and technological changes their training level. In this occurred in present military operations. sense, reserves could receive Another aspect that adds to the part-time training on the basis complexity of the problem is caused by of different degrees: the different requirements and modalities of each Service. • A first reserve formed by the personnel from the At present, the Ministry of previous group of officers Defense is carrying out studies and and NCO's that have drawing on the experience of countries retired, resigned or been where this subject has been exhaustively dismissed. developed (such as the US) or is being • Personnel from military developed (such as Spain). A visit and high schools and other information exchange program has been Armed Forces schools, and put in place for this purpose, though this volunteers who have ceased does not imply that an identical system to serve, will be established. • Personnel incorporated for Though we have only started to fixed periods. address this issue, it is possible to . The legally available, anticipate the main lines of work: untrained reserve.

20-183 Pnrt \lll Human Resources

Different treatments would 4. Women in the Armed Forces have to be applied to officer and NC'O reserves and to The incorporation of women into soldiers. the Services dates to a few decades back. Gradually, through the adaptation to the country's social and cultural changes, (he Services enlarged the scope of work of female military personnel.

At present, women from the reserves (Military High School) or from civilian life are serving as officers, NCO's and volunteer soldiers and contribute their particular abilities in the professional, combat support and logistic1 fields. Thus, they are on an equal footing as regards the requirements, obligations and rights imposed on all military personnel by current regulations.

ivviiuin pilot officer entering the cabin of an Army OVID "MOHAWK" reconnaissance and exploration ilft

I he investment in a reserve system would have to be directly related to the investment made for the training and resources of permanent A woman NCO iwrkiiig in the Operations Center of a Nary unit. military organizations.

20 184 Chapter 20 - Military Person/iff

Women are also involved in our 1997 with their admission into the Army peace missions abroad, and have Military Academy, the Command Corps, participated in more than 50 such and to the artillery, engineers and missions in the Cyprus and Croatia communications braiiches. operations. The integration of women into the At present, it is usual to see female Military Instrument not only requires personnel in Staffs, different types of cultural adaptation as regards conduct military units, ships, bases, operation but also represents a special challenge as centers and even in Arm}- aircraft. Their to infrastructure, and has different involvement in military institutions features in each Service, because of its significantly increased as from the particular characteristics and sphere of implementation of the Volunteer Service activity. in 1995. The Argentine experience shows Women's participation in the that female personnel are fully prepared Armed Forces also increased significantly to participate in military roles, have no from the qualitative point of view as from difficulties in complying with the functions entrusted to them and show a great deal of enthusiasm, decision, working spirit, competitiveness and desire to excel.

5, Military retirement

This important institution that also characterizes the military profession is substantiall)' different from civilian pensions. Retirement is not a system based on seniority; rather, it constitutes a basic element for conduct, forming ihe pyramidal organic structure of the Armed Forces and is one of the Air Force Female NCO's recciring professional training. bases of the reserve system.

20-185 Part VIII - Human Resources

The main aspects of the military . The only circumstances that career and the requirements of the armed release a person from military organizations that generate the need for condition are resignation or the military retirement concept can be dismissal, which imply, together summarized as follows: with the release from the military condition, the forfeiture of the . The pyramidal nature of the right to retirement benefits and of Services automatically generates a any pension fund contributions progressive reduction in the paid. available vacancies as people are • The specific nature of professional promoted. This lack of vacancies military training is a serious leads to the need to set aside members who do not access such obstacle against the reinsertion of vacancies even before they reach military personnel in other work the retirement age established at areas when leaving active service. national level. • The military personnel's work . The military career requires activity is subjected to increasing upgrading and a requirements different from those progressive increase in prevailing in the civilian sphere: requirements according to the successive ranks and roles. The law Exclusive, full-time dedication establishes that persons who fail to with no extra pay. meet these requirements are Impossibility to carry out any obliged to retire, as there are no other remunerated activities. positions that they can fill. Instability as to permanent . Persons leaving active service, residence. whether voluntarily or as a Demanding physical activities consequence of the law, must and risks implicit in military continue to maintain -as described operations. before - their military condition and meet many of its - Age restrictions according to requirements. Retired personnel operational missions. are members of the reserves as a consequence of National Defense Military retirement is associated requirements, and may be with the assignment of a benefit based on summoned again into active a scale, as a function of the years of service. Such service cannot be service accumulated at the time of service avoided. cessation.

20-186 Chapter 20 - Military Personnel

At present, its operations are ruled by Act N°22919, which, among other aspects, regulates the investments that the Institute may make in order to help the Government with its contribution.

The present system is closed and does not contemplate the transfer of Training in submarine fire control systems. contributions to or from civilian pension funds. Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement and Pensions Future amendments to the retirement (IAF) and pension regime The benefits, compensations and Act No. 24241, enacted in 1993, pensions for retired military personnel are introduced a new National Retirement financed with the participation of this Institute on the basis of the personnel's and Pension System (SIJP) which provides individual contributions (which continue for a mixed regime based contemplating to be paid after retirement). The two options. One of them is individual Government also pays contributions by capitalization, to which the new active way of public charge, pursuant to Act No. members coming into the system must 162 enacted in 1865, National Defense mandatorily adhere. The other is a being a Government function that cannot Government pension system, which is be delegated. optional for present active members not wishing to enter the capitalization system. The IAF was created by Act N°12913 and started its activities in At present, the military are 1947. excluded from voluntary incorporation into

20-187 Part VIII - Human Resources

the SIJP due to the impossibility of 6. Military Justice transferring their contributions, as established by Act No. 19101. It is necessary first to distinguish two spheres in the military jurisdiction: on The great political and social one hand, the military disciplinary transformation imposed by the jurisdiction and on the other the military deregulation of the pension fund systems criminal jurisdiction. and the creation of pension fund management companies (AFJP) makes it The former, referred to in the necessary to adapt the described military Military Code of Justice as the "executive retirement and pension scheme to this competence" is a function inherent to new context. command and is therefore exercised by the whole hierarchical structure starting The Ministry of Defense is from its maximum authority, the developing proposals to amend the President of the Nation in his capacity as current legislation taking into account the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. following criteria: The exercise of this function implies the penalizing of any disciplinary faults • Allow the military retirement committed by military personnel, and pension scheme to consisting in any violations of military interoperate with the SIJP, duties that the law of the regulations through the capitalization of penalizes with the disciplinary measures individual accounts that can be provided for in such Code. transferred to and from different APJP's. The situation Contrary to the above, the created by new employment military criminal jurisdiction applies to and re-employment derived offenses and penalties that, according to from "fixed term personnel the relevant sections of the Military Code employment" already of Justice, can only be applied by the mentioned in the particular intervention of a Court Martial. restructuring policies is also contemplated. This jurisdiction is not derived . Improve the LAF's financing from the power exercised by the President capability in order to gradually of the Nation over the Services but from decrease government costs. the legislative power to issue regulations . Provide legal protection for the governing the organization and financial capital of the Institute management of such Services, which and the funds collected. derives from the National Constitution.

20-188 Chapter 20 - Military Personnel

Ultimately, the military After such amendment to the jurisdiction provides legal support to the MCJ, which took place in 1984 and which discipline concept which, as we have seen, includes a new criterion adopted by the 1 is one of the main characteristics of any Supreme Court , a judicial review is military organization. required for military court judgments. Such review is implemented through a The Code consists in a triple motion filed before the National conceptual unit: its provisions are Appellate Court for Law Interpretation in common to all three Services, it contains Criminal Matters with the mandatory the regulations for peacetime and participation of the Government prosecutor in all cases, which is an wartime, and contains, in a single body, indispensable requirement for the the regulations concerning the judgment to remain firm. organization of military courts, their procedures and the penalties. On the other hand, such amendments to the MCJ limited the Amendments to the Military Code military penal jurisdiction in peacetime of Justice only to essentially military offenses and Up to the amendment introduced faults, that is, to offenses affecting the into the MCJ by Act No. 23039, the existence of the military institution, which military jurisdiction exercised by military are provided for and penalized in such courts was separated from the Judiciary. code. All other offenses fall within the Its judgments were final and there was no competence of civilian justice. possibility of appealing, save through an extraordinary appeal before the Supreme The mandatory review and the Court of Justice of the Nation. restriction imposed on military jurisdiction are not applicable in wartime. Basically, such jurisdiction comprised primarily military offenses and Further to the described faults and all those offenses committed by conceptual policy, and with a view to the military in acts of military service or strengthen the adaptation of Military in places exclusively subjected to military justice to the new circumstances of the authority that affected the rights and country and current times, the Minister interests of the Government or of persons of Defense and the General Auditing in general. Office of the Armed Forces started to

<'>E 313-11-961 and others.

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develop in 1997 a review of the military personnel may commit regulations contained in the MCJ. during peacekeeping operations in other countries. The major changes included in . Assistant Attorneys are such proposal are the following: incorporated into Court Martial. . Incorporation of the regime . Prosecutors are to be selected from contemplating penalties for military judicial entities. violations against Armed Conflict • The proposal provides for the International Law. possibility to voluntarily select a • The scope of mandatory obedience defender (who should be a lawyer) is clarified. In brief, this issue may from the time a person becomes a not be invoked when the order defendant, as well as the issued by a senior officer mandatory selection of such a manifestly implies the commission defender when the person must of a felony. testify at the inquiry. • In the case of offenses against • Freedom on parole is incorporated. protected persons and property in armed conflict situations, the The enactment of these responsibility of the offenses amendments as a national law will bring committed by the subordinates, in about a significant modernization of the certain circumstances, extends to military justice regime. This policy the senior officer. adequately reflects the changes that social . Military jurisdiction is limited to and legal evolution has caused in the acts committed by military national and international context and personnel which are included in incorporates the experiences gathered the MCJ, regardless of whether since 1984. The aim is contributing to they are included in other penal strengthen the republican principles as legislation. On the other hand, it well as the principles established by extends to all the offenses that Human Rights.

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CHAPTER 21

/^•i y 'he modernization of the Defense These factors form the context f V-«v Education System derives from surrounding the change in the educational ^-^ the lessons learned and from systems within the sphere of Defense. combat experiences (such as the South Atlantic conflict), which have influenced the updating of doctrine and of operational and training aspects, among 1. The Defense Education System other factors. The Education System within the On the other hand, the sphere of Defense is immersed in a process transformation of conflict characteristics of change commensurate with its specific after the Cold War and the appearance of needs and with the necessary correlation new challenges brought about the with the National Education System. In redefinition of the missions entrusted to this sense, the Ministries of Defense and the military instrument as well as a Culture and Education are in close and significant impact on education for permanent contact. Defense. The educational organization of In particular, the Argentine Defense, as regards its functional aspects, involvement in the Gulf War allowed is based on harmonizing the various levels employing new political-strategic and responsible for the different areas, such as operational-technological concepts. This management, planning and execution. It contributed to significant improvements comprises the following: in educational organizations by imposing innovations in all areas —from mental . National Defense level: It is attitudes through technical aspects—, concentrated in the Ministry of and made clear the need to educate the Defense, with authority and personnel in the understanding of the responsibility vested from the nature of change, its requirements and its Minister down to General future consequences, in line with the Directors. At this level, specific functions of each Service. particularly in the area of the

21 - 191 Pane Vfll - Human Resources

Fleet tactical simulator, developed in the county.

Military Affairs Office, there is is the responsible entity in this a general relationship with the area. national authorities in the matter. The National Defense Armed Forces specific level: The particular education of College, the highest institution each Service is developed at in Defense subjects in this level according to different Argentina, is also placed at this areas of activity. The specific level. relationship of the Services with the Ministry of Education Joint level: This level is present at this level too, for corresponds to all aspects the particular purposes derived related to the joint use of the from the functions and military instrument. The JSAP competencies assignee! to each.

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Higher level: The Chiefs of the Operational Commands of the General Staff are the each Service, which are also maximum authority of the provide valuable evaluation respective education systems, services as regards the courses with the involvement of given in the various schools. different organizations according to the structure of Institutional Execution: This each Service. area comprises the Directors of the Schools and Institutes and Institutional Education to Unit Commands in a wide Directorate: Each Service has sense, who are directly its own organization. Such responsible for training their organizations are basically personnel in accordance with similar. In the Army, education their respective missions. is the responsibility of the Military Schools Command. The Army Higher Education Institute reports to this 2. The National Defense College Command. In the Navy, responsibility for education lies This institution was created in with the Naval Education and 1950 under the name of National War Training Directorate, whose College, an appropriate name given the Director is, in turn, the dean of concepts in force at the time. Its objective the Naval University Institute, and in the Air Force, the organization in charge is the Personnel Command, with the Aviation University Institute reporting to it. These higher education institutions have been certified by resolutions of the Education Ministry.

Operational Training: Mentor-B45 aircraft used for basic training during the Air Force's This area corresponds to military pilot course.

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interdisciplinary teaching and develops political-strategic, economic, social- cultural, military and scientific- technological studies and research on the national and international situation, within a frame of integration between civilian leaders from the public and private sectors and Service members.

In both cases, professionals and military personnel of our country and persons from friendly countries with scholarships attend EDN courses.

Fields of activity The EDN fulfills the above described functions through the following actions:

. Master's Degree in National Defense, a post-grade degree An Army portable rifle fire control simulator (ENTIR) endorsed by the Ministry of developed by CITEFA. Education. . The annual development of its was to train civilians and Service regular academic activities, members. Its present name was among which special mention established by Decree No. 866 issued in should be made of the National December 1973, and its object was Defense Senior Course, as well extended to encompass the wider scope as many special courses. implicit in National Defense, i.e. its link . Conference cycles on Defense- with the higher administration levels of related subjects, held in the Government. different regions of the country. * The establishment of Primary responsibility relationships with national, The National Defense College foreign and multinational (EDN) provides basic and organizations.

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. The implementation of . Disciplines and factors related promotion and publicity to National Defense programs, publications and • Decision-making in institutional and teaching interdisciplinary contexts exchanges. . Advisory services to regional The National Defense Senior Course organizations of the country The two modalities of its curricular and to National Defense structure are shown in Figure 21-1. Circles created in the provinces. Senior Course . Research in subjects within its Master in National Defense scope of activities. Modality 1 Academic policy Modality 2 It is aimed at training specialized professionals in National Defense with 1 quarter - 1 year specific knowledge of: 1 quarter - 1 year

Master in National Senior Course Defense A

Modality 1 Modality 2 I Theorical Term 'National & International Affairs Anallysis 4 months 1 year 'National Potencial Components

'Research Theory & Decision- Making II Practical Term 'Applied Research

'Strategic Decision 4 months 1 year

'Conflict Scenarios III Research Term

'Tesis Elaboration

FIGURE 21-1 NATIONAL DEFENSE SENIOR COURSE ORGANIZATION

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I. Theoretical Cycle the EDN Magazine, Booklets and . Analysis of the national and Academic Bulletins. international scenarios . Behavior of the factors forming the National cooperation national potential As the entity concentrating . Research and decision-making theory Defense-related academic activities, EDN II. Practical Cycle develops an institutional relations . Applied research program aimed at achieving the large- . Strategic decisions scale dissemination of National Defense . Conflict situations concepts. At local level, the program III. Research Cycle contemplates a strong support for higher . Development of a thesis level educational institutions as regards Extra-curricular academic activities activities related with the dissemination of Academic activities of this kind Defense concepts. At present, there is a comprise Regional and Special Cycles frame agreement covering the academic developed in the national sphere. integration with the Aconcagua University, and additional agreements are . Regional Cycles inform about being negotiated with the National the fundamental concepts of Universities of La Pampa and , with National Defense in the public the Argentine Catholic University, with and private sectors of the the "Bias Pascal" University, the Catholic interior, with special reference University of Salta and the "San Juan to local interests related Bosco" University of Patagonia. therewith. . Special Cycles inform about As another form of cooperation, National Defense concepts in EDC carries out extra-curricular academic the spheres related with the activities (conferences, seminars and main national interests. meetings) in coordination with similar entities, especially with its own Graduate Research Center. Research is carried out according to the guiding principles imposed by the framework in force at national level and International cooperation involves teachers and students. Within the international cooperation program, contacts have been The Strategic Research Council made to establish cooperation and evaluates the works and publishes them in exchange agreements with the National

21 - 196 Chapter 21 - Defense Education

Political and Strategic Academy of Chile, meet the requirements to the Defense University of the US and access the Senior Course with the King's College Strategic Studies The contribution to the Center of Great Britain. training of SINAPA (National Civil Service Career System) On the other hand, the Defense personnel, particularly in the College is visited by similar institutions. area of Defense, both as Lately, it received delegations from Brazil, regards general knowledge Chile, the Republic of , Spain, the upgrading and specific training US, Italy, Thailand, Uruguay and Venezuela.

Cooperation with Non- 3. Military education and training Governmental Organizations As a reference entity in defense- The extraordinary technological related strategic studies, the EDN advances of the last few years and the promoted in 1998 the First National transformations in world affairs require, Meeting on Strategic Studies, with for military organizations, the service of invitations issued to all Non- men and women with increasing levels of Governmental Organizations, official general and specific knowledge and institutions and renowned researchers to technical capabilities. address common interest subjects. This meeting was held with great success. A Military education in the three Second Meeting, open to international services is based on a common principle: involvement, will be held in 1999. the personnel's basic education and EDN transformation policy specific training are carried out by periods The following objectives are being along the career; they are given by promoted or improved upon: specialized schools, divided into stages and permanently adapted to the changing . The excellence of the Senior requirements of the military institution Course and to scientific and technological . The design of a bachelor's advances. degree in the subject of National Defense This principle is implemented * The creation of Intermediate through a permanent training criterion Courses for citizens who cannot and many upgrading courses.

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In particular, the educational and on the new requirements imposed on processes of the three Services the Military Instrument, enriched by the contemplate a first stage involving incorporation of modern disciplines and training, and a second one involving university level subjects into the upgrading. curriculum.

In the first stage, the students Thus, the university extension of acquire general knowledge, capabilities the military education system was and abilities according to the implemented for the officers through the characteristics of each Service. In the creation of the University Institutes second stage, the institutional mentioned above, recognized as such by requirements corresponding to each the Ministry of Education. specialized professional profile are developed. This significant step, particularly as regards the upgrading of officers who This progression and diversity in will later become the senior leaders of the teaching comprises all officer and non- Services, allows obtaining university level commissioned officer ranks and implies degrees and post-grade degrees. This the necessary existence of several schools, process is emphasized by the present higher training and specific training active attendance of military personnel to organizations, each having the special civilian universities, an activity leading to features corresponding to the missions the anticipated compliance with the new and functions of each Service and their requirements established by the Armed different scopes of activity. Forces Restructuring Act as regards promotions. A bachelor's degree is This harmonious, dynamic, and required for the promotion to Senior flexibly integrated grouping of human, Officer and a high school degree for Senior pedagogical, doctrinal, functional, NCO). infrastructure and financial resources operates as a component in the All these studies are carried out development of the National Education preserving the professional requirements System. of the military career according to the specific needs of each Service. Structural reforms The transformations that took Education and jointness place in the military educational sphere This field of military educational during the 1990s, based on experience activity, concentrated in the JSAF,

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received a strong political drive as from Colleges of each Service. In its final phase, 1984, going beyond exclusively military it includes war games, with the matters and reaching out to other involvement of the students from the government sectors of interest. National Foreign Service Institute (which trains professional Foreign Ministry The Senior Course of the Armed diplomats), the National Defense College Forces, instituted in 1985, consists in and the National Intelligence School. annual meetings of a small group of Army colonels, Navy captains and Air Force colonels, where they are trained to perform the highest responsibilities at senior levels 4. Military education and Human of their Services and in the military Rights strategy sphere. It is also aimed at improving skills to act as advisors for the The understanding of this subject political and military organizations of the requires some previous conceptual country. The curriculum focuses on three clarifications. essential academic areas: Strategy, Administration and Foreign Affairs, and Human Rights and International also includes a complementary course on Humanitarian Law Senior Management. While the Human Rights International Law is formed by a set of The Joint Military Planning principles and rules aimed at respecting Course, given since 1985, includes officers and guaranteeing human rights, the of the Ministry of Defense and military International Humanitarian Law (IHL) personnel of the JSAF, the General Staffs of comprises the rules contained in treaties each Service and the Operational Strategic and also customary laws that rule the Commands, and covers subjects related to behavior of participants in armed National Defense, strategic planning and conflicts and the protection of persons the operation of Defense-related affected by the conflict. institutions. In other words, in the first case, The joint interoperability of the the law applies because of the individual's Services is based, among other things, on quality alone, as the holder of the rights the Joint Operational Strategic Planning and as the subject of that sphere of Course, which brings together the students international law. In the second case, the taking the last year of the specific staff law applies because of his involvement in courses given at the Command and Staff a war in which the subjects are the States

21- 199 Porte VIII - Human Resources

and the International Red Cross Teaching and dissemination of Committee, while individuals are International Humanitarian Law protected persons. According to the concept of Human Rights and International Both sets of rules are compatible Humanitarian Law as complementary through their convergence. principles, we have promoted and will persevere in promoting the teaching and In the human rights sphere, there dissemination of these rules within the is a set of basic rules that cannot be Armed Forces and in other national abolished and that must continue in force spheres. whatever the situation of the State, even in international or internal conflict At the level of the Ministry of situations, disturbances or social tensions. Defense, Ministerial delegates to the Inter-Ministry Commission for the IHL, as a law for exceptional cases, Enforcement of International applicable in emergencies, includes the Humanitarian Law (created by Decree basic Human Rights in regulations that No. 933/94) contributed to produce reflect their similarity with the former, curricular design proposals aimed at showing their common characteristic. teaching IHL at high school and university levels. They were subsequently Therefore, whenever the Armed delivered to the Ministry of Education Forces are involved in conflict situations - and to public and private universities as will obviously be the case because of throughout the country. their nature - they will be required to strictly adhere to the standards contained At the military academy level, the in International Humanitarian Law, three Services are considering the which will in turn imply their compliance inclusion of similar subjects in their with the unrepeatable principles of Higher Institutes, Command and Staff Human Rights. Colleges, basic education academies and in the military education classes given to The fact of submitting to the law all the personnel. and acting according to its rules will make the acts of the Armed Forces legitimate, At the operational training level, it ennoble their involvement, ensure is worth mentioning that IHL international recognition and will be a requirements were incorporated into the source of renewed confidence on the part exercises, to be considered in command of society. decisions.

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In addition, subjects related to with the aim to facilitate the full armed conflict law have been included in integration into the National System and CAECOPAZ (Argentine PKO Joint to finalize, at the technical level, the Training Center) curricula, as the implementation of such system in the peacekeeping operations sphere is a field Armed Forces schools by 2001. where these rules are widely applied. Guidelines for military education Many conferences and seminars upgrading are being held throughout the country, with the joint support of the Ministry of The studies aimed at developing Defense, through the Armed Forces and education in the sphere of Defense, local Universities. This academic activity particularly within the Armed Forces, as is projected onto the international plane established by the Armed Forces through many events and the Restructuring Act, are being developed in involvement in different organizations. accordance with the following guidelines:

• Military education will be developed through the 5. Future educational policy Education Systems of the Ministry of Defense, the Joint In the light of the evolution of Staff of the Armed Forces, the national and world events, both in our Army, the Navy and the Air country and in more developed ones, Force, forming a System to be military education and training will tend coordinated and supervised by towards a higher degree of exchange, the mentioned Ministry. integration and rationalization. This is . Its purpose will be to provide done focusing on the specific features of professional education the different missions and functions of according to the operational each Service but with special reference to needs and the specific jointness. requirements of the position, role and function to be Meanwhile, at the Ministry of performed within the sphere of Defense level, an inter-ministerial channel each Service, in the joint sphere with the Ministry of Education and and in the area of National Culture has been created (Policy and Defense, strengthening and/or Strategy Under-Secretary and Education reorganizing the organizations Planning Under-Secretary, respectively) required.

21-201 Parte VIII - Human Resources

• The funds allocated to • The National Defense education will be assigned to University will be created. This specific military training and to institution shall provide the defense-related areas of best level of higher education in knowledge, avoiding the National Defense both for overlapping of efforts and military and civil personnel, human resources. and shall manage and • The Defense Education System coordinate research activities in will be in consonance with the this field. Federal Education System, avoiding the cost of training professionals that can be The possibility of creating this recruited from among university on the basis of the present graduates of the National EDN is being considered, including the Education System or issuing Armed Forces Senior Course and the degrees in specialties that can University Institutes of each Service, but be studied in the national without causing the latter to lose their education sphere. present leadership and specific features.

21 - 202 Porte VIII- Human Resources

CHAPTER 22

he human component of In general terms, SINAPA Defense is not restricted to comprises three groups: General, soldiers only, whether in active Scientific-Technical and Specialized, and service or in reserve. It is also formed by six levels, each of them containing its the civilian officers and employees of the respective categories. Ministry of Defense and other organizations of this area, and the civilian The new personnel organization scientific, technical, administrative and was placed into effect by a joint teaching personnel of the Services. All of Resolution of the Ministry of Defense and them contribute, from their respective the Civil Service Secretary of the working areas, to implement the integral Presidency. concept of Defense which was explained above. After a subsequent enhancement of the Government Reformation, Decree No. 660/96 implemented various 1. The National Civil Service transformations and mergers within the Career System (SINAPA) in the sphere of the Ministry of Defense, Defense Area including the transfer of the National Gendarmerie, the Argentine Coast Guards This scheme was placed into effect and the National Civil Defense by Decree No. 993/91, a regulation Directorate to the Ministry of the forming part of the Government Reform, Interior. and replaced the previous personnel scale, in force since 1973, modifying the After reorganizing the objectives of previous procedure applied to fill the various areas, the present positions. At present, personnel selection organizational structure of the Ministry takes place through general or open of Defense provides for the following competition. number of posts:

22 - 203 Parff VTfl- Human Resources

SINAPA charge of the National Education and . General Area Training System, aimed at educating, 550 training and upgrading civil employees. - D\'A: 58 This System encompasses all formal and - (777:7v\: 1 !2 informal training activities undertaken to . Scientific-Technical Area upgrade professional capabilities. - DNA: 43

The personnel included in SINAPA ORGANIZATION PER DECREE No. 4381/73 must accumulate a certain quantity of * Armed Forces Scientific and training credits for each performance Technical Area evaluation required for promotion, CITEEA 37fj according to the category of their function.

The administration of the civilian personnel is performed by the Human Resources General Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, which coordinates personnel policies and applies the organizational and personnel administration regulations in the Ministry and its various offices.

2. Civilian Personnel Job Training

The modernization of Civilian personnel at an Armed Force 's shop. education, in its widest sense, contemplated in the previous Chapter, now extends also to the civilian personnel Training Programs and Types working in the Defense area. SINAPA manages the following The National Civil Service programs, according to the level or Institution (JNAP), created in 1994, is in function of each individual:

22 - 204 Capitulo 22 - Civilian Personnel

annual courses to meet these Senior Civil Service Management requirements, such as National 1 ligher Education Defense, Civilian-Military Relations, Job Framing Antarctic Training, Resource Management, Internal Auditors. English Language and other courses. Each program comprises cycles, subprograms, courses and/or activities . Formal Education: Completion of carried out bv INAP. secondary higher or university studies . Equivalence System: This comprises the recognition of credits for function- related training activities carried out by the personnel on their own initiative. These activities may be carried out at Argentine or foreign public or private institutions and at governmental or non-governmental organizations.

Furthermore, scholarships are provided for courses, seminars or conferences related with the individual's position or the function performed by the organization. Civilian personnel and military gunsmith repairing guns.

Training takes place through the 3. The Armed Forces' civilian following resources: personnel . Upgrading System, aimed at the general upgrading of all Civil Servants, This personnel is hired according it is implemented by INAP. to the provisions of the Civilian Personnel . Specific Training: It is similar to the and the Civilian Teaching Personnel of above but adapted to the the Armed Forces Regulations. requirements of each organization. Incorporation takes place through In particular, the Ministry of Defense background evaluation and competition, organizes and implements a series of according to the different groups, levels

22 - 205 Parte VIII- Human Resources

Toj-pedo specialist at the workbench. and categories provided for in such These activities are complemented regulations. by courses given either by each institution or externally. Scientific personnel is governed by the Armed Forces Research and The profile of the civilian Development Personnel Regulations personnel incorporated into each Service (Decree No. 4381/73), which locates such initially meets the specific operational personnel in their specialized requirements to perform logistical, environment, in scientific research technical, educational and administrative projects and technology development functions. activities. Civilian personnel represent an Training and upgrading take place extremely important contribution to the through their daily activities. This allows missions of the Services, particularly as the personnel to participate in internal regards continuity in the activities of each competitions (within their own Service) to organization, as such personnel is not achieve a change of post or a promotion. subject to relocations like the military

22 - 206 I Capituio 22 - Ciuffian Personnel

personnel and because of their traditional The modernization of the Armed identification with the needs of military Forces civilian personnel regime institutions. Resolution No. 129/98 of the Ministry of Defense created a Committee The approximate numbers of formed by representatives of the Human civilian personnel presently working in the Resources General Directorates, the Armed Forces are shown in Table 22-1. Ministry of Defense Reorganization Coordination Directorate, the Joint Staff Force Civilian Personnel (*) of the Armed Forces, the General Staffs of Army 8,500 the Armed Forces and representatives of Navy 8,800 the Armed Forces Civilian Personnel Air Force 8,600 Union (PECIFA). The aim is considering the change of the Rules and Regulations (*) Including teachers presently governing the activities of the

TABLE 22-1 - CIVILIAN PERSONNEL SERVING Civilian Personnel and Civilian Teaching IN THE ARMED FORCES Personnel of the Armed Forces.

22 - 207 PART IX Part IX - F\nancial Resources

CHAPTER 23

(7

he budget is one of the they are a part of the decisions related to cornerstones of the Defense the national budget. It is therefore Policy. convenient to first provide some clarifications regarding the latter. The Defense budget represents, to a large extent, the quantification of the Budget preparation missions assigned; it gives an objective The budget is a process that measure of the country's intentions as to develops, expresses, approves, executes the dimensions of its Defense. It derives and evaluates the production of goods from an act of Congress and is executed and services by public institutions as under the control of the political branch; well as the actual and financial supplies it affects the foreseeability of Argentina required thereby. It is developed on the with respect to the development of its basis of the policies and objectives Militarv Instrument. contemplated in government program, in consonance with the denomination of "law of laws" usually attributed to it. 1. Budget methodology The development of the Budget Conceptual aspects Bill is established in Act No. 24156, Defense expenditures comprise Financial Administration and the total actual and financial expenses Control Systems of the National involved and the budgetary basis for such Public Sector. Such regulations expenditures. establish the various phases of the development process: previous The latter aspect contemplates all budgetary policy, preparation of the of its sources, whose categories are preliminary budgets for each jurisdiction detailed below. or entity, and development of the Budget Bill. Decisions on the Defense budget are not made independently by this area, Since 1991, it is customary for much less by the Armed Forces. Instead, the Executive Branch to submit such

23 - 211 Part IX - Financial Resourses

Bill to the Congress prior to the legal deadline of September 15th, and, the bill is then enacted by the Congress prior to the start of the pertinent financial year, which in our country runs from January 1st to December 31st each year.

• Prior budgetary policy. This policy consists in defining the orientations for the entities and jurisdictions forming the national public sector in order to develop Pucard JA-58 aircraft on the apron of their Air Brigade. their respective preliminary budgets for the pertinent financial When the Budget Bill is prepared, year. In this stage of the process, the the System's main entity keeps all the jurisdictions receive references on the information used, which is broken down budgetary ceiling amounts, which to its minimum levels, whereby, after the determine the financial limitations bill is enacted, the National Budget Office applicable to their programs. can proceed to the direct administrative distribution of the legal credits. • Preliminary budget production. This stage is subdivided into two After the reformation of the parts: Revenues, which has a National Constitution in 1994, such centralization level compatible with distribution is approved by the the budget's financing structure, and Presidential Chief of Staff through an Expenditures, which is carried out on administrative decision. a decentralized basis. This annual budget act cannot • Budget Bill production. contain permanent regulations or abolish The process ends by incorporating current laws. Neither can it create, modify each area's information into the "Bill or suppress taxes or other sources of for the National Public revenues. Administration General Budget" and is submitted, as mentioned, to the Budget execution National Congress prior to September The national budget represents a 15th each year. preview of the production for a certain

23 -212 Chapter 23 - The Statutory Bases of Financing

period and of the elements required by Measuring the results obtained and the such production, all of which is finally effects produced. expressed in an approved document. The Comparing the projected and actual next step after approval, which is closely results. connected with budget contents, is the Analyzing the deviations and implementation of the actions required to determining their causes. achieve the execution. This means that the Defining and identifying any corrective budget must be executed in an actual and actions required. concrete time and space to achieve, in terms of results, the targets expressed in the preparation stage. 2. The Future Planning, Programming and Budgeting To this effect, the Budget Act System (S3P) contains the financial authorizations given by the Legislative to the Executive, so that This tool is intended to establish a the latter can achieve the objectives that work scheme and a process that facilitate its government program stated in the Act. decision-making, allowing to examine and The detailed contents of the analyze decisions from the point of view document, combining institutional and of the current national and international program classifications, financing sources, situation. geographical elements and objects of expense, makes the Budget an instrument SP3 will be the statutory for jurisdictions, entities and authorities to administrative model for the Defense have available the information required to organizations to develop non-operational manage the execution of the budget. planning and execute, supervise and evaluate their activities. Its processes will Such execution is in charge of be designed to guide and coordinate internal and external control agencies: the decisions and actions at all hierarchical National Comptroller's Office and the levels. National Auditing Office respectively. It implies a dynamic, repetitive Evaluation of budget execution and joint process managed by the This is the last stage of the process Ministry of Defense. It comprises three and is based on the concepts of efficiency inter-related phases, planning, and effectiveness. The following steps are programming and budgeting, and performed: emphasizes the following:

23-223 Part fX Finartcia! Resourses

Defense policy and the missions and functions of the Armed Forces are analyzed.

Programming addresses the relationship between the strategy determined in the planning stage, especially in the medium term, and the military forces required for its execution. Such forces are related with the resources available to the SK J05 tanks during emnbat exercises. country and their distribution between the various jurisdietional sectors. In this phase, the Ministry of . Centralized political management Defense, the JSAF and the Services Decentralized execution develop, analyze and match the . Shared administration programs proposed in order to achieve the targets established in the Planning It is aimed at identifying the phase. needs required by mission performance, compare such needs with the available These programs reflect a resources and transfer them into the systematic analysis oi the missions and pioposed budget. (he operational capabilities to be attained in order to fulfill the missions, In this system. Planning implies alternative methods, and an etieetive the relationship with the National resource allocation (personnel, Defense proposed lor the country, with equipment, technologies and support the strategy selected to achieve such activities) tor a medium-term horizon. relationship. In brief, it means establishing targets, in a wide sense. In Lastly, the third phase of the this phase, the use of the Military system, Budgeting or cost determination Instrument is examined considering is executed in the short term. In ihis national interests and objectives, the stage, the Ministry of Defense', the JSAF objectives of National Defense, the and the Services develop a detailed cuiT'-nt situation and the requirements budget for the programs approved during for efficient resource management; I he the programming stage. After Congress Chapter 23 - The Statutory Bases of Financinfj

approval, as explained above, an allocation of annual resources is made to the Defense jurisdiction.

The system allows adjusting the si/c oi the military instrument: and its territorial deployment in time, on the basis ol the missions assigned.

As a consequence oi the application of this system, a Long; Term Lit 14S patrol craft patrolling Ticira del Fuc^o channels Military Planning and a Medium Term Programming are materialized, allowing to authorities, such budget will constitute establish an estimated budget for the the portion of the National Budget program. Once approved bv the pertinent allocated to Defense.

<•*••••!

2:t 21 /> Part IX - Financial Resources

CHAPTER 24

nformation on the national General Budget ($ 48,680,549,311), and budget is known to the public, 1.07 of the GDP ($ 338,589 million) but, because of its volume, estimated for 1998. technical complexity and different jurisdictions, the present document Chart 24-1 and table 24-2 show presents a simplified scheme of the each sector's involvement of the Ministry specific data for the Defense jurisdiction, of Defense's budget and that of the broken down by sub-jurisdictions and remaining jurisdictions within the Grand entities. Total for the National Administration and comparisons with international Independently of the merely expenditures in this area. temporary validity of the budgetary information for a given financial year, we Credit distribution at the close of understand that its presentation has a the 1998 financial year special value, as it provides a clear idea of During the financial year, in order the country's defense expenditure level. to adapt the mentioned credit level to the actual needs derived from the budget l.The 1998 budget execution process, changes were introduced. As a result, at the close of the The General Budget of the 1998 financial year, the total current and National Administration for financial year capital expenditures amounted to $ 1998 was enacted by Congress through 3,656,734,763. Act No. 24938 and published on December 30, 1997 through Executive This total represents the amount of Decree No. 1463. resources ultimately assigned to the Defense Sector productive process in 1998, to which The total current and capital we should add the resources allocated to expenditures approved for the Ministry of financial investments, which amounted to Defense amounted to $ 3,622,071,699, representing approximately 7.44% of the $ 90,004,960 in 1998.

24-277 NATIONAL BUDGET - 1998

Expenditure Breakdown by Jurisdiction

National I ;:g \linislrv of Hnmc Ministry o! Oiltuu-

Ministry ol JuslLv Mnistrvcif Dl'fcnse 7,I4rf Ministiy of 1 ahor and Social StvurilA

FSGURE 24 1 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

In summary, at the close of With this purpose, some financial year 1998, the grand total of the explanations about the various concepts authorized budget for the Ministry of and terms appearing in the attached tables Defense was $ 3,746,739,723. are included for easy analysis.

Such total is financed as follows: Precisely because of the well-known - With National Treasury Funds: 83.20% difficulties usually encountered when - With the Ministry's own resources making international comparisons of and Specific Allocation Defense expenditures, our country has Resources: 12.72% recently agreed with Chile, within the - With credits: 4.08% frame of the Permanent Argentine- Chilean Security Committee, to request The allocation of expenditures, CEPAL (Economic Commission for Latin according to their object and institutional America) to study a common nature, is distributed as follows: standardized methodology to measure the

Central Decentralized Social Security TOTAL Administration Agencies Organizations

Personnel: 49.72% 0.12% 0.13% 49.97%

Operation: 14.38% 0.19% 0.04% 14.61%

Investments: 3.41% 0.05% 0.00% 3.46%

Debt Service Retirement: 0.27% 0.03% -.- 0.30%

Pension Benefits: 31.66% 31.66%

TOTAL 67.78% 0.39% 31.83% 100.00%

Detailed information is given in defense expenditures of both countries, chart 24-3, which shows references to its with the aim of later advancing towards a historical evolution, as well as in charts regional methodology. It is worth 24-4 to 24-16. mentioning that the 1998 Declaration of The transparency achieved by El Salvador on Measures to Promote publishing the budget is enhanced if, at Confidence encourages the performance the same time, the clarifications required for a technical interpretation of the of studies aimed at advancing towards a amounts are also provided. common methodology aimed at

24-219 Part IX - Financial Resources

REFERENCES TO INTERNATIONAL EXPENDITURES (IN GDP%)

1. World averages by regions (in decreasing order)

COUNTRY/REGION 1985 1995 1996

Middle East and North Africa 12.3 7.0 6.8 Central and Southeast Asia 4.3 5.2 5.3 Far East and Australia and Pacific countries 6.5 4.7 4.6 Non-NATO Europe 4.8 4.7 3.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.0 3.1 3.0 NATO (including US and Canada) 3.3 2.3 2.3 NATO Europe 3.1 2.3 2.2 Caribbean, Central America and South America 3.0 1.9 1.8

Source: "The Military Balance 1997/98" -The International Institute for Strategic Studies

2. South America, by country (alphabetical order)

Argentina n/d 1.7 1.2 (1998: 1.1)

Source: National

Bolivia 2.0 2.1 2.1 Brazil 0.8 2.0 2.1 Chile 7.8 3.7 3.5 Colombia 1.6 2.6 2.6 Ecuador 1.8 3.4 3.4 Guyana 6.8 1.1 1.0 Paraguay 1.3 1.4 1.3 Peru 4.5 1.6 1.9 Surinam 2.4 3.9 3.5 Uruguay 3.5 2.9 2.3 Venezuela 2.1 1.1 1.2

Source: "The Military Balance 1997/98" - The International Institute for Strategic Studies

TABLE 24-2

24-220 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

NATIONAL DEFENSE EXPENDITURE EVOLUTION (1)

4000

3759 3500 3747 «/> O 3000 3126 UJ CL 2500 Q Z 2000 C/>

O 1500 X

1000

500

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year

(1) Historical values in convertible currency according to the 1 Peso = 1 USD Convertibility Act. N° 23.928

FIGURE 24-3 facilitating military expenditure orientation according to the nature of the comparisons within the region. revenues, and facilitates their control. The source is associated to the le- It should be mentioned that gal nature of the resource. In the special Argentina reports its Defense case of expenditures financed through expenditures every year to the United indebtedness, donations or transfers, Nations in the terms and forms required however, it refers to the type of by the Resolutions of such Organization. transaction that originated it, in order to control that the resource is channeled to the purpose that originated the debt or Financing sources donation. They are the channels through In this respect, it is emphasized which resources are obtained. Resources that legislation restricts the financing of are classified according to generic types. operational expenses with public credit This identifies expenses and their operations, except in certain cases.

24-227 Part IX - Financial Resources

After the implementation and • Own assets. They are similar to application of Act No. 24156, all RAE, when they are received by a resources are included both in budgetary decentralized organization and provisions and in the legal credits public companies or corporations. allocated. Because of this universality • Internal transfers. Those coming principle, the information included in the from persons and institutions Budget Act must be interpreted as developing activities in the national encompassing the total and consolidated territory. They are aimed at amount of the financial resources obtaining investments or financing available to the entities of the jurisdiction, operational programs, and include including the Services, to all effects. contributions and gifts from persons and institutions not included in the In other words, this information, National Administration Budget. representing an authorization to spend, is . Internal credit. The source derived the maximum amount that can be used from using credit, such as debt for National Defense during the current bonds, liabilities with suppliers, and financial year. amounts borrowed in the internal market. For a better interpretation of this . External transfers. Resources subject, the particular technical aspects of originated in foreign governments each financing source are described below. and international organizations for capital formation or to finance . National Treasury resources. They operational or consumption are originated in taxes unilaterally expenses. They include contributions established by the Government and and gifts from persons and in non-tax resources, in order to institutions not included in the finance its expenses without a National Administration Budget. predetermined allocation. . External credit. Credits granted by • Specific Allocation Resources foreign governments and (RAE). The revenues received by international organizations and Central Administration financial entities. organizations from the sales of goods and services, revenues on property, The objects of expenditure asset sales, rate, duty, royalty This classification provides a collections, and funds derived from systematic and homogeneous view of the variations in the different types of goods and services, transfers, and asset financial assets.

24 - 222 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

and liability variations that the public first use and which last more ' administration applies in the development than one year. of its economic process. Transfers. Expenses derived from transactions which do In this way, it is possible to identify not imply a consideration in beyond doubt the goods and services goods or services, and whose acquired, the transfers made and the amounts are not reimbursed applications provided for in the budget. by the beneficiaries.

. Personnel expenditures. Financial Assets. Expenses Remuneration of permanent derived from the purchase of personnel. This item also includes public or private securities, shares and bonds. Lending, family subsidies, extraordinary increase of ready cash, services and social benefits received accounts, notes, deferred by civil servants. assets and advance payments • Operations expenditures. These to suppliers and contractors. expenditures comprise the following items: Investments. Expenses related to projects that will improve Consumables. Consumable capabilities. materials and supplies for the Debt Service. Expenses used to operation of government cover public debt services and agencies including those used to reduce other liabilities for the preservation and repair undertaken by the public of capital goods. administration. Non-personal services. Services Retirement and Pension provided by third-party Benefits. Payment of companies. retirement and pension benefits. Plant and Property. Expenses generated through the 2. The Five-Year Budget acquisition or construction of capital goods that increase the National Defense is one of the assets of the Public Government's strategic fields of action Administration entities, which and requires the basic tools for long and are not exhausted after their medium term planning.

24-223 Part IX - Financial Resources

The development of military covering the five-year period involved. equipment plans and the incorporation, However, it is important to consider that education and training of Service the specific allocations for each year are personnel, among other aspects, are issues the subject of study and decision by the that cannot be adequately faced on the Legislative when the General Budget Bill is spur of the moment and are very sensitive considered for a given financial year. to short-term circumstances. Furthermore, the National The recognition of these particular Congress has considered it convenient to aspects has led Congressmen and separate the budgetary support for Senators to include in the Armed Forces equipment and material modernization. Restructuring Act a multiannual Instead, it uses the proceeds derived from budgetary framework. the sale of dispensable assets and implements public credit operations Title V - Financing of this Act authorized to such effect as a funding defines the universe of programs to which source. it allocates the resources therein identified, establishing a budgetary base which is increased by a growth projection **********

24 - 224 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

CREDITS BY INSTITUTION AND BY FINANCING SOURCE

GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT %

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE Source 1 1 - National Treasury 134,314,929.00 3.58 Source 13 - Specific Allocation Resources 1 169,000.00 0.03 Source 22 - External Credit 74,500,000.00 1.99 TOTAL - MINISTRY OF DEFENSE 209,983,929.00 5.60 JOINT STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 11,679,633.00 0.31 TOTAL - JOINT STAFF 11,679,633.00 0.31 ARMY GENERAL STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 959,020,687.00 25.60 Source 1 3 - Specific Allocation Resources 30,419,204.00 0.81 TOTAL - ARMY GENERAL STAFF 989,439,891.00 26.41 NAVY GENERAL STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 583,681,729.00 15.58 Source 1 3 - Specific Allocation Resources 9,961,471.00 0.27 Source 15 - Internal Credit (2) 6,400,000.00 0.17 Source 22 - External Credit (2) 3,850,000.00 0.10 TOTAL - NAVY GENERAL STAFF 603,893,200.00 16.12 AIR FORCE GENERAL STAFF Source 1 1 - National Treasury 523,074,357.00 13.96 Source 1 3 - Specific Allocation Resources 119,761,655.00 3.20 Source 22 - External Credit (3) 66,000,000.00 1.76 TOTAL - GENERAL STAFF OF THE AIR FORCE 708,846,012.00 18.92 Ci.Te.F.A. Source 1 1 - National Treasury 14,348,921.00 0.38 Source 13 - Specific Allocation Resources 917,557.00 0.02 TOTAL -Ci.Te.F.A. 15,266,478.00 0.41 MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE Source 1 1 - National Treasury 6,328,393.00 0.17 Source 1 2 - Own Resources 6,573,500.00 0.18 Source 22 - External Credit 1,881,719.00 0.05 TOTAL - MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE 14,783,612.00 0.39 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE FOR MILITARY RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS Source 12 - Own Resources 307,746,968.00 8.21 Source 14 - Internal Transfers 885,100,000.00 23.62 TOTAL - FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE FOR 1,192,846,968.00 31.84 MILITARY RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS GRAND TOTAL 3,746,739,723.00 100

TABLE 24-4

24-225 Part IX - Financial Resources

CREDITS BY FINANCING SOURCE AND BY INSTITUTION GENERAL CONSOLE)ATE D TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT %

SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Ministry of Defense 134.314.929,00 3,58 Joint Staff 11.679.633,00 0,31 Army General Staff 959.020.687,00 25,60 Navy General Staff 583.074.357,00 15,58 Air Force General Staff 523.074.357,00 19,96 Ci.Te.FA 14.348.921,00 0,38 Military Geographic Institute 6.328.393,00 0,17 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 2.231448.649,00 59,58 SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES Military Geographic Institute 6.573.500,00 0,18 Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement 307.746.968,00 8,21 and Pensions TOTAL SOURCE 12 - OWNRESOURCES 314.320.468,00 8,39 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES. Ministry of Defense 1.169.000,00 0,03 Army General Staff 30.419.204,00 0,81 Navy General Staff 9.961.471,00 0,27 Air Force General Staff 119.771.655,00 3,20 Q.Te.FA 917.557,00 0,02 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION 162.238.887,00 4,33 RESOURCES SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS Financial Assistance Institute for Military Retirement 885.100.000,00 23,62 and Pensions TOTAL SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS 885.100.000,00 23,62 SOURCE.15 - INTERNAL CREDIT Navy:General Staff 6.400.000,00 0.17 TOTAL SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT 6.400.000,00 0,17 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Ministry of Defense 74.500.000,00 1,99 Navy General Staff 3.850.000,00 0,10 Air Force General Staff 66.000.000,00 1,76 Military Geographic Institute 1.881.719,00 0,05 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 146.231.719,00 3,90

GRAND TOTAL 3.746.739.723,00 100 TABLE 24-5

24-226 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

CREDITS BY FINANCING SOURCE AND ITEM

GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT %

SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 1.822.497.636,00 48,79 Item 2 - Consumables 163.215.735,00 4,37 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 204.982.103,00 5,49 Item 4 - Plant and Property 16.067.446,00 0,43 Item 5 - Transfers' 2.719.096,00 0,07 Item 6 - Debt Service and Reduction of Other Liabilities 11.287.000,00 0,30 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 2.220.769.016,00 59,46 SOURCE 1 2 - OWN RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 4.853.530,00 0,13 Item 2 - Consumables 5.635.588,00 0,15 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 2.503.308,00 0,07 Item 4 - Plant and Property 213.042,00 0,01 Item 5 - Transfers 301.115.000,00 8,06 TOTAL SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES 314.320.000,00 8,42 SOURCE 1 3 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 42.257.137,00 1,16 Item 2 - Consumables 24.275.409,00 0,65 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 52.891.861,00 1,42 Item 4 - Plant and Property 35.009.590,00 0,94 Item 5 - Transfers 2.586.930,00 0,07 Item 6 - Financial Assets 4.217.960,00 0,11 TOTAL SOURCE 1 3 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION 162.238.887,00 4,34 RESOURCES SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS Item 5 - Transfers 885.100.000,00 23,70 TOTAL SOURCE, 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS 885.100.000,00 23,70 SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 6.400.000,00 0,17 TOTAL SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT 6.400.000,00 0,17 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 71.731.719,00 1,92 Item 6 - Financial Assets 74.500.000,00 1,99 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 146.231.719,00 3,92

GRAND TOTAL 3.735.060.090,00 100

TABLE 24-6

24-227 Part IX - Financial Resources

GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE CREDITS BY EXPENDITURE ITEMS

GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT %

Item 1 - Personnel Expenses 1.870.608.303,00 50,08

Item 2 - Consumables 193.126.732,00 5,17

Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 260.377.272,00 6,97

Item 4 - Plant and Property 129.421.797,00 3,47

Item 5 - Transfers 1.191.521.026,00 31,90

Item 6 - Financial Assets 78.717.960,00 2,11

Item 7 - Debt Service and Reduction of Other Liabilities 11.287.000,00 0,30

GRAND TOTAL 3.735.060.090,00 100 TABLE 24-7

CREDITS BY FINANCING SOURCE

GENERAL CONSOLIDATED TABLE PROVIDED CREDIT %

SOURCE 1 1 - National Treasury 2.232.448.649,00 59,58

SOURCE 12 - Own Resources 314.320.468,00 8,39

SOURCE 13 - Specific Allocation Resources 162.238.887,00 4,33

SOURCE 14 - Internal Transfers 885.100.000,00 23,62

SOURCE 1 5 - Internal Credit 6.400.000,00 0,17

SOURCE 22 - External Credit 146.231.719,00 3,90

GRAND TOTAL 3.746.739.723,00 100

TABLE 24-8

24 - 228 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 64.486.630,00 Item 2 - Consumables 4.024.386,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 51.933.369,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 2.294.044,00 Item 5 - Transfers 1.309.500,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 134.314.929,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 4 - Plant and Property 1.169.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 1.169.000,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 6 - Financial Assets 74.500.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 74.500.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 209.983.929,00

TABLE 24-9/1

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION MINISTRY OF DEFENSE CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 57.681.364,00 Item 2 - Consumables 3.075.838,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services .49.076.644,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 1 .706.044,00 Item 5 - Transfers 1 .290.500,00 Item 7 - Debt Services and Reduction of Other Liabilities 10.267.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 123.097.390,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 4 - Plant and Property 1.169.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 1.169.000,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 6 - Financial Assets 74.500.000,00

TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 74.500.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 198.766.390,00 TABLE 24-9/2

24 - 229 Part IX - Financial Resources

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE NATIONAL ANTARCTIC DIRECTORATE PROVIDED CREDIT

SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY

Item 1 - Personnel Costs 6.805.266,00 Item 2 - Consumables 948.548,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 2.856.000,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 588.000,00 Item 5 - Transfers 19.000,00

TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 11.217.539,00

GRAND TOTAL 11.217.539,00

TABLE 24-9/3

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - JOINT STAFF OF THE ARMED FORCES

PROVIDED CREDIT

SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY

Item 1 - Personnel Costs 1.533.872,00 Item 2 - Consumables 2.816.541,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 7.229.164,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 100.056,00

TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 11.679.633,00

GRAND TOTAL 11.679.633,00

TABLE 24-10

24-230 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - ARMY GENERAL STAFF

PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 819.386.555,00 Item 2 - Consumables 73.379.848,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 61.909.790,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 3.208.908,00 Item 5 - Transfers 1.135.586,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 959.020.687,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Costs 2.618.072,00 Item 2 - Consumables 14.033.132,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 10.594.309,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 3.173.691,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 30.419.204,00 GRAND TOTAL 989.439.891,00 TABLE 24-11

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - NAVY GENERAL STAFF

PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 502.548.481,00 Item 2 - Consumables 37.461.399,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 36.074.539,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 7.388.840,00 Item 5 - Transfers 208.470,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 583.681.729,00 SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES Item 2 - Consumables 1.423.936,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 6.887.535,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 1 .650.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 9.961.471,00 SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 6.400.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 15 - INTERNAL CREDIT 6.400.000,00 SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 3.850.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 3.850.000,00 GRAND TOTAL 603.893.200,00

TABLE 24-12

24-232 Part IX - Financial Resources

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION AIR FORCE GENERAL STAFF

PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 419.877.879,00 Item 2 - Consumables 47.432.392,00 Hem 3 - Non-Personal Services 53.112.243,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 2.651.843,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 523.074.357,00

SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES [tern 1 - Personnel Costs 40.639.065,00 Item 2 - Consumables 8.366.566,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 35.101.436,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 28.859.698,00 Item 5 - Transfers 2.586.930,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 119.771.655,00

SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 66.000.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 66.000.000,00

GRAND TOTAL 708.846.012,00

TABLE 24-13

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - Ci.Te.F.A.

PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE II -NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 1 1.657.981.00 Item 2 - Consumables 844.645,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 1.303.944,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 523.811,00 Item 5 - Transfers 18.540,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 14.348.901,00

SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES , Item 2 - Consumables 451.775,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 308.581,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 157.201,00 TOTAL SOURCE 13 - SPECIFIC ALLOCATION RESOURCES 917.557,00

GRAND TOTAL 15.266.478,00

TABLE 24-14

24 - 232 Chapter 24 - The Defense Budget

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE

PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY Item 1 - Personnel Costs 4.540.110,00 Item 2 - Consumables 73.065,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 648.218,00 Item 5 - Transfers 47.000,00 Item 7 - Debt Services and Reduction of Other Liabilities 1.020.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 1 - NATIONAL TREASURY 6.328.393,00

SOURCE 12- OWN RESOURCES Item 2 - Consumables 5.392.000.00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 1.068.458,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 113.042,00 TOTAL SOURCE 1 2 - OWN RESOURCES 6.573.500,00

SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT Item 4 - Plant and Property 1.881.719,00 TOTAL SOURCE 22 - EXTERNAL CREDIT 1.881.719,00

GRAND TOTAL 14.783.612,00

TABLE 24-15

SPECIFIC CREDITS BY INSTITUTION - FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE FOR MILITARY RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS PROVIDED CREDIT SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES Item 1 - Personnel Costs 4.853.530,00 Item 2 - Consumables 243.588,00 Item 3 - Non-Personal Services 1 .434.850,00 Item 4 - Plant and Property 100.000,00 Item 5 - Transfers 301.115.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 12 - OWN RESOURCES 307.746.968,00

SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS Item 5 - Transfers 885.100.000,00 TOTAL SOURCE 14 - INTERNAL TRANSFERS 885.100.000,00

GRAND TOTAL 1.192.846.968,00

TABLE 24-16

24 - 233 THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THIS PUBLICATION IS UPDATED TO 31 DECEMBER, 1998. Printed in September 1999 by the Graphic Arts Department, Hydrographic Office of the Argentine Navy.