An Analysis Of Deixis Used In John’s Book, Holy Bible Jhon Ferdinand Purba, Rotua E. Pangaribuan, Jubilizer Sihite
Abstract
The writer analyzes the use of deixis from john’s book, Holy Bible. In collecting the data, the writer applies a descriptive research. There are five types of deixis are found in the ten chapters of john’s book Holy Bible, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. that are 12 kinds of discourse deixis that are found the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. The most frequency is “But” with 99 occurrences, followed by “therefore” with 23 occurrences, then “so” with 16 occurrences out of the total 170 occurrences. The portion of the discourse for discourse deixis is found .There are five types of deixis are found in the ten chapters of john’s book Holy Bible, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. The most dominant type of deixis occurred in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible is person deixis with 1269 occurrences out of the whole , total 2018 occurrences and the deitic word “ You”, is dominantly use in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. “You”, refer to the persons or addressee either as subject or object in those chapters of John’s book, Holy BibleThe most dominant type of deixis occurred in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible is person edeixis with 1269 occurrences out of the whole total 2018 occurrences.
Key words : deixis, descriptive research, person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.
I. Introduction Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with of meaning as communicated by a speaker (writer) and interpreted by a listener (reader). According to Yule (1996:3), “pragmatics is of contextual meaning”. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with whom they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances. Yule also concludes that pragmatics is as one of relate branches of linguistics study. By studying language through pragmatics, one can only talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes, or their goal, and kind of actions (such as: request) that they are performing when they speak. Looking at this problem, the writer tries to find out a good way to help the readers in getting the exact meaning of a text. It becomes a background, why the writer chooses that topic. The writer thinks that deixis can help the readers to solve that problem. By knowing deixis, the readers will be easier to get the target meaning which contains in a senteGgnce or text. Furthermore, the writer argues that a good step to identify deixis is by analyzing them that exist in the book. Here, the writer made an analysis in the book of the holy bible to find out what types of deixis is dominantly being used. This study gave us an understanding about deixis and their usages. This study analyzes deixis in the text book according to pragmatics field. Holy Bible and to find the dominant type of deixis used in John’s book, Holy Bible. The result of is expected to be useful for the students, especially for the students of English department, to enlarge their knowledge about deixis, particularly to identify the types, the use and the meaning of it which appeared in a context. Furthermore, it is hoped that they will have an ability to understand the meaning of a text easily, for the readers in order to get some information about deixis and each type especially those which are used in the book of John of the Holy Bible, for the writer, to catch the knowledge about what deixis is, the types, then the usage of them. Besides, by knowing deixis, the writer can understand the contents of a text exactly.
2. Pragmatics . “Pragmatics is of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding”, Levinson (1983:21). Here the term language understanding is used in the way favoured by workers in artificial intelligence to draw attention to the fact that understanding an utterance involves a great deal more than knowing the meanings of the words uttered and the grammatical relations between them. Above all, understanding the utterance an utterance involves the making of inferences that will connect what is said to what is mutually assumed or what has been said before. In another word, pragmatics is the use of language communicated by a speaker to the reader or listener where they need an intelligence of what the speaker intend to. Here, between the speaker and listener or reader have to understand a certain context among of them Deixis The term”deixis” comes from the Greek word for “pointing” and “indicating”. It is a part of pragmatics which has a simply meaning “pointing” via language or asserting something via language. Any linguistics form used to accomplish this pointing is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical. Deixis is used in pragmatics to refer the use of demonstrative and personal pronoun, specific time and place adverbs like “now” and “here” and a variety of other grammatical features. According to Levinson (1983:54) “deixis concerns the ways in which language encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns ways in which interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of the context of utterance”. Yule (1996:9) defined that “deixis is a form referring that is tied to the speakers context, with the most basic distinction between deictic expressions being ‘near speaker’ versus ‘away from speaker’. In English, ‘proximal terms’ or the near speaker’, are ‘this’, ‘here’, ‘now’. The ‘distal terms’ or the away from speaker are ‘that’, ‘there’, ‘then’.
Types of Deixis Deixis has an important role in studying pragmatics. It helps people to interpret the meaning of a certain sentence based on its context. It is supported by Levinson (1983:68-94) defining the deixis into five types, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis.
Person Deixis According to Yule (1996:10), person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, examplified by pronouns for first person (I),second person (You) and third person (she, he, it). Person deixis involves the speaker (I) and the addressee (You). In conversation, each person constantly changes from being Ito being you. The choice of one of these forms instead of another, because of the surrounding social circumstances is sometimes described as social deixis. An example of social contrast involving person deixis could be the distinction between forms used for a familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. This is known as the T/V distinction from the French form tu (familiar) and vous (non-familiar), and is also found in other languages, such as Spanish tú/Usted, Italian tu/Lei, German du/Sie. The choice of one form communicates something about the speaker’s view of his relationship with the addressee. The use of the third person pronouns where a second person form would be possible indicates distance. "This can be done in English for an ironic or humorous purpose as when one person, who’s very busy in the kitchen, addresses another, who’s being very lazy, as in: "Would his highness like some coffee?” (Yule, 1996:11) Besides, deixis is often found in many discourses which used the pronouns. It can be seen by some examples below: 1. First person a. Singular form Ricky said:”I’ll visit your town next week”. (I refer to Ricky) b. Plural form
Tian, Jane and Rina will leave at eight p.m. They will go to the cinema.We refer to Tian, Jane, and Rina.
2. Second person a. Singular form “I love you”, said Bobby to Mary. You refer to Mary b. Plural form “You must study hard to be clever”, said the lecturer to the students. You refer to the students. 3. Third person a. Singular form Elisabeth is my friend. She is a pretty girl. She refers to Elisabeth. b. Plural form Nico, Bram, and Joko go to the stadium. They watch a football match. They refer to Nico, Bram, and Joko
Place deixis According to Levinson (1983:79 in Lyons) place or space deixis concerns the specification of locations relative to anchorage in the speech event. The importance of location specification in general can be gauged from the fact that there seem to be two basic ways of referring to objects - by describing or naming them on the one hand and by locating them on the other. According to Cruse (2000:320) “spatial or place deixis manifests itself principally in the form of locative adverbs such as ‘here’ and ‘there’ and demonstratives or determiners such as “this” and “that”. English has a relatively impoverished spatial deictic system, with only two terms, usually labeled proximal and distal. The proximal term here means something like “region relatively close to the speaker” and there means “relatively distant from the speaker”. Furthermore, spatial or place deixis is the form of the space viewed from the location of participant of the language process. In English, the adverb of place are “here”, “there” and demonstrative pronoun are “this” and “that” . The word which shows things or people near from the addressee are : “this” ,”here” , while, when the people or things are far from the addressee are : “that” and “there” . For example: 1. The airport is fifteen kilometers from my house. That is too far for me to take you home. That refers to the Airport. 2. I plan to have a vacation to Bali after finishing my study. Probably, I’ll be there on November. There refers to Bali Time Deixis Time deixis can also be called as temporal deixis. According to Cruse (2000:321) “temporal deixis functions to locate points or intervals on the time axis, using the moments of utterance as a reference point”. There are three major divisions of the time axis, they are: (1) before the moment of utterance, (2) at the time of utterance, (3) after the time of the utterance. The most basic temporal deictics in English are “now” and “then”. In another word temporal deixis has a closely related to adverb of time, where it is the form of time view based on the language activity happened and made. In English, people can find some examples of temporal deixis. It can be found in the use of time signal, such as: now, soon, recently, then, yesterday, this year. Besides, it is usually found in the use of tenses. For examples, based on time signal: 1. Now, I am still a student. 2. My uncle called me yesterday. 3. Fery, my young brother gave me some money recently. Based on tenses: 1. The students are studying now (present). 2. Yesterday, a girl came to my house (past). 3. My brother will marry next year (future).
Social Deixis According to Levinson (1983:89 in Fillmore) “social deixis concerns that aspect of sentences which reflect or establish or are determined by certain realities of the social situation in which the speech act occurs”. Social deixis encode the social identities of participants (properly, incumbents of participants roles), or the social relationship between them, or between one of them and persons and entities referred to. The usage of social deixis brings the use of polite pronouns and title of address. In Fillmore’s word the social deixis encodes the social relation ships on the port of the participants in the conversation that determined, for example, the choice of honorific or polite or intimate or insulting speech level in addition to honorifics, examples include nicknames, informal names, and title of respect. Social deixis shows the differences of individuality in each participants roles especially the social status between the addressee. Social deixis has to do with the marking of social relationship in linguistics expression, with direct or oblique reference to the social status or role of participants in the speech event. Social deixis also concerns with the aspect of sentences that reflect by certain realities of the social situation in which the utterances occurs. For examples: 1. Mr. For man 2. Mrs. For woman 3. Brother for boy 4. Prof. Dr. Noto negoro 5. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 6. General Sudirman 7. Your honour 8. Prime minister
Discourse Deixis “Discourse, or text, deixis concerns the use of expressions within some expressions that utterance refers to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself)”, Levinson (2000:85). It may conclude in discourse deixis a number of other ways in which an utterance signals its relation to surounding text, example utterance – initial anyway seems to indicate that the utterance that contains it is not addressed to the immediately preceding discourse, but to one or more steps back. In discourse deixis, people can find the use temporal deixis such as next and last to refer to portions of the discourse. But, in discourse deixis, it can be found a place or spatial – deictic term that used again, and especially the demonstrative this and that. There are many phrases in English that indicate the relationship between an utterance and the prior discourse. It is generally conceded that such words have at least a component of meaning that resists truth – conditional meaning treatment. They seem to indicate how the utterance that contains them is a response to, or a continuation of, some portion of the prior discourse. In English, there are some deictic expressions which include in discourse deixis, such as: but, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still, however, anyway, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all, etc. For examples: 1. Spain beat Italy in the final of Europe Cup ,so they are the champion. 2. Rico has struggled hard to win the game, but finally he lost. 3. Everybody wants to be successful. Therefore, everybody must work hard.
3.Research Design
In designing this research, the writer applies a descriptive qualitative research. According to Arikunto (2010:3) “metode kualitatif adalah metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk meneliti kondisi objek yang bersifat alami” (qualitative method is a research method which is used to research the condition of natural object).
The data of this research are deixis. They are taken from the book of John of the Holy Bible. The book of John consists of twenty one chapters. The writer limits the data from chapter one until chapter ten. There are ten chapters to be analyzed In collecting the data, the writer applies a descriptive research by these following steps: 1. Reading the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. 2. Underlining the deixis in the book of John of the Holy Bible.
4.Data Analysis
The data are analysis of deixis based on the types.There are five types of deixis according to Levinson (1983:68-94), they are : person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and Discourse deixis. All the types are found in the chapters in the ten chapters in John’s book, Holy Bible.
Person Deixis
Deictic words in person deixis are the variations of personal pronouns and objective pronouns, such as:I, You, We, They, She, He, It, Us, Me, Them, Him, and Her. There are 193 occurrences person deixis I,256 occurrences person deixis you, 35 person occurrences deixis we, 83 occurrences person deixis they, 1 occurrences person deixis she, 250 occurrences person deixis he, 26 occurrences person deixis it, 10 occurrences person deixis us, 107 occurrences person deixis me, 77 occurrences person deixis them, 219 occurrences person deixis him, and 12occurences person deixis her, found in the ten chapters of john’s book, Holy Bible. The use of them in sentences can be seen by the following examples:
1)Jesus answered and said to him, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born again, he can not see the kingdom of God.”(John chapter I, paragraph 3).
I,in the sentence above is person deixis which refers to the speaker as the subject. I refer to Jesus.
2) Then Jesus said to those Jews who believe in Him, ”If you abide in My word, you are My disciples indeed.”(John chapter 3, paragraph 31).
You, in the sentence above is person deixis which refers to the object of pronoun. You refer to those Jews who believe in Jesus.
3)Hisparents answered them and said, “Weknow that this is our son, and that he was born blind; (John chapter 9, paragraph 20)
We, in the sentence above is person deixis which refers to the subject of pronoun. We, refer to the parents of the blind man.
4) Then the scribes and Pharisees brought to him a woman caught in adultery. And when they had set her in the midst,(John chapter 8, paragraph 3).
They said to him, “Teacher, this woman was caught in adultery, in the very act.” (John chapter 8, paragraph 4).
Theyin the sentence above are person deixis to the subject of pronoun.
They refer to the scribes and Pharisees.
5) When Jesus had raised Himself up and saw no one but the woman, He said to her, “woman, are those accusers of yours? Has no one condemned you?”(John chapter 8, paragraph 10).
She said, “no one Lord. ”And Jesus said to her, ”neither I condemned you; go and sin no more.”(John chapter 8, paragraph 11).
She, in the sentence above is person deixis to the subject of pronoun.
She refers to the woman.
Now, the frequency of occurrences of those person deixis above can be seen by the following table.
Table 1 The Frequency of Occurrences for Person Deixis Deictic Chapter Total Words I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X I 16 1 10 13 20 23 13 49 17 31 193 You 26 4 17 27 33 27 24 64 15 19 256 We 3 - 4 5 - 7 2 5 8 1 35 They 3 7 3 6 3 22 3 12 13 11 83 She ------1 - - 1 He 29 15 22 28 18 29 25 27 45 12 250 It 1 5 3 1 - 4 3 3 - 6 26 Us 2 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 2 10 Me 11 2 2 8 16 19 14 21 2 12 107 Them 5 5 1 4 4 14 11 12 7 14 77 Him 38 5 15 30 18 27 25 21 27 13 219 Her - 1 - 7 - - - 4 - - 12 Sub Total 134 46 77 131 112 173 120 220 135 121 1269
Table1 shows that there are 12 kinds of deictic words which were found in those chapters, they are: I, You, We, They, She, He, It, Us, Me, Them, Him and Her. The most dominant is “You” with 256 occurrences and then followed by “He” with 256 occurrences and then “Him” with 219 occurrences out of the total 1269 for person deixis. The Referenceof Person Deixis in chapter I The analysis of person deixis which are found in the ten chapters of John’s book are listed below. Table 2 Chapter I Deictic Words Refer to He (paragraph 2, line 1) Word Him (paragraph 3, line 1 ) God Him (paragraph 3, line 2 ) God Him (paragraph 4, line 1) God It (paragraph 5, line 2 ) The Light Him (paragraph 7, line 2 ) John He (paragraph 8, line 1 ) John He (paragraph 10, line 1 ) God Him (paragraph10, line 2 ) God Him (paragraph 10, line 3 ) God He (paragraph 11, line 1 ) God Him (paragraph 11, line 2 ) God Him (paragraph 12, line 1 ) God Them (paragraph 12, line 2 ) Human He (paragraph 12, line 2 ) God Us (paragraph 14, line 2 ) Human We (paragraph 14, line 2 ) Human Him (paragraph 15, line 1 ) God He (paragraph 15, line 2 ) God I (paragraph 15, line 2 ) John He (paragraph 15, line 3 ) God Me (paragraph15, line 3 ) John Me (paragraph 15, line 4) John He (paragraph 15, line 4 ) God Me (paragraph 15, line 4) John We (paragraph 16, line 1 ) John & Human He (paragraph 18, line 3) The Only begotten son Him (paragraph 18, line 3 ) God Him (paragraph 19, line 3) John You (paragraph 19, line 4) John He (paragraph 20, line 1) John I (paragraph 20, line 1) John They (paragraph 21, line 1) Priests & Levites Him (paragraph 21, line 1) John You (paragraph 21, line 2) John He (paragraph 21, line 2) John I (paragraph 21, line 2 ) John You (paragraph 21, line 3 ) John He (paragraph21, line 3) John They (paragraph 22, line1 ) Priests & Levites Him (paragraph 22, line 1) John You (paragraph 22, line 2) John Us (paragraph 22, line 3 ) Priests & Levites You (paragraph 22, line 3) John He (paragraph 23, line 1) John I (paragraph 23, line 1) John They (paragraph 25, line 1) Pharisees Him (paragraph 25, line 1) John You (paragraph 25, line 2) John You (paragraph 25, line 2) John Them (paragraph 26, line 1) Pharisees I (paragraph 26, line 1) John You (paragraph 26, line 3) Priests, Levites & Pharisees You (paragraph 26, line 3) Priests, Levites & Pharisees He (paragraph 27, line 1) God Me (paragraph 27, line 1) John Me (paragraph 27, line 2) John I (paragraph 27, line 3) John Him (paragraph 29, line 2) John He (paragraph 30, line 1) Jesus I (paragraph 30, line 1) John Me (paragraph 30, line 3) John He (paragraph 30, line 3) Jesus Me (paragraph 30, line 3) John I (paragraph 31, line1 ) John Him (paragraph 31, line 1) Jesus He (paragraph 31, line 1) Jesus I (paragraph 31, line 3) John I (paragraph 32, line 2) John He (paragraph 32, line 3) The Spirit Him (paragraph 32, line 3) Jesus I (paragraph 33, line 1) John Him (paragraph 33, line 1) Jesus He (paragraph 33, line 1) Jesus Me (paragraph 33, line 2) John Me (paragraph 33, line 2) John You (paragraph 33, line 3) Priests, Levites & Pharisees Him (paragraph 33, line 4) Jesus He (paragraph 33, line 4) Jesus I (paragraph 34, line 1) John He (paragraph 36, line 1) John He (paragraph 36, line 2) Jesus Him (paragraph 37, line 1) John They (paragraph 37, line 2) John and the two disciples Them (paragraph 38, line 2) John and the two disciples Them (paragraph 38, line 2) John and the two disciples You (paragraph 38, line 3) John and the two disciples Him (paragraph 38, line 3) Jesus You (paragraph 38, line 5) Jesus He (paragraph 39, line 1) Jesus Them (paragraph 39, line 1) John and the two disciples They (paragraph 39, line 2) John and the two disciples He (paragraph 39, line 2) Jesus Him (paragraph 39, line 3) Jesus Him (paragraph 40, line 2) Jesus He (paragraph 41, line 1) Andrew Him (paragraph 41, line 2) Simon We (paragraph 41, line 2) The two disciples He (paragraph 42, line 1) Andrew Him (paragraph 42, line 1) Simon Him (paragraph 42, line 2) Simon He (paragraph 42, line 2) Jesus You (paragraph 42, line 2) Simon You (paragraph42, line 3) Simon He (paragraph 43, line 2) Jesus Him (paragraph 43, line 3) Philip Me (paragraph 43, line 3) Jesus Him (paragraph 45, line 2) Nathanael We (paragraph 45, line 2) Andrew, Simon, Philip Him (paragraph 45, line 2) Jesus Him (paragraph 46, line 1) Philip Him (paragraph 46, line 2) Nathanael Him (paragraph 47, line 2) Jesus Him (paragraph 47, line 2) Nathanael Him (paragraph 48, line 1) Jesus You (paragraph 48, line 2) Jesus Me (paragraph 48, line 2) Nathanael Him (paragraph 48, line 3) Nathanael You (paragraph 48, line 3) Nathanael You (paragraph 48, line 4) Nathanael I (paragraph 48, line 4) Jesus You (paragraph 48, line 4) Nathanael Him (paragraph 49, line 2) Jesus You (paragraph 49, line 2) Jesus You (paragraph 49, line 2) Jesus Him (paragraph 50, line 1) Nathanael I (paragraph 50, line 2) Jesus You (paragraph 50, line 2) Nathanael I (paragraph 50, line 2) Jesus You (paragraph 50, line 2) Nathanael You (paragraph 50, line 3) Nathanael You (paragraph 50, line 3) Nathanael He (paragraph 51, line 1) Jesus Him (paragraph 51, line 1) Nathanael I (paragraph 51, line 2) Jesus You (paragraph 51, line 2) Nathanael You (paragraph 51, line 2) Nathanael
Place Deixis There are 14 many kinds of deictic words which pointing place or spatial found John’s book, Holy Bible. Those are that with 2 occurrences, those with 12 occurrences, this with 29 occurrences, these with 14 occurrences,come/s with 7 occurrences, came with 4 occurrences, there with 8 occurrences, go with 4 occurrences, sent with 1 occurrence, coming with 1 occurrence, walk with 2 occurrences, walked with 1 occurrence, here with 2 occurrences, went with 2 occurrences. The representations of them are listed below in examples. 1)Hewas not that light, but was sent to bear witness of that light.(John chapter 1, paragraph 8). That, in the sentence above are place deixis are place deixis with the category as distal term (far from the addressee). 2)Otherssaid, “This is the Christ.” But some said, “Will the Christ come out of the Galilee?” (John chapter 7, paragraph 41). This, in the sentence above is place deixis with the category as proximal term (near from the speaker). 3)And Jesus went up on a mountain, and there he sat with His disciples.(John chapter 4, paragraph 3). There, in the sentence above is place deixis with the category as distal term(far from the addressee). There refers to the mountain. 4)Andwhen they found Him in the other side of the sea, they said to Him, “Rabbi, when did You come here?(John chapter 6, paragraph 25), Here, in the sentence above is place deixis with the category as the location of the participants at the time of speaking. 5)Jesussaid to her, “Go, call your husband and come here.” The word go is place deixis with the category as the verb motion (moving away from the speaker), and the word come is also place deixis as the verb motion. But it indicates a moving close to the speaker. The more examples, they can be seen in appendix. The frequency of occurrences of the place deixis are listed in the following table.
Table 3 The Frequency of Occurrences for Place Deixis Deictic Chapter Total Words I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X That 2 ------2 Those 3 1 - - - 3 - 3 2 - 12 This 2 - 1 3 - 6 6 2 7 2 29 These 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 14 Come/s 1 - - 3 1 1 1 - - - 7 Came 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 - - 4 There - - 2 2 2 1 - - - 1 8 Go - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 4 Sent - - - 1 ------1 Coming - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 Walk - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 Walked - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 Here - - - - - 1 1 - - - 2 Went ------1 - 1 Sub Total 10 2 6 12 10 14 9 8 13 4 88
Table 3 shows that there are 14 kinds of deictic word which referred to the place or distance. Each of them indicates the location of something or somebody, either near or far from the speaker. The deictic words which were found in those chapters are: that, those, this, comes, came, there, go, sent, coming, walk, walked, here, went. The word mostly appeared are “this” with 29 occurrences then followed by “these” with 14 occurrences out of the total 88 occurrences. The categories of place deixis found The categories of each place deixis which were found in the chapters of John’s book are, Listed below.
Table 4 The Categories of place deixis found Deictic Category Words That Distal term (far from the addressee) Those Distal term (far from the addressee) This Proximal term These Proximal term Come/s Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker) Came Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker) There Distal terns(far from the addressee) Go Verb of motion(moving away from the speaker) Sent Verb of motion(moving away from the speaker) Coming Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker) Walk Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker) Walked Verb of motion(moving close to the speaker) Here Proximal term Went Verb of motion(moving away from the speaker)
Time Deixis Time deixis is the third types of deixis in this study. In those chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible, there are some varieties of deictic words found. They are after, the next day, before, then, then, that day, now, the following day, on the third day, when, by night, again, second time, yesterday, afterward, the last day, formerly and since. All of them are time deixis which are show the indication of time. The representation of them are listed on the following examples. 1)Now, after the two days he departed from there and went to Galilee.(john)chapter 4, paragraph 43) The word after is time deixis which shows the indication of time as after the time of utterance. 2)Jesussaid to them, “Most assuredly I say to you, before Abraham was, I am.”(john chapter 8, paragraph 58). The word before in the sentence above is time deixis. It shows an indication of time before the time of utterance. 3)Then he inquired of them the hour when he got better. And they said to him, “Yesterdayat the seventh hour the fever left him.”(john chapter 4, paragraph 52 The word then,is a time deixis which indicates the time before the utterance. Yesterday is a time deixis which indicates the time signal that it was past time at the time of speaking. 4)And as he was now going down, his servants met him and told him, saying, “Your son lives.” The word now, in the sentence above is a time deixis which indicates the time signal that it was present time at the time of the utterance. The more example see appendix. The frequency of occurrences for each type of deictic words is presented in the table below.
Table 5. The Frequency of Occurrences for Time Deixis Deictic Chapter Total Words I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X After 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 - - - 10 The next day 2 ------2 Before 2 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 6 Then 1 2 1 5 2 10 7 13 6 4 51 That day 1 - - - 1 - - - - - 2 Now 3 4 1 5 3 2 4 3 3 1 29 The following day 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 On the third day - 1 ------1 When - 6 - 6 2 11 4 5 4 1 39 By night - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 2 Again - - 1 - - - - 3 1 2 7 Second time - - 1 ------1 Yesterday - - - 1 ------1 Afterward - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 The last day - - - - - 1 1 - - - 2 Formerly ------1 - 1 Since ------1 - 1 Subtotal 12 14 8 18 11 27 18 25 16 9 58
Table5 shows that there are 17 kinds of deictic words which pointing out the time or temporal aspects in those chapters. Some of them are: after the next day, before, then, now, yesterday, etc. The most frequency of time or temporal deixis are “Then” with 51 occurrences, followed by “when” with 39 occurrences, then “Now” with 29 occurrences out of the total 158 occurrences.
The indication of time for time deixis which were found in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible can be seen by table below.
Table 6 The Indication of Time for Time Deixis Found Deictic Indication of time Words After After the time of utterance The next day After the time of utterance Before Before the time of utterance Then After the time of utterance That day At the time of utterance Now Time signal (present time) The following day After the time of utterance On the third day At the time of utterance When At the time of utterance By night At the time of utterance Again After the time of utterance Second time After the time of utterance Yesterday Time signal (past time ) Afterward After the time of utterance The last day After the time of utterance Formerly Before the time of utterance Since Time signal
Social Deixis There are so many kinds of deictic words which showing the social class or status in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. Social deixis is used as a signal to express social distinctions among the speaker and addressee. The deictic words are found such as: Father, Jesus Christ, Priest, Lord, Sir, brother, man, woman, The Angles of God, the King of Israel, etc. They can be presented by the following examples: 1.Nathanael answered and said to him, “ Rabbi, you are the son of God! You are the king of Israel “.(john chapter 1, paragraph 49) The Son of God,is the social identity which shows title of address, while the king of Israel, is incumbents of participant-role. 2.Then they said to him, “Lord, give us this bread always.” (John chapter 6’ paragraph 34) Lord, is a social identity which shows honorific or polite respect. 3.Foras the Father raises the dead and gives life to them, even so the Son gives life to whom He will.(John chapter 5, paragraph 21) The word Son and Father are social identities as the title of address. 4.Thenobleman said to Him, “Sir, come down before my child dies!”(John chapter4, paragraph 49) The word nobleman and Sir, are social identities. Nobleman is a nickname, while Sir is a honorifics or polite respect. 5.Also we have come to believe and know that You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.(John chapter 6, paragraph 69). The word Christ and the Son of the living God are social deixis which shows an informal name.
The frequencies of occurrences found in ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible for social deixis are listed below.
Table 7 The Frequency of Occurrences for Social Deixis Deictic Chapter Total Words I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Father 2 - 1 5 14 13 1 21 10 67 Jesus Christ 1 ------1 The only begotten son 1 - 2 ------3 Priest 2 ------2 Prophet/s 3 - - 1 - 1 2 2 1 - 10 Lord 1 - - 1 - 2 - 1 2 - 7 Christ 1 - 1 2 1 5 - 1 1 12 The Lamb of God 2 ------2 Man/ men 1 1 2 3 7 2 4 2 11 2 35 The son of God 2 - - - 1 - - - 1 1 5 Brother/s 2 1 - - - 1 3 - - - 7 The son of Jonah 1 ------1 The son of Joseph 1 ------1 The king of Israel 1 ------1 The Angles of God 1 ------1 The son of man 1 - 2 - 1 3 - 1 - - 8 The mother of Jesus - 1 ------1 Woman - 1 - 14 - - - 5 - - 20 The servants - 2 - 1 ------3 The master of the feast - 2 ------2 Bread-groom - 1 3 ------4 Guest - 1 ------1 Disciples - 4 2 6 - 12 1 1 4 30 Moneychangers - 1 ------1 Teacher - - 2 - - - - 1 - - 3 God - - 5 3 4 4 - 4 5 3 28 Son - - 4 5 8 3 - 2 2 - 24 Sir - - - 4 1 - - - - - 5 Father Jacob - - - 1 ------1 Husband - - - 5 ------5 Worshiper/s - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 2 Messiah - - - 1 ------1 Savior - - - 1 ------1 Nobel man - - - 2 ------2 Child/children - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 2 Angle - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 God the father - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 The son the living God - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 Chief Priest ------1 - - - 1 Officers ------2 - - - 2 Scribes ------1 - - 1 Devil ------1 - - 1 Murderer ------1 - - 1 Liar ------1 - - 1 Parents ------4 - 4 Sinner/s ------3 - 3 Thief/s ------3 3 Robber/s ------2 2 Shepherd ------6 6 Doorkeeper ------1 1 Stranger/s ------2 2 Hireling ------3 3 Sub Total 23 15 24 57 37 44 19 45 35 34 333
Table 7 shows that there are 52 kinds of social deixis used in ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. The most frequency from the table above is “Father” with 67 occurrences, followed by “Man/Men” with 35 occurrences, then ”disciples” with occurrences out of the total 333 occurrences. The social identities of social deixis which are found in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible are presented on the table below.
Table 8 The Social Identities of Social Deixis Found Deictic Social Identity Words Father Title of respect Jesus Christ Informal name The only begotten son Informal name Priest Nickname Prophet/s Nickname Lord Honorifics or polite respect Christ Informal name The Lamb of God Informal name Man/ men Title of respect The son of God Informal name Brother/s Title of respect The son of Jonah Title of address The son of Joseph Title of address The king of Israel Incumbents of participant-roles The Angles of God Title of address The son of man Title of address The mother of Jesus Title of address Woman Title of respect The servants Nickname The master of the feast Incumbents of participant-roles Bread-groom Nickname Guest Nickname Disciples Nickname Moneychangers Nickname Teacher Title of respect God Title of respect Son Title of respect Sir Honorifics or polite respect Father Jacob Role of participants Husband Title of address Worshiper/s Nickname Messiah Informal name Savior Nickname Nobel man Nickname Child/children Title of address Angle Title of respect God the father Informal name The son the living God Informal name Chief Priest Incumbents of participant-roles Officers Nickname Scribes Nickname Devil Nickname Murderer Nickname Liar Nickname Parents Title of respect Sinner/s Nickname Thief/s Nickname Robber/s Nickname Shepherd Nickname Doorkeeper Nickname Stranger/s Nickname Hireling Nickname
Discourse Deixis There are so many kinds of deictic words which pointing the discourse elements found in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. Some of them are: But, therefore, so, even so, however, yet, etc. The Representation of discourse deixis in examples are listed below: 1. I did not know him ; but that He should be revealed to Israel, therefore I came baptizing with water.(John chapter 1, paragraph 31 ) But, is a discourse diixis that has a portion asa component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse. Therefore, is a cause-effect of the prior discourse. 2. Most assuredly I say to you, He who does not enter the sheepfold by the door, but climbs up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber.(John chapter 10, paragraph 1) But, is a component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse. 3.Though Jesus Himself did not baptize, but His disciples.(John chapter 4, paragraph 2) But and though are discourse deixisthat have a portion asa component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse. 4.As the Father knows me, even so I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep.(John chapter 10, paragraph 15) Even so, is a discourse deixis that has a continuation of response of the prior discourse. 5.”Yet I do not receive testimony from man, but I say these things that you may be saved.”(John chapter 5, paragraph 34) The word yet and but are discourse deixis that have a continuation or a response of the prior discourse.
The frequency of discourse deixis found in the ten chapters of john’s book, Holy Bible can be seen through the table below.
Table 9 The Frequency of occurrences for Discourse Deixis Deictic Chapter Total Words I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X But 7 2 10 6 13 11 15 16 6 13 99 Therefore 1 1 - 2 2 6 3 3 3 2 23 So - - 2 3 - 5 1 2 3 - 16 Even so - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 3 Whatever - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 However - - - - - 1 2 - - - 3 Yet - - - 1 1 1 2 - - 5 That 1 ------1 This 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 1 1 15 Though - - - 1 - - - - - 1 2 Still - - - 1 ------1 Even ------1 - - 1 Sub total 10 4 14 14 19 29 23 26 13 18 170
Table 9 above shows that are 12 kinds of discourse deixis that are found the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. The most frequency is “But” with 99 occurrences, followed by “therefore” with 23 occurrences, then “so” with 16 occurrences out of the total 170 occurrences. The portion of the discourse for discourse deixis found The portion of the discourse deixis which were found in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible are presented below.
Table 10 The portion of the discourse for discourse deixis found Deictic The portion Words But A component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse Therefore A cause-effect of the prior discourse So A continuation of the prior discourse Even so A continuation or a response of the prior discourse Whatever A conditional meaning treatment However A component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse Yet A continuation or a response of the prior discourse That Referring to a preceding portion of the discourse This Referring to a forthcoming portion of the discourse Though A component of meaning that resists of the prior discourse Still A continuation of the prior discourse Even A continuation or a response of the prior discourse
Table 11 The Total Frequency of occurrences by each type of Deixis Types of Chapter Total Deixis I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Person 134 46 77 131 112 173 120 220 135 121 1269 Deixis Place 10 2 6 12 10 14 9 8 13 4 88 Deixis Time 12 14 8 18 11 27 18 25 16 9 158 Deixis Social 23 15 24 57 37 44 19 45 35 34 333 Deixis Discourse 10 4 14 14 19 29 23 26 13 18 170 Deixis 2018
Table11 shows that the uses of person deixis in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible are 1269 out of 2018 total frequency. The dominant deictic words in person deixis are “You” followed by “He”, then “Him”. The second type is place deixis with 88 occurrences of the whole 2018 total frequency. The dominant deictic words which pointing the place in this type are “This” followed by “then”. The third type is time deixis with 158 occurrences of the whole 2018 total frequency. The dominant types of deictic words are “then” followed by “when” and then “now”. The fourth type is social deixis with 333 occurrences of the whole 2018 total frequency. The dominant deictic word in social deixis is “Father”. The last type is discourse deixis with 170 occurrences of the whole 2018 total frequency. The dominant deictic words are “but” then followed by “therefore”.
After analyzing the whole types of deixis, namely: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis, it was found that person deixis 1269 occurrences, place deixis 88 occurrences, time deixis 158 occurrences, social deixis, 333 occurrences and 170 occurrences for the discourse deixis. The most dominant type which used in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible is person deixis, especially “You”. Person deixis used in the John’s book to refer the participant there.
According to Yule (1996:9), deixis is a form referring that is tied to the speaker context, with the most basic distinction between deictic expressions ‘near speaker’ versus ‘away from speaker’. Levinson (1983:54) “deixis concern’s the ways in which language encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event and thus also concerns ways in which interpretation of utterances depend on the analysis of the context of utterance”. Deixis devises into five types, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis. Social deixis and discourse deixis.After doing the research, the writer collected the data then found that person deixis is the most dominant type which is used in ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. It is showed by pronoun, where personal pronoun “You” is the most dominant.
IV Conclusions After analyzing the use of deixis from john’s book, Holy Bible, it can be conclude that: 1. There are five types of deixis are found in the ten chapters of john’s book Holy Bible, they are: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis 2. The most dominant type of deixis occurred in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible is person deixis with 1269 occurrences out of the whole 3. total 2018 occurrences. 4. The deitic word “ You”, is dominantly use in the ten chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible. “You”, refer to the persons or addressee either as subject or object in those chapters of John’s book, Holy Bible.
Based on the result, the writers suggest to readers, especially for the students of English department to deepen more about deixis, because by know in deixis it help the students to catch the target meaning of a certain text or a discourse easier, It is suggested to the other writers to make the further research on deixis in another field of study
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Wiles, Maurice. 1990. The Oxford Illustrated History Of Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press.
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