Tive Reform: Organizational Chart- Ing in Egypt Abstract: 1.Introduction

JRL JRL of the Faculty of Commerce for July 2015,Vol. 52 No. 2 Scientific Research.

Dr.Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administra- Lecturer in Productivity and Quality Institute, Arab tive Reform: Organizational Chart- Academy for Science, Tech- ing in Egypt nology and Maritime Transport

Abstract: 1. Introduction

This paper is a qualitative single Accountability for a government is case study that describes the importance an aim that needs to be reached espe- of public administrative reform through cially in democratic governments (Mul- introducing a problem that is faced by gan 2000); it has been investigated that the Egyptian government due to the non existence of a well defined organiza- accountability has a major role in the tional chart. It reviews the Egyptian sit- initiation of a revolution (Islam 2013). uation, the organizational chart and str- In order to reach public accountability, ucture existence in Arab and Non-Arab governments need to ensure several as- countries; then finally proposes a rec- pects such as performance management ommendation for ministries and an or- and control. Governmental performance ganizational chart that may help in the management is important for govern- stability of the governmental system. The paper shows the effect of organi- ments as it helps in presenting and ad- zational chart reengineering and thus dressing the issues of accountability illustrates the effect of having a formal and transparency (Swee 2012; Newco- documented organizational chart with mer and Caudle 2011) while the more defined ministries on decreasing admin- control a government has over public istrative costs and reaching more accu- servants, the more accountability it has rate information about ministries‟ per- (Mulgan 2000). Moreover, several ex- formance. This leads to a more effective governmental performance man- amples in countries showed that acco- agement, accountability which results untability cannot stand alone without a in the stability of the governmental ad- wider perspective of the whole gover- ministration and governance which will nment in order to help increase organi- consequently increase social stability. zational learning (Greiling and Hala-

chmi 2013) Keywords: New Public Management, Now after two revolutions (as will Organizational Chart, Egyptian Rev- be discussed in Section 3), it is time for olution, Accountability, Egypt Egypt to catch up with other governme- Article Classification: Case Study nts that started their public sector and

governmental reform through „New Pu-

blic Management‟ (NPM) (Cope et al.

1997; Kloot 2009). Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

New public management and acco- ence of ambiguous organizational str- untability are strongly related (Osborne ucture. 2002; Denhardt and Denhardt 2011)  Pointing out the effect of the „many and according to Hansson and Longva hands problem‟ that may face governments and reduce accountability. (2014), accountability is the possibility  The importance of documentation for of holding the public servants responsi- organization chart and details of or- ble for their actions. ganizational structure for improved Denhardt and Denhardt (2011) stat- accountability. ed that the public sector‟s initial aim is 2. Research Problem to reach public accountability which NPM is „characterized by the adop- can be reached through measuring and tion of private sector management con- managing performance. This is empha- cepts and styles, the introduction of sized even more through 14 key ele- quasi-markets and contracting process- ments that are essential for governmen- es and the application of explicit stand- tal performance measurement and man- ards and measures of performance‟ (Gl- agement (Islam 2010). One of those el- ynn and Murphy 1996); accordingly, ements is about precisely knowing the one of the basic functions in manage- responsibilities of each one in the gov- ment is having a well structured organi- ernment in order to identify rewards zational chart that facilitates managing and punishments that consequently bu- an organization (Plunkett et al. 2013; ild accountability in a country, which Ebert and Griffin 2013). helps in maintaining control of public Previous literature concerning NPM servants (Mulgan 2000). Sections 2 and showed the importance of the existence 3 will investigate to what extent Egypt of such a managerial trend in the public lacked this element and how the lack of sector, moreover, it revealed how acco- this element increased political and eco- untability can cause a problem in some nomic instability in the country, espe- countries if not combined with close cially after a revolution broke out in performance management and measure- Egypt. ement. However, the researcher found a This paper intends to clarify several lack in resources revealing the impact aspects in the context of public sector of the inexistence of NPM in a govern- management; these aspects are: ment on both political and economic  The importance of existence of well stability of a country. Accordingly, the defined organizational structure and research is investigating Egypt as a case organizational chart in order to ach- study. ieve a higher level of accountability. Taking this into consideration and  Showing the results of the inexistence based on a previous research that inves- of organizational chart and the exist- tigated the governmental performance

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

management in Egypt (Islam 2010), the oblem in Egypt in the years from 2011 author noticed that several interviewees until 2015 because of several changes commented negatively on the perfor- in the political and governmental life in mance measurement element discussed Egypt as will be shown in Section 3. in Section 1 concerning „identifying ea- Accordingly, Egypt is starting now a ch activity in the organization and as- new administrative reform strategy that signing its responsibilities for more pu- aims to reach high public accountability blic accountability. through transparency, professionalism Not all interviewees agreed that and justice to reach citizen happiness there is a well defined organizational (MOP 2015). Nevertheless, the MOP chart in the Egyptian government. Most (2015) did not mention anything about of them ensured that there is an organi- having an organizational chart for the zational chart in the ministries but not country although organizing through a for the whole government. structure and a chart are essential ele- The interviewed Member of Parlia- ments in any organization (Ebert and ment (MP) (of the Education Commit- Griffin 2013), and if Egypt is aiming tee in the Local Parliament of Alexan- for public administrative reform thro- dria-Egypt) stated that the non exist- ugh NPM it needs to take organizing ence of this element made it „difficult to into consideration. know where a complaint can be prese- Therefore, this paper starts from or- nted or to whom a recommendation can ganizing in order to show the impact of be given or even who can be accused of the inexistence of a well defined organ- corruption or irregularity when it hap- ization structure and the inexistence of pens‟. The MP also added that organi- organizational chart on a country when zational structure in the Egyptian gov- there is turbulence in its external envi- ernment is present but inefficient. ronment and proposing a solution for The Assistant Secretary General for the problem. the Ministers‟ Council stated that alt- This research is a qualitative, deduc- hough the organizational structure in tive and descriptive single case study the Egyptian government is present, it that describes the problem in the Gov- is ineffective in creating accountability ernmental Egyptian Case and aims to as „it is known only by the intelligent propose a solution. For the purpose of and the elite level of society‟. this research, data was collected using Moreover, after the research was documentation from official websites of conducted in 2010; a revolution started governments, official video websites of in Egypt in 2011 (Fadel 2011; Nick and News Channels and literature review Siddhartha 2011; Islam 2013) which from latest published researches in the made governmental accountability a pr- field of study.

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

Purposive Expert sampling tech- President Hosny Mubarak (Islam 2013; nique was used for the validation of the Barsoum 2013; World Bank 2014) and proposed Ministries and Organizational starting a new era of political instability Chart through the conduction of semi as he stepped down handing over the structured and unstructured interviews. rule of Egypt to the Supreme Council of The unstructured interviews were con- the Armed Forces who faced much in- ducted with Egyptian government offi- stability because of inadequate govern- cials, while the semi structured intervi- mental performance from the public ews were conducted with senior aca- citizens‟ perspective (Al Ahram 2011; demic staff members in the managerial El Aiady 2012). This continued until field and experts in the legal field. Aca- the year 2012 where presidential elec- demic staff members interviewed were tions were conducted and President selected to have a minimum of ten yea- Mohammed Morsi was elected (The rs of experience in the managerial field. Of-ficial Site for Presidential Elections Governmental officials are experts in 2012; World Bank 2014).This could the practical governmental field who have been the beginning of a period of spent not less than two years in the gov- desired stability, but soon everything ernmental managerial field in order to changed as the new president did not be qualified for validation of the minis- satisfy the political and social needs of tries‟ proposed names. Experts in the the revolutionary youth and citizens legal field of no less than 10 years of who found out that his policy was re- experience with knowledge in the new placing the Egyptian moderate and pe- constitution were selected to help in aceful identity with a new different id- validating the location of „Independent entity that was refused by a large nu- Establishments‟ in the organizational mber of Egyptians (Masress 2013; State chart. Further details about all the inter- Information Service 2014a). viewees will be presented in Sections 5 This situation initiated a revolution and 6. in 2013 which caused the Egyptian Ar- 2.1 Egypt from the year 2011 until med Forces and the Civil Police to side the year 2015 with the public in order to prevent the Since 2011 Egypt has been passing country from slipping into civil war through dramatic political changes that (Altahrirtvchannel 2013). This contin- made it important for researchers to in- ued with an agreement between several vestigate the effect of those years on the national parties (youth, women, politi- governmental performance as well as cal parties, Islamic parties, the Egyptian several aspects of life for Egyptians. Church, and other political icons) that In the year 2011 a revolution started there will is a road map consisting of in January ending the 30 year rule of main four milestones; first, nominating

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

the Head of the Constitutional Court as and discuss the effect of the non exist- a transitional president; second, amend- ence of a defined organizational chart, ing the constitution of 2012 which had this section shows these governments many pitfalls and was one of the rea- and the amendments done in each of sons of 2013 revolution; third, electing them. The source of information and re- a president; and fourth, electing the leg- ference for the governmental structure islation bodies (ONtv 2013a; State In- is presented below each in a table; wh- formation Service 2014b; World Bank ile the amendments column is the au- 2014). thor‟s own analysis. All these political changes and in- The author started the analysis from stability in addition to the lack of well the last Prime Minister in Egypt before defined practices that help in managing 2011 revolution and who started being governmental performance were refle- responsible in 2004 (State Information cted on the accountability between citi- Service, 2014d). The analysis will be zens and different governments and this shown in tables showing the date of the was shown in the vast change of gov- government and the amendments done ernments within that period as will be by each government in changing its fo- presented in Section 3. rmer one: 3. Egyptian Governments  The last Prime Minister in Egypt be- Several governments assumed office fore 2011 revolution is Dr Ahmad in Egypt within the period 2011-2015 Nazeef who had to construct two governments (Egyptian Gazette 2004); (State Information Service 2014c) as the first was from 9/7/2004 until discussed earlier and in order to analyze 30/12/2005 Table (1). TABLE 1: Dr Ahmad Nazeef’s first government from 9 / 7 / 2004 until 30/12/2005 Ministries 9 July 2004 1. Defense and Military Production 2. Tourism 3. Military Production 4. Public Works and Water Resources 5. Interior 6. Electricity and Energy 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Foreign Trade and Industry 9. Finance 10. International Cooperation 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Planning 13. Local Development 14. Justice 15. Administrative Development 16. Investment 17. Religious Endowment (Awqaf) 18. Supply and Internal Trade 19. Agriculture and Land Reclamation 20. Transport 21. Civil Aviation 22. Health and Population 23. Communication and Information Technology 24. Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities 25. Culture 26. Petroleum and Mineral Resources 27. Information 28. Consultancy (Al Shoura) Council Affairs 29. Education 30. Public (Al Saab) Council Affairs 31. Manpower 32. Youth 33. Insurance and Social Affairs 34. Higher Education and Scientific Research The second Government was 31/12/2005 until 29/11/2011 Table (2). 5

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

TABLE 2: Dr Ahmad Nazeef’s second government from 31 / 12 / 2005 until 29 / 1 /2011 Ministries 31 December 2005 Amendments 1. Defense and Military 2. Manpower Production 3. Military Production 4. Legal and Parliamentary Affairs 5. Interior 6. International Cooperation 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy  Changing the name of Ministry 9. Finance and Insurance 10. Education of “Insurance and Social Af- 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice fairs” into “Social Solidarity” 13. Planning and Local  Changing the name of Ministry 14. Transport Development of “Finance” into “Finance and Insurance” 15. Religious Endowment 16. Health and Population (Awqaf)  Combining two Ministries 17. Agriculture and Land 18. Housing, Utilities and Urban Commu- “Planning” and “Local Devel- Reclamation nities opment” to be “Planning and Local Development” 19. Civil Aviation 20. Petroleum and Mineral Resources  Combining two Ministries 21. Communication and “Public (Al Saab) Council Af- Information Technol- 22. Public Works and Water Resources fairs” and “Consultancy (Al ogy Shoura) Council Affairs” to be 23. Culture 24. Social Solidarity “Legal and Parliamentary Af- 26. Higher Education and Scientific Re- 25. Information fairs” search  Cancelling Ministry of 27. Administrative De- 28. Tourism “Youth” velopment 29. Investment 30. Foreign Trade and Industry 31. Supply and Internal

Trade  Dr. Ahmed Nazeef made limited amendments in his second government on 27/8/2006 as presented in Table (3).

TABLE 3: Limited amendments made by Dr. Ahmed Nazeef Ministries 27 August 2006 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Production 2. Manpower 3. Military Production 4. Legal and Parliamentary Affairs 5. Interior 6. Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy 9. Finance and Insurance 10. Foreign Trade and Industry 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice  Re-separating the 13. Local Development 14. Transport Ministry of “Plan- 15. Administrative Development 16. Health and Population ning and Local De- 17. Religious Endowment (Awqaf) 18. Supply and Internal Trade velopment” into two Ministries 19. Agriculture and Land Reclamation 20. Petroleum and Mineral Resources “Local Develop- 21. Civil Aviation 22. International Cooperation ment” and “Plan- 23. Communication and Information 24. Social Solidarity ning and Economic Technology Development” 25. Culture 26. Investment 27. Planning and Economic Develop- 28. Public Works and Water Resources ment 29. Information 30. Higher Education and Scientific Research 31. Education 32. Tourism  After the spark of the 2011 revolution a governmental change was conducted and the prime minster was Dr. Ahmed Shafiq who constructed a government from 30/1/2011 until 11/2/2011 (State Information Service, 2014d) as described in Ta- ble (4). 6

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

TABLE 4: Dr. Ahmed Shafiq government 30/1/2011 until 11/2/2011 Ministries 31 January 2011 Amendments 1. Defense and Military  Introducing the title of “Deputy of 2. Manpower and Migration Production Prime Minister” 4. Legal Affairs and Public 3. Military Production  Changing the name of Ministry of (Al Saab) Council Affairs “Manpower” into “Manpower and 6. Water Resources and Irri- Migration” 5. Interior gation  Reseparating the Ministry of “Le- 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy gal and Parliamentary Affairs” into 9. Finance 10. Trade and Industry two Minstries “Legal Affairs and 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice Public (Al Saab) Council Affairs” 13. Antiquities‟ Affairs 14. Transport and “Consultancy (Al Shoura) 15. Religious Endowment Council Affairs” 16. Health (Awqaf)  Separating the Ministry of “Health 17. Agriculture and Land 18. Housing and Urban and Population” into two Minis- Reclamation Communities tries “Health” and “Family and 20. Petroleum and Mineral Population” 19. Civil Aviation Resources  Introducing the Ministry of “An- 21. Communication and 22. International Coopera- tiquities‟ Affairs” Information Technology tion  Cancelling Ministry of “Adminis- trative Development” 23. Culture 24. Social Solidarity  Cancelling Ministry of “Supply and Internal Trade” 26. Higher Education and 25. Information  Cancelling Ministry of “Invest- Scientific Research ment”  Changing the name of Ministry of “Public Works and Water Re- sources” into “Water Resources and Irrigation”  Cancelling Ministry of “Local De- velopment”  Cancelling Ministry of “Educa- tion”  Cancelling Ministry of “Tourism” 28. Consultancy (Al Shoura)  Cancelling Ministry of “Planning” 27. Family and Population Council Affairs  Changing the name of Ministry of “External Trade and Industry” into “Trade and Industry”  Changing the name of Ministry of “Housing, Utilities and Urban De- velopment” into “Housing and Ur- ban Communities”  Changing the name of Ministry of “Finance and Insurance” into “Fi- nance” Source: AlOula (2011); Egyptian Gazette (2011a)  Dr. Ahmed Shafeeq made limited amendments in his government on 13/2/2011 after the stepping down of President Hosny Mubarak (State Information Service, 2014e) as presented in Table (5).

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

TABLE 5: Limited amendments made by Dr. Ahmed Shafeeq: Ministries 13 February 2011 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Produc- 2. Manpower and Migration tion 4. Legal Affairs and Public (Al  Introducing the Ministry of 3. Military Production Saab) Council Affairs “Migration and Egyptians‟ 6. Water Resources and Irriga- Affairs” 5. Interior tion  Cancelling Ministry of “In- 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy formation” 9. Finance 10. Trade and Industry  Separating the Ministry of 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice “Higher Education and Sci- entific Research” into two 13. Antiquities‟ Affairs 14. Transport Ministries “Higher Education 15. Religious Endowment 16. Health and Population and Education” and “Scien- (Awqaf) tific Research, Sciences and 17. Agriculture and Land Rec- 18. Housing and Urban Com- Technology” lamation munities  Changing the name of Minis- 20. Petroleum and Mineral 19. Civil Aviation try of “Social Solidarity” into Resources “Solidarity and Social Equal- 21. Communication and Infor- 22. International Cooperation ity” mation Technology  Cancelling Ministry of 24. Solidarity and Social 23. Culture “Family and Population” Equality  Changing the name of Minis- 25. Migration and Egyptian 26. Higher Education and Ed- try of “Health” into “Health Affairs ucation and Population” 27. Scientific Research, Sci- 28. Consultancy (Al Shoura)  Recalling Ministry of “Tour- ences and Technology Council Affairs ism” 29. Tourism Source: ONtv (2011a)  This Ministry did not last for long as the Supreme Council for Armed Forces (SCAF) nominated Dr. Essam Sharaf to be the Prime Minister on 3/3/2011 until 30/11/2011 (State Information Service, 2014e) as presented in Table (6).

TABLE 6: Dr. Essam Sharaf government 3/3/2011 until 30/11/2011 Ministries 7 March 2011 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Pro- 2. Manpower and Migration  Reseparating the Ministry “Higher duction Education and Education” into 3. Military Production 4. Tourism two Ministries “Higher Education, 6. Water Resources and Irri- Scientific Research and Technol- 5. Interior gation ogy” and “Education” 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy  Recombining the Ministries of 10. Industry and Foreign “Higher Education” and “Scien- 9. Finance Trade tific Research” into a new Minis- 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice try “Higher Education, Scientific 13. Local Development 14. Transport Research and Technology” 15. Religious Endowment  Recalling the Ministry of “Local 16. Health and Population (Awqaf) Development” 17. Agriculture and Land 18. Housing, Utilities and  Cancelling Ministry of “Migration Reclamation Urban Development and Egyptian Affairs” 20. Petroleum and Mineral  Cancelling Ministry of “Legal 19. Civil Aviation Resources Affairs and Public (Al Saab) 8

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

21. Communication and 22. Planning and Internation- Council Affairs) Information Technology al Cooperation  Cancelling Ministry of “Consul- 24. Solidarity and Social tancy (Al Shoura) Council Af- 23. Culture Justice fairs”  Cancelling Ministry of “Antiqui- ties‟ Affairs”  Changing the name of Ministry of “International Cooperation” into “Planning and International Coop- 26. Higher Education, Scien- eration” 25. Education tific Research and Tech-  Changing the name of Ministry of nology “Housing and Urban Communi- ties” into “Housing, Utilities and Urban Development”  Renaming the Ministry of “Trade and Industry” to be “Industry and Foreign Trade” Source: ONtv (2011b); Egyptian Gazette (2011b)  Dr. Essam Sharaf made limited amendments in his government on 21/7/2011 (State Information Service, 2014e) as presented in Table (7).

TABLE 7: Limited amendments made by Dr. Essam Sharaf: Ministries 21 July 2011 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Produc- 2. Manpower and Migration tion 3. Military Production 4. Tourism  Introducing Prime Minis- 5. Interior 6. Water Resources and Irrigation ter Deputy for “Dialogue and Democratic Trans- 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy formation Affairs” 9. Finance 10. Industry and Foreign Trade  Recalling the Ministry of 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice “Information” 13. Local Development 14. Transport  Introducing a new Minis- 15. Religious Endowment 16. Health and Population try of “The Public Busi- (Awqaf) ness Sector” 17. Agriculture and Land Recla- 18. Housing, Utilities and Urban  Changing the name of mation Development Ministry of “Higher Ed- 19. Civil Aviation 20. Petroleum and Mineral Resources ucation, Scientific Re- 21. Communication and Infor- 22. Planning and International Coop- search and Technology” mation Technology eration into “Higher Education 23. Culture 24. Solidarity and Social Justice and Scientific Research” 26. Higher Education, Scientific 25. Education Research 27. Information 28. The Public Business Sector Source: State Information Service (2014e)  This government was changed after that where Dr. Kamal El Ganzoury was nominated as a Prime Minister and conducted his government on 30/11/2011 until 2/8/2011 (State Information Service, 2014e) as shown in Table (8).

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

TABLE 8: Dr. Kamal El Ganzoury government 30 November 2011until 2 August 2011 Ministries 30 November 2011 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Produc- 2. Manpower and Migration tion  No Deputies for the Prime 3. Military Production 4. Tourism Minister 6. Water Resources and Irriga- 5. Interior  Recalling the Ministry of “A- tion ntiquities‟ Affairs” 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy  Cancelling Ministry of “Soli- 9. Finance 10. Industry and Foreign Trade darity and Social Justice” 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice  Introducing a new Ministry of 13. Local Development 14. Transport “Insurances and Social Affairs” 15. Religious Endowment  Introducing a new Ministry of 16. Health and Population (Awqaf) “The Affairs of the Public (Al 17. Agriculture and Land Rec- 18. Housing, Utilities and De- Saab) Council and the Consul- lamation velopment tancy (Al Sho-ura) Council” 20. Petroleum and Mineral  Reseparating the Ministry “Hi- 19. Civil Aviation Resources gher Education and Scien-tific 21. Communication and Infor- 22. Planning and International Research” into two Ministries mation Technology Cooperation  Cancelling Ministry of “The 23. Culture 24. Supply and Internal Trade Public Business Sector” 25. Education 26. Antiquities‟ Affairs  Changing the name of Ministry 27. Higher Education 28. Information of “Housing, Utilities and Ur- 29. The Affairs of the Public ban Development” into “Ho- (Al Saab) Council and the using, Utilities and Develop- 30. Scientific Research Consultancy (Al Shoura) ment” Council  Recalling the Ministry of “Supply and Internal Trade” 31. Insurances and Social Af- fairs Source: State Information Service (2014e)  Presidential elections were conducted in the end of June 2012 and a new government was selected under the management of Dr. Hesham Qandeel as the Prime Minister from 24/7/2012 until 15/7/2013 (State Information Service, 2014f) as represented in Table (9).

TABLE 9: Dr. Hesham Qandeel government 24 July 2013 until 15 July 2013 Ministries 24 July 2012 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Pro- 2. Manpower and Migration  Introducing a new Minis- duction try of “Sports Affairs” 3. Military Production 4. Tourism  Introducing a new Minis- 5. Interior 6. Water Resources and Irrigation try of “Potable Water and 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy Sewage” 9. Finance 10. Industry and Foreign Trade  Recalling the Ministry of 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice “Youth Affairs” 13. Local Development 14. Transport  Recalling the Ministry of 15. Religious Endowment “Investment” 16. Health and Population (Awqaf)  Changing the name of 17. Agriculture and Land Ministry of “The Affairs 18. Housing and Urban Communities Reclamation of the Public (Al Saab) 19. Civil Aviation 20. Petroleum and Mineral Resources Council and the Consul- 21. Communication and In- 22. Planning and International Coop- tancy (Al Shoura) Coun- 01

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

formation Technology eration cil” into “Parliamentary 23. Culture 24. Supply and Internal Trade Affairs” 25. Education 26. Antiquities‟ Affairs  Changing the name of 27. Higher Education 28. Information Ministry of “Housing, 29. Potable Water and Sew- Utilities and Urban 30. Sports Affairs age Communities” into 31. Youth Affairs 32. Scientific Research “Housing and Urban 33. Parliamentary Affairs 34. Investment Communities” 35. Insurances and Social Affairs Source: ONtv (2012); Egyptian Gazette (2012)  In 30th of June 2013 a revolution initiated in Egypt and the government changed where now Dr. Hazem El Beblawy was nominated as the Prime Minister from 16/7/2013 until 24/2/2014 (State Information Service, 2013) as shown in Table (10). TABLE 10: Dr. Hazem El Beblawy government 16 July 2013 until 24 February 2014 Ministries 16 July 2013 Amendments 1. Defense and Military 2. Manpower and Migra-  Assigning three Deputies for the Production tion Prime Minister. 3. Military Production 4. Tourism  Separating the Ministry of “Plan- 6. Water Resources and ning and International Coopera- 5. Interior Irrigation tion” into two Ministries 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Energy  Introducing a new Ministry of 9. Finance 10. Trade and Industry “Transitional Justice and National 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice Reconciliation” 13. Local Development 14. Transport  Recalling the Ministry of “Social 15. Religious Endowment Solidarity” 16. Health and Population (Awqaf)  Cancelling the Ministry of “Insur- 17. Agriculture and Land 18. Housing, Utilities and ances and Social Affairs” Reclamation Urban Communities  Cancelling the Ministry of “Pota- 20. Petroleum and Mineral ble Water and Sewage” 19. Civil Aviation Resources  Cancelling the Ministry of “Par- 21. Communication and 22. International Coopera- liamentary Affairs” Information Technology tion  Changing the name of Ministry of 23. Culture 24. Supply “Supply and Internal Trade” into 25. Education 26. Antiquities‟ Affairs “Supply” 27. Higher Education 28. Information  Changing the name of Ministry of 29. Transitional Justice and “Industry and Foreign Trade” into 30. Sports Affairs National Reconciliation “Industry and Trade” 31. Social Solidarity 32. Scientific Research  Changing the name of Ministry of 33. Youth Affairs 34. Investment “Housing and Urban Communi- ties” into “Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities”  Recombining two Ministries 36. Administrative Devel- “Planning” and “International Co- 35. Planning opment operation”  Changing the name of Ministry of “Antiquities‟ Affairs” into “Antiq- uities” Source: State Information Service 2013; ONtv 2013b; Egyptian Gazette (2013)

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

 A new government was formed on 1/3/2014 until 9/6/2014 where Engineer Ibra- heem Mahlab was nominated as the Prime Minister (State Information Service, 2014g) this government is shown in Table (11).

TABLE 11: Engineer Ibraheem Mahlab government 1 March 2014 until 9 June 2014 Ministries 1 March 2014 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Produc- 2. Manpower and Migration  Introducing a new Ministry of tion “Transitional Justice and Ho-use 3. Military Production 4. Tourism of Representatives” 5. Interior 6. Water Resources and Irrigation  Combining two Ministries “Y- 7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Renewable Energy outh Affairs” and “Sports Af- 9. Finance 10. Trade, Industry and Investment fairs” 11. Environmental Affairs 12. Justice  Combining two Ministries “L- 13. Local and Administrative ocal Development” and “Admin- 14. Transport Development istrative Development” 15. Religious Endowment  Combining two Ministries “H- 16. Health and Population (Awqaf) igher Education” and “Scientific 17. Agriculture and Land Recla- 18. Housing, Utilities and Urban Research” mation Communities  Changing the name of Ministry 19. Civil Aviation 20. Petroleum and Mineral Resources of “Electricity and Energy” into 21. Communication and Infor- 22. Planning and International Coop- “Electricity and Renewable En- mation Technology eration ergy” 23. Culture 24. Supply  Combining two Ministries “Tra- 25. Education 26. Antiquities de and Industry” and “Invest- 27. Higher Education and Scien- ment” 28. Information tific Research  Recombining two Ministries “Pl- 29. Transitional Justice and anning” and “International Co- 30. Youth and Sports House of Representatives operation”  Changing the name of Ministry 31. Social Solidarity and of “Antiquities‟ Affairs” into Social Equality “Antiquities” Source: State Information Service 2014g; ONtv 2014; Egyptian Gazette (2014)  Egyptians conducted new Presidential Elections in 2014 and consequently a new government was formed on 17/6/2014 until 5/3/2015 and Engineer Ibraheem Mahlab was nominated again as the Prime Minister (State Information Service, 2014h). This government is presented in Table (12). TABLE 12: Engineer Ibraheem Mahlab government 17 June 2014 until current: Ministries 17 June 2014 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Production 2. Manpower and Migration  Cancelling Ministry of “In- 3. Military Production 4. Tourism formation” 6. Water Resources and  Assigning Deputy Minister 5. Interior Irrigation of Education for Technical 8. Electricity and Renewable Education and Vocational 7. Foreign Affairs Energy Training 10. Industry, Trade and  Changing the name of Minis- Small try of “Trade, Industry and 9. Finance and Medium Sized Enter Investment” into “Industry, prises Trade and Small 11. Environment 12. Justice and Medium Sized Enterpris 13. Local Development 14. Transport e” and separating it from 15. Religious Endowment (Awqaf) 16. Health and Population “Investment” 17. Agriculture and Land Reclama- 18. Housing, Utilities and  Changing the name of Minis- tion Urban Communities try of “Planning” into “Plan- 02

Dr/Alia E.Islam Towards Governmental Administrative Reform : Organizational….

20. Petroleum and Mineral ning, Follow-up and Admin- 19. Civil Aviation Resources istrative Reform” and sepa- 21. Communication and Infor- 22. International Coopera- rating it from “International mation Technology tion Cooperation” 24. Planning, Follow-up and  Separating Ministry of “Lo- 23. Culture Administrative Reform cal and Administrative De- 26. Supply and Internal velopment” to be “Local De- 25. Education Trade velopment” only and cancel- 27. Higher Education 28. Antiquities and Heritage ling “Administrative Devel- 29. Transitional Justice and House opment” 30. Scientific Research of Representatives  Changing the name of Minis- 31. Social Solidarity 32. Investment try of “Social Solidarity and Social Equality” into “Social Solidarity “  Introducing a new Ministry of “Urban Development and Slum Areas”  Changing the name of Minis- try of “Antiquities” into “A- 33. Urban Development and Slum 34. Youth and Sports ntiquities and Heritage” Areas  Changing the name of Minis- try of “Environmental Affa- irs” into “Environment”  Separating Ministry of “Hi- gher Education and Scien- tific Research” into two Mi- nistries Source: State Information Service (2014h)  Limited amendments were conducted on the government on the 5/3/2015 in Eng. Ibraheem Mahlab‟s government as presented in Table (13).

TABLE 13: Limited amendments made by Engineer Ibrahim Mahlab: Ministries 5 March 2015 Amendments 1. Defense and Military Pro- 2. Manpower and Migration duction 3. Military Production 4. Tourism 5. Interior 6. Water Resources and Irrigation

7. Foreign Affairs 8. Electricity and Renewable Energy  Separating Ministry of 10. Industry, Trade and Small 9. Finance “Health and Population” and Medium Sized Enterprises to be “Health” only and a new one called “Popula- 11. Environment 12. Justice tion”  Introducing a new Minis- 13. Local Development 14. Transport try of “Technical Educa- 15. Religious Endowment tion and Training” 16. Health (Awqaf) 17. Agriculture and Land Rec- 18. Housing, Utilities and Urban lamation Communities

19. Civil Aviation 20. Petroleum and Mineral Resources

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21. Communication and In- 22. International Cooperation formation Technology

24. Planning, Follow-up and Adminis- 23. Culture trative Reform 25. Education 26. Supply and Internal Trade

27. Higher Education 28. Antiquities and Heritage 29. Transitional Justice and 30. Scientific Research House of Representatives 31. Social Solidarity 32. Investment 33. Urban Development and 34. Youth and Sports Slum Areas 35. Population 36. Technical Education and Training Source: Egyptian Gazette (2015)

From the analysis of the sequential system of any organization and has sci- Egyptian Governments in the period entific steps to be implemented effec- from 2004 until 2015; the author con- tively (Petrozzo and Stepper 19-94; cludes that the non existence of an or- Chan and Peel 1998; Plunkett et al. ganizational chart for the government 2013). The Egyptian case showed results in severe and/or major changes floundering in the construction of es- in the Egyptian State which decreases sential ministries needed for the country public accountability and increases so- which was left to the vision of the Pr- cial and economic instability (World ime Minister and not based on a con- Ec-onomic Forum 2014). The changes sistent strategy and/or goal of the whole that existed in the tables above (Table 1 political and strategic vision of the co- to Table 13) were due to the non specif- untry. ic phrasing of the several versions of Based on this analysis; the author Egyptian constitution [1971 (WIPO aims through this research to present a 2014); 2013 (State Information Service proposal for the set of the minimum 2015) and 2014 (Constitute 2014)] as number of ministries essential for the regards to the structure of ministries in government of Egypt and an organiza- the governments. The phrasing men- tional chart that, if documented and tions the existence of ministries and the formalized, will help in reducing gov- reporting, reward and punishment sys- ernmental costs and increasing social tems in the executive br-anch of the and state stability from both economic country without specifying the needed and political perspectives (Yetano ministries. The ch-anges in an organiza- 2013,) this is also a step forward in tion–in the way that took place in Egypt reaching higher level of accountability as shown in Section 4– are called „Or- through organizational learning (Greil- ganizational Reengineering‟ which af- ing and Halachmi 2013). Section4 fects the whole political and economic shows the global adoption of govern- 04

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mental organizational charting and the about ministries „classified‟ and needed extent of organizational charting reen- a username and a password to have ac- gineering in different world countries. cess; South Sudan (2011) which did not 4. The Global Adoption have an official classification of minis- In order to emphasize the impo- tries; and the Republic of Lebanon rtance of the organizational chart in (2014) that had a confusing website conducting governmental accountabil- where all ministers are deputies in other ity and transparency as well as in facili- ministries. tating the role of accountability as a 4.2 Non-Arab Countries mechanism, the author conducted a re- Since this paper is mainly about ac- view of governmental organizational countability and transparency, the au- charts in Arab and Non-Arab countries thor used the „Corruption Perceptions through the official websites of the Index 2014‟ (Transparency In-ternat- governments analyzed in Sections 4.1 ional 2014) in order to ch-oose which and 4.2. countries to review. This Index shows 4.1 Arab Countries the highest and the least corrupted This review is conducted on all Arab countries in the world and as stated by countries except those with high politi- several authors (Bovens 2006; Shah cal instability (Yemen, Libya, Syria, 2007) the lower the corruption, the Iraq and Palestine). It was conducted on higher the accountability. Oman 2014, the United Arab Emirates Accordingly, the literature review 2014, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2014, will refer to five countries of the top 20 Qatar 2014, Bahrain 2014, State of least corrupted countries as listed in the Kuwait 2013, the Republic of Lebanon „Corruption Perceptions Index 2014‟. 2014, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jor- These countries are: on top of the list dan 20-14, South Sudan 2011, North „Denmark‟, the tenth on the list „Cana- Sudan 2012, Tunisia 2014, Algeria da‟, the twentieth on the list „the United 2014, and the Kingdom of Morocco States‟, and two randomly selected (the 2014. fourteenth on the list „the United King- The review of Arab countries re- dom‟ and „Germany‟ the twelfth on the vealed that there were no organizational list). charts (just like the case of Egypt). i. Denmark Several governmental websites provid- Denmark does not have an organiza- ed sufficient information about the or- tional chart; it has a list of deta-iled ganizational and the sub organizational ministries on its government‟s official charts, while other countries did not website (Denmark, 2014a). On the oth- have sufficient information such as Al- er hand, Denmark (201-4b) shows a list geria (2014) which kept the information of all previous Danish Governments 05

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since 1848 divided into three eras (from iv. The United Kingdom 1848 until the change of system in The United Kingdom (UK) has an 1901, from 1901 until the Constitution- interactive organizational chart that he- al Amen-dment in 1953 and from 1953 lps user to find the needed information until today), which shows that the gov- easily. This organizational chart shows ernment structure only changed three the roles and salaries of members of the times because of dramatic amendments government and parliament (Public Ro- causing a reengineering in the whole les and Offices 2014; UK 2014). In the political system of the country. Having government‟s archives, the government few changes in the political system thr- en-sures the importance of governmen- oughout the Danish history since 1848 tal organizational charting and provides maintained stability and improved ac- organizational charts for each depart- countability and performance of the Da- ment. The whole government‟s organi- nish government; this made it the first zational chart includes salaries for each on list as the least corrupted govern- group of employees (Directgov 2010a; ment in the world. Directgov 20-10b). Furthermore, for ii. Canada educational purposes the UK govern- The Parliament of Canada provides ment posted a simplified organizational an interactive and educatory website to chart for the British Government and explain everything about the Canadian Crown (British Government and government history, the government‟s Crown-Chart 2014). organizational chart, the Parliament act- v. United States of America (USA) ivities and the Canadian political sys- The United States of America has a

tem (Ministry of Public Works and document of a governmental organiza- Government Services Canada 2012; P- tional chart that was constructed upon arliament of Canada 2014). the American constitution (The United iii. Germany States Government 2013; Office of the Due to the Federal nature of the Ge- Federal Register 2013). rman Government (the Federal Gover- 4.3 Summary of Global Adoption nment 2014), it has an organizational The author can conclude from Sec- chart in the Federal Chancellery (organ- tions 4.1 and 4.2 that most of the least izational Chart of the Federal Chancel- corrupted countries in the world have lery 2014). According to the Federal an organizational chart to help docu- Chancellor (20-14), the chancellor has ment the ministries and the relations the right to choose the members of the between governmental agencies in addi- ministries and not to restructure or re- tion to facilitating the identification of engineer the nature of them as present- each activity in the organization and ed in the Federal Government (2014). assigning its responsibilities.

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Moreover, Egypt is proven to have previous Egyptian Ministries in Section the largest number of ministries among 3 and names of Arab countries‟ minis- all Arab countries, a fact which does tries from Section 4.1 (because of shar- not help in assigning responsibilities ing a similar Arab culture) to determine clearly and consequently it becomes the best names that refer to the content difficult to build public accountability. of the ministry as required. It is also Accordingly, for the purpose of this proposed that Ministries of State need paper that aims to increase the Egyptian to be cancelled, as they are only admin- government‟s accountability, the next istrative like the current Ministry of section is a proposed organizational Environmental Affairs which has no structure and chart for the Egyptian executive powers. The following are government based upon the information the proposed Ministries: in Sections 3 and 4. 1. Defense and Military Production 5. Proposed Ministries and which exists in the current government Organizational Chart 2. Military Production which exists in Based on the information in Section the current government 3 about previous Egyptian governme- 3. Interior which exists in the current nts, the author proposes that the Egypti- government an government should have a formal 4. Foreign Affairs which exists in the documented set of ministries that do not current government 5. Finance which exists in the current change except when a drastic change Finance which e government takes place, such as a change in the co- 6. Environmental Affairs and Water nstitution. According to this proposal, Resources: the Ministry of „Water the author introduces a set of ministries Resources and Irrigation‟ is pro- that can be adopted in the Egyptian go- posed to be split and the „Water Re- vernments and an organizational chart sources‟ is added to the Ministry of that is based on the Egyptian constitu- Environmental Affairs as both are closely linked together. tion (State Information Service 2014i; 7. Agriculture, Land Reclamation and State Information Service 2014j; Con- Irrigation: the Ministry of „Water stitute 2014) which is the case in the Resources and Irrigation‟ is pro- countries enjoying public accountability posed to be split and the „Irrigation‟ as reviewed in Section 4.2. Those coun- is added to the Ministry of Agricul- tries start their governmental structures ture and Land Reclamation as the and charts from their countries‟ consti- three are closely related and com- plementary to each other. tutions. 8. Planning and Administrative Devel- 5.1 Proposed Ministries opment: after the 2013 Revolution, In this section the author proposes it is important to ensure the real names for ministries according to the managerial and administrative re- 07

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form in the Egyptian Government 17. Social Solidarity which exists in the and clear goals, strategies and plans current government need to be consistent with this man- 18. Manpower and Migration which agerial reform. For this reason, it is exists in the current government proposed that the Ministry of Plan- 19. Electricity and Renewable Energy ning become Ministry of Pl-anning which exists in the current govern- and Administrative Development. ment 9. Religious Endowment (Awqaf) whi- 20. International Cooperation which ch exists in the current government exists in the current government 10. Tourism and Antiquities: Antiquities 21. Justice which exists in the current are among the most important tourist government attractions in Egypt and in order to 22. Transport which exists in the current reach tourist satisfaction from An- government tiquities, it is proposed that the Min- 23. Health and Population which exists istry of Tourism and Ministry of An- in the current government tiquities are merged. 24. Supply and Internal Trade wh-ich 11. Communication and Information exists in the current government Technology which exists in the cur- 25. Housing, Utilities and Urban Devel- rent government opment: urban development plays an 12. Culture and Youth: after the 2013 important role in housing; hence the revolution, several cultural aspects author finds it beneficial to be need to be built in the youth psy- merged with housing and utilities chology which necessitates merging that are needed for fine housing. both the Ministries of Culture and 26. Petroleum and Mineral Resources Youth. This is also found in the which exists in the current govern- government of the United Arab Em- ment irates (United Arab Emirates, 2014). 27. Sports Affairs: sports are not only 13. Education and Higher Education: for youth and they are needed for a since education is a continuous pro- healthy and productive society. cess, it is proposed that the „Ministry 28. Livestock and Fisheries Develop- of Education‟ and „Ministry of Hi- ment: new projects in Egypt are now gher Education‟ are merged. aiming to increase both livestock 14. Industry and Foreign Trade: like and fisheries; the extended produc- past governments as „Small and Me- tion of both makes it important to dium Sized Enterprises‟ can be a have a new ministry that is mainly department or unit inside the minis- concerned with both fields. This try. Ministry is also found in North Su- 15. Scientific Research which exists in dan (North Sudan 2012) where it is the current government called „Animal Resources, Fisheries 16. Parliamentary Affairs: there will be and Pasture‟. However, as Egypt has a need for this ministry in new gov- no much „pasture‟, the author rec- ernments after the new Parliament ommends excluding it from the Min- starts working. istry‟s name. Also the author recommends th-at the word “develop- 08

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ment” is added as the ministry is not  Several establishments each in a sepa- only responsible for administrating rate chapter similar to that of the main and managing animal resources and authorities. Those establishments are: fisheries but also for developing th- the Supreme Constitutional Court, Ju- em. dicial Bodies, The Legal Profession, 29. Investment and Economic Devel- Aides to the Judiciary, The Armed opment: investment mainly aims for Forces and The Police Force, The Na- economic developme-nt and for this tional Elections Commission, The Na- reason the author recommends that tional Media Council, National Coun- the Ministry of Investment is rena- cils, In dependent Bodies and Regula- med as „Investment and Economic tory Agencies. Development‟. It is not clear whether „The Estab- 30. Civil Aviation which exists in the current government lishments‟ are independent or follow one of the three main authorities (Leg- Note: Local Development: is pro- islative, Executive and Judicial). This posed to be canceled and the minister‟s ambiguity is because all the establish- duties can be carried out by conserva- ments except „The Supreme Constitu- tives who are chosen by the Prime Min- tional Court‟ report to a member of the ister and appointed by the President and executive authority, such as a minister, who are accountable by local councils the Prime Minister or the President. On- and the House of Representatives. The ly „The Supreme Constitutional Court‟ governor is responsible for its gover- reports to no one, its chief is elected norate development and coordinates wi- from its members and he makes the th the Minister of Planning and Admin- official oath in front of its supreme bo- istrative Development and the Prime ard; while chiefs of other bodies make Minister in regular meetings held every the official oath in front of the Presi- three months at most. dent. 5.2 Proposed Organizational Chart The author proposed a pilot organi- While analyzing the Egyptian Con- zational chart and conducted semi str- stitution (State Information Service 20- uctured interviews with four experts in 14i; Constitute 2014; State Information the legal field of not less than ten years Service 2014j) for the purpose of this of practical experience in order to vali- paper, the author found that the struc- date where the Establishments can be ture is ambiguous as the „Egyptian Rul- placed in the organizational chart. Fur- ing System‟ consists of: thermore, the author conducted another  Legislative Authority (House of Rep- semi structured interviews with four ac- resentatives) ademic staff members in the managerial  Executive Authority (The President of field as they can validate the organiza- the Republic, The Government and tional chart clarity from a managerial Local Administration) and administrative perspective.  Judicial Authority (General Provi- sions, the Judiciary and Public Prose- cution, the State Council)

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6. Findings and Analysis scientific research to reduce the number This section is about validating the of ministries, taking into consideration proposed ministries and organizational the required autonomy of universities‟ chart in Sections 6.1 and 6.2 respective- Concerning the „Ministry of Culture ly. and Youth Affairs‟, the former Minister 6.1Validation of the Proposed Min- of Education was surprised of the com- istries for the Egyptian Govern- bination stating „the Ministry of Culture ment: takes care of tens of cultural centers na- tionwide, theaters, cinemas, music, bo- The proposed ministries were vali- oks, ...etc. and I could see no point in dated by five governmental officials as combining youth affairs with this par- mentioned in Section 2; they were as- ticular ministry, something that has ked to validate the rationality of the pr- never happened before!‟. oposed ministries. Those officials are: „The former deputy of Ministry of  The former Minister of Education  The former Consultant of the Minister Transport-Former Chief of Maritime of Transport for Maritime Safety Af- Transport Sector‟ was also doubtful ab- fairs out the „Ministry of Culture and Yo-  The former Deputy of Ministry of uth‟; he wondered „Does it exist in any Transport-Chief of Maritime Transp- other country?‟. ort Sector In response to this doubt by both of-  The Assistant of the Minister of Pl- ficials the author defended this combi- anning, Follow-up and Administration nation depending on the fact that it is Reform  The Advisor of the Minister of Plan- actually implemented with positive re- ning, Follow-up and Administration sults in the United Arab Emirates (201- Reform for Economic Affairs „The 4) and on the importance of developing Former Minister of Education‟ stated the Youth through exposing them to that the „Ministry of Environmental more refined cultural aspects. Previous Affairs‟ has different duties than that research and theory on socioeconomic of the „Water Resources‟; also that the development emphasize that cultural „Ministry of Irrigation and Water R- esources‟ is needed in this time par- changes happen due to political and ec- ticularly for several problems con- onomic aspects in addition to the aspect cerning the River Nile. of „modernization‟ (Simadi 2006). Mo- He also ensured that the „Ministry of reover, in accordance with Sections 2 Education‟ and „Higher Education‟ sh- and 3 of this paper, it can be noticed th- ould be separated and he resumed by at several political and economic events saying that „Since 80% of research ma- occurred in Egypt, resulting in a need to npower is located within universities, develop the Egyptian youth and to re- we might combine higher education and connect them with their culture in order

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to promote the prevailing cultural taste ment and hold the same name. The once again in Egypt. „Advisor to the Minister of Planning, „The Former Deputy of the Ministry Follow-up and Administration Reform of Transport-Former Chief of the Mari- for Economic Affairs‟ gave an example time Transport Sector‟ continued about of having the „Ministry of Local Ad- the ministries‟ validation and said that ministration, the Supreme Council for the Ministry of Transport has many re- Local Administration and the Secretari- sponsibilities and recommended split- at of Local Administration‟ which do ting the Ministry of Transport into two exist and play the same roles, which is Ministries „the Ministry of River and considered a cost to the state and con- Maritime Transport‟ and „the Ministry stitutes an obstacle in the way of the of Road Transport‟. He stated ‘This will workflow. make the fisheries development the re- The „Advisor to the Minister of Pl- sponsibility of the Ministry of River anning, Follow-up and Administration and Maritime Transport, while the live- Reform for Economic Affairs‟ said, stock development can return to be the „Why don‟t we have one ministry co- responsibility of the Ministry of Agri- ntaining both „the Ministry for Electric- culture and Land Reclamation‟. ity‟ and „the Ministry for Petroleum and While the „Former Consultant of the Power‟? If they are combined in one Minister of Transport for Maritime Sa- ministry, they will unify the goal and fety Affairs‟ stated that regardless of reach the best utilization of resources‟. the ministries‟ names, the whole system The „Assistant of the Minister of of the government should be resettled Planning, Follow-up and Administra- after the revolutions in Egypt. Howev- tion Reform‟ wondered about the simi- er, in accordance with the scope of this lar responsibilities between the Minis- research he stated that this can be a first try of Higher Education and the Su- step in the governmental management preme Council of Universities. reform. This conflict of responsibilities be- This opinion was agreed upon by tween several agencies and ministries is both the „Assistant of the Minister of called ‘the “many hands” problem‟ , Planning, Follow-up and Administra- according to Bovens et al. (2008), wh- tion Reform‟ and the „Advisor to the ich is a severe problem as discussed by Minister of Planning, Follow-up and him stating that it affects accountability Administration Reform for Economic and is considered a challenge to schol- Affairs‟ who drew the author‟s atten- ars. In order to ensure the existence of tion to the fact that there are several mi- this problem discussed by almost all nistries which have conflict in job spec- interviewees, the author researched ab- ification with agencies in the govern- out the governmental bodies mentioned

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by governmental officials causing inad- the Ministry of Defense and Military equate performance in the administra- Production, the Ministry of Interior, the tive body through the non specification Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Minis- of responsibilities. The search resulted try of Finance and the Ministry of Jus- in ensuring this redundancy (The Gate tice. to Egyptian Government 2015), but th- 6.2 Validation of the Proposed Or- ere was no sufficient data that can help ganization Chart for the Egyp- the author to develop a new proposal tian Government: for ministries. As discussed in Section 5.2 there is 6.1.1 Conclusion of Governmental some ambiguity in Section 5 of the Eg- Officials’ interviews yptian constitution concerning the „Rul- According to the interviews con- ing System‟ (State Information Service ducted with governmental officials, the 2014i; State Information Service 2014j; author concludes that further investiga- Constitute 2014). In this section, which tion and research to solve „the “many defines the organizational structure of hands” problem‟ is needed through in- the Egyptian State, the chapters from 4 depth interviews with top and middle to 11 have no clear relation with the managers in the Prime Ministry itself to three main authorities of the country. understand the rationality behind this For example, the Head of „The Su- redundancy and to understand and in- preme Council of Police‟ is the Minis- clude the whole structure of supreme ter of Interior, who is one of the execu- councils and agencies in Egypt as they tive authority members, „The Legal are not presented in the official Egyp- Bodies‟ are subject to laws of the judg- tian government websites. It is recom- es and the judicial system which are mended that the government mentions subject to the Judicial Authority. the agencies of each ministry on the of- In order to clarify this ambiguity, the ficial website of the government just author conducted semi structured inter- like what is done in several Arab coun- views with three experts in the legal tries as presented in Section 4.1(e.g., field as discussed in Section 2. The in- Jordan 2014; Bahrain 2014; Oman terviews asked the questions: 2014) and all non Arab countries as di-  Are the establishments in Section 5 scussed in Section 4.2; taking into con- starting by Chapter 4 until Chapter 11 sideration a minimum number of minis- completely independent? tries to reduce costs and conflicts of re-  If they are independent, isn‟t there a sponsibilities. conflict of authorities? Please explain how? Only five ministries surely will exist in  If they are dependent, why aren‟t they the government as they are named in mentioned in the three main authori- the constitution; these ministries are: ties? 23

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The three interviewees agreed that  Do you think this organizational chart the „Establishments‟ are fully indepe- is clear enough to show the relations ndent and that this has no conflict what- between different authorities in the soever with the other main authorities. state?  If it is not, what are your comments One of them stated, „There is no con- and recommendations for more clari- flict; you are right… they do intersect fication? with the main authorities in a way, but The academic staff members agreed that does not mean there is a conflict. upon the validity of the organizational They are independent; no one can tell chart and the only comment was that the media, for example, what to say and the arrows showing the relation be- what not to say, also no one can tell the tween the executive authority and the Forensic experts what to say in a crime. ministries were not clear enough. This They are all Independent‟. comment was taken into consideration Furthermore; the proposed organiza- together with the comments of the legal tional Chart in Figure 1 is validated by experts and the conclusion of govern- four academic staff members in the ma- mental officials‟ interviews in Section nagerial field who were mainly asked to 6.1.1 in order to conduct amendments validate the organizational chart as a on Figure 1 and reach the final pro- part of their expertise. posed organizational chart for the Semi structured interviews were con- Egyptian government as presented in ducted concerning the following ques- Figure 2. tions:

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7. Conclusion mended that ‘due to the cultural aspects Public administrative reform is an in Egypt it has been a difficult issue to important aspect for Egypt now in the change the managerial system in about light of the new strategy adopted by the more than 60 years now. These cultural government. Accordingly, this paper re- aspects need to be researched for pro- veals the importance of the organiza- posing a new blueprint of a governmen- tional structure and organizational cha- tal system.’ rting to governments as they help in m- 8. References anaging performance that increases pu-  Al- Ahram .2011. ‘Tahrir Square blic and governmental accountability Chooses Essam Sharaf Then Resigns and is a step forward for governmental Him’, published on: 30 December administrative reform. This in turn ma- 2011, available from: intains political, social and economic http://ahram.org.eg/archive/762/2011/ stability within a country. 12/29/12/121853/219.aspx, accessed The research introduces the Egyp- at: 17/12/2014 tian case as the lack of organizational  Al Oula .2011. „Dr Shafeeq Govern- structuring in naming ministries and ment Conducts the Constitutional Sw- consequently the lack of organizational ear in front of President Hosni Mu- charting led to severe reengineering in barak 31/1/2011‟, Al Oula. TV the ministries, especially in time of tur- CHANNEL. published on: 31 January bulence after two revolutions which led 2011, available from: to heavy losses and great instability in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N the governmental administrative body, gBCEFLl08k (accessed at: 2/12/2014) although different Egyptian constitu-  Algeria .2014. „The Prime Minister tions contain details of the organiza- Portal‟, available from: tional structure. http://www.premier- The research faced several limitations: ministre.gov.dz/arabe/ (accessed at:  The limited number of experts in the 3/12/2014) governmental field that was due to the difficulty of access to public officials,  Altahrirtvchannel. 2013. „Statement even the former ones in Egypt. of the Armed Forces Concerning the Current Events and the People‟s Rev-  The lack of publications (books and olution on 30th of June‟, altahrirt- research papers) about the reasons of vchannel. TV Channel. 1st July 2013, political instability in Egypt during available from: the years from 2012until 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y  Inadequate and insufficient data about sam0xWIpwc, accessed at: the organizational structure of the 17/12/2014 Egyptian government rather than that in the constitution.  Bahrain .2014. „Bahrain Ministries Website‟, available from: For future research the „Former Consultant of the Minister of Transport http://www.moe.gov.bh/ministry.aspx for Maritime Security Affairs‟ recom- #.VJKNcdKUfiR(accessed at: 26

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