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Drexler School of Watch Repairing No 5

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Drexler School of Watch Repairing No 5 CONTENTS OF BOOK V. Page A Quick Way to Bring a Clock to Time ...................... 59 New Pendulum Rod ....................................... 59 To Calculate the Length of a Pendulum Rod ................... 59 Compensating Pendulum . 59 Description of a Balance Clock. 60 Alarm Attachment . 61 Dissembling, Repairing and Assembling. 61 The Lever Escapement . 62 The Pallet Action . 63 The Roller and Fork Action. 63 The Guard Pin, or Safety Pin. 63 Adjusting the Pallet Action. 63 Setting in Beat. 64 Adjusting the Roller Action. 64 Oiling and Casing . 64 Watch Repairing . 65 Helpful Information . 65 Sizes of Movements. 65 Watch Cases . 66 Watch Glasses ............................................ 67 Tweezers . 67 Staffs ................................................... 68 Shoulder Gauge . 68 Making Large Staff. 68 Grinding and Polishing Slips. 70 Small Staffs . 71 Grinding The Body ...................................... 71 Grinding the Pivots ...................................... 71 Cementing a Staff. 72 Polishing a Staff. 72 Copyright, 1914 and 1915, by JOHN DREXLER. A QUICK WAY TO BRING A CLOCK TO TIME. Write down the number of minutes the clock varied in a given time, and the amount of turns given to the ad­ justing device. For example, if a clock gains ten min­ utes a day, and the nut on the pendulum is given two turns, which causes the clock to lose ten minutes a day, it shows that one turn is equivalent to ten minutes' time change, so by reversing one turn the clock should be nearly on time. NEW PENDULUM ROD. Should it be necessary to replace a pendulum rod, bear in mind that the length of the pendulum and the number of escape wheel teeth have been calculated with reference to the length of the clock case. With a long pendulum, less escape wheel teeth are needed than with a short one. A meter pendulum beats once a second, or 3,600 times an hour. A beat, is a tooth striking on a pallet and takes place every time the pendulum swings one way. Its time is thus equal to that of a swing of the pendulum. TO CALCULATE THE LENGTH OF A PENDULUM. Multiply the number of the escape wheel teeth by 120 ( which gives the number of vibrations per hour) and divide 3,600 ( the number of vibrations of a second pen­ dulum per hour) by the result thus obtained. The result will be the length sought, in the fractional part of a meter. Thus, if an escape wheel has 40 teeth, it would require a ¾ meter pendulum, because- 3600 3 40 X 120 4 COMPENSATING PENDULUM. When clockmakers devised methods for calculating the length of pendulums, they noticed that the tempera­ ture change caused a variation in the time required. This variation was due to the expansion and contraction of the metal used for the pendulum rod. The difficulty was overcome by making the rods from wood, a method ex- 59 tensively employed at present; or by using a compensat­ ing pendulum that is constructed in such a way that a part of it expands upward and a part downward, render­ ing the center of gravity constant. The best form of compensating pendulums are used in astronomical clocks, which are provided with glass tubes filled with mercury. The mercury tubes form the bob and adjust themselves automatically. When the temperature is low, the rod shortens and the mercury falls in the tubes; when the temperature is high, the rod lengthens and the mercury rises in the tubes. In either case the center of gravity of the pendulum remains con­ stant and the swings therefore remain uniform. DESCRIPTION OF A BALANCE CLOCK. Thus far pendulum clocks have been explained, and we now direct our attention to balance clocks, in which the anchor, or verge, and fork are fastened on an arbor and controlled by a balance wheel and hair spring, in­ stead of a pendulum. Similar, but finer constructed es­ capements are also used in watches, and are termed de­ tached lever escapements, because the balance arbor is free from the lever, except at the instant the roller pin ( fastened to the balance), enters the fork and gives the impulse to it. The pallets may resemble those of the dead beat escapement, previously described, or be formed of pins, in which case the escapement is called a pin lever escape­ ment. This escapement, used in a balance clock, is con­ structed similar to the one shown in Fig. 103, in which E is the escape wheel, PP the pallet pins, A the anchor, F the fork, C the crescent, or bank, banking against the escape pinion L, B the balance, R the roller pin, and M the guard pin. The hairspring and collet are shown in Fig. 104, as they would confuse the illustration of the escapement. The regulator is shown in Fig. 105. The locking faces of the escape wheel teeth are slanted away from the center for the draw. ( See Fig. 103.) The lift is divided between the pallets and the teeth, which have long impulse faces, or inclines slanted toward the center of the escape wheel. 60 On one side of the anchor, which contains the hard steel pallet pins, is the counterpoise, that embraces the escape wheel arbor and acts as a bank or stop to prevent the fork from swinging too far. Fastened to the fork is the safety or guard pin, which, when jarred, prevents overbanking, or the roller pin getting on the outside of the fork. The balance arbor has hard, well polished, sharp pointed pivots, which rest in V shaped screws, fastened in the plates and made to adjust the end shake. The hair­ spring is made in a flat spiral form, and must be true in the flat and round. Its inner end is fastened into a brass ring, or collet, which is pressed on the balance arbor, and its outer end is pinned into a stud which is fastened in the plate. A short distance from its outer end, it passes midway between two regulator pins, that are closed and opened to artificially lengthen or shorten the spring when regulating the clock. (See Fig. 105.) ALARM ATTACHMENT. Some balance clocks have an alarm attachment, sim­ ilar to those in striking clocks, differing, however, in the unlocking device, as shown in Fig. 106, in which W is the cam wheel that gears into the pinion of the minute wheel; A the cam wheel arbor, to which is fastened the alarm hand and a disk D, resembling the male of a stop work; and S the spring that holds the cam wheel against the disk, and extends through the plate to lock the wire V, which is connected to the verge arbor X. The re­ mainder of the train is not shown, as it resembles closely the one of a pendulum clock. The illustration shows the cam wheel at its lowest point and when the train advances, the pin in the disk ( D) slides off the highest point of the cam, and the spring ( S) is allowed to raise, and release the verge. The alarm will then ring until stopped, either by the running down of the mainspring, or by the hammer lever being locked. DISSEMBLING, REPAIRING AND ASSEMBLING. After removing the movement from the case, remove the hands and dial, and let down the mainspring. With 61 a tracer, mark the hairspring where it is fastened in the brass stud; with a flat plier, withdraw the pin that holds it; loosen one of the s_crews that holds the balance and remove it. Mark the position of the hairspring collet on the arbor, rest the pivot on the filing block, and, embrac­ ing the arbor with a pair of tweezers, as shown in Fig. 104, press the collet off. If the conical pivots or points of the balance arbor are not sharp and well polished, fasten the arbor in the lathe, grind with an oil-stone slip, and polish with a little diamantine applied to a boxwood slip. Place the hairspring on a broach, and revolve it to see if it is true in the flat and round. If one coil pro­ jects above the others, take it off the broach, lay it on a flat surface, hold the high coil down with a pegwood, and carefully lift the others with a tweezer until the coils are all level. After truing in the flat, true in the round. Begin at the collet, make all the coils of equal distance from each other, by holding the spring, at the bend, with the tweezer, and straightening it with a pegwood. After truing the hairspring, unfasten the pillars from the plate, remove the fork and examine its slot and the pallet pins. If the slot is worn uneven, rest the fork on a filing block and burnish it smooth. If the pallet pins are worn, turn them half way around with a smooth flat plier, or punch them out, drive in needles of the same size, and cut or grind them off to the same length as the old ones. Dissemble the remainder of the train; examine and remedy any defects that may be present; clean and as­ semble ready for adjustment. Be careful and replace the hairspring on the balance arbor correctly. Pull the end of the hairspring between the regulator pins, through the stud, and pin it where it was marked. Bend it ( as at S, Fig. 105) near the stud, so that it touches the regulator pins equally when vibrating between them. Make it true in the flat ( as at XX), and if the second coil, when in motion, touches the inside regulator pin or the stud, where it is fastened, bend it ( as at L) opposite the stud until it does not touch.
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