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Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Acanthaclisini) Zootaxa 4497 (3): 346–380 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.3.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F847993D-11E7-41A9-8E57-08C64450D1A3 Antlions of southern Africa: Syngenes Kolbe, 1897, with descriptions of two new species and comments on extra-limital taxa (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Acanthaclisini) MERVYN W. MANSELL Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The southern African species of Syngenes Kolbe, 1897, are revised and compared with their Afrotropical congeners. Three species occur in the region: S. longicornis (Rambur, 1842) and two new species, S. medialis and S. scholtzi, described and illustrated below. A key to the Afrotropical taxa is provided. The larva of S. longicornis is illustrated. The genus is wide- spread in the Afrotropical Region and extends to the Middle East and Oriental Region. Syngenes species are typically broad-winged antlions, with irregular bifurcate and biaereolate cells between the costa and subcostal veins, which distin- guish them from other members of the tribe Acanthaclisini. Key words: Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae, Acanthaclisini, Syngenes, new species, larva, southern Africa, Afrotropical Re- gion Introduction The antlion genus Syngenes Kobe, 1897, (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae, Myrmeleontinae, Acanthaclisini) includes ten available names. Syngenes longicornis (Rambur, 1842), S. inquinatus (Gerstaecker, 1885), S. debilis (Gerstaecker, 1888) and S. carfii Insom & Terzani, 2017 are recorded from Afrotropical Africa. Syngenes maritimus (Needham, 1913), S. dolichocercus Navás, 1914 and S. alluaudi (van der Weele, 1909) were described from Aldabra Island and Madagascar, and S. arabicus Kimmins, 1943 from Saudi Arabia. Syngenes horridus (Walker, 1853) and S. palpalis Banks, 1931 are known from the Oriental Region (India, Indochina, Pakistan) (Stange 2004). Syngenes species are readily distinguished from other Acanthaclisini by the irregular biaereolate cells and bifurcate veins in the costal area (between the costa and subcostal veins) of the forewings, and distinctly broader wings than other Afrotropical genera in the tribe: Centroclisis Navás, 1909, Jaya Navás, 1912, Fadrina Navás, 1912 and Phanoclisis Banks, 1913. Accurate identification of the Afrotropical species has remained complex owing to infraspecific variation in wing markings and venation, lack of sufficient representative specimens for analysis and especially, uncertainty regarding the correct identity of the first species to be described, S. longicornis (as Acanthaclisis) by Rambur (1842). A study of the southern African taxa has revealed three distinctive species from south of the Kunene and Zambezi Rivers: S. longicornis and two undescribed taxa documented here. The revision has also established the correct identity and provenance of S. longicornis, and consequently, an accurate interpretation of one of the ancient names in Myrmeleontidae. These three taxa are the focus of this paper, while comments are provided on the remaining six Afrotropical species names. Of these, S. maritimus is reinstated from synonymy with S. longicornis (Ohm & Hölzel 1995), S. alluaudi is transferred to Jaya and S. carfii is synonymized with S. longicornis. Five species, S. inquinatus, S. debilis, S. maritimus S. dolichocercus and a new species from southern and central Africa are morphologically similar and may form a complex that extends from West Africa to the Indian Ocean Islands and Madagascar. It is consequently proposed that the two species from West Africa (S. inquinatus S. 346 Accepted by A. Letardi: 23 Aug. 2018; published: 10 Oct. 2018 debilis), the central species described below, and the Indian Ocean Islands species (S. maritimus, S. dolichocercus) be regarded as separate entities to avoid any incorrect association, until further morphological and molecular analyses are conducted to determine their status. This can only be achieved once sufficient material has been procured for morphological and molecular analyses. The current revision is consequently limited, primarily to the southern African taxa where sufficient material is available. Whereas, for two of the species, S. inquinatus, and S. debilis, only the type specimens are definitive, while for S. maritimus, two syntypes, the two type specimens of S. dolichocercus, and six other poorly preserved specimens from Madagascar were studied. Stange & Miller (1985) described the larva of S. longicornis from South Africa, and it is illustrated below (Fig. 12). This is the ninth in a series of papers revising the genera of southern African Myrmeleontidae (see Mansell 2018) and the first to treat the tribe Acanthaclisisini. Material and methods Material examined is in the following institutions: Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität, Greifswald (EMAU); Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles (IRSN); South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa (SANC); Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, (now Ditsong Museum) (TMSA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (NMHN), Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgium (MRAC); Zoological Institute, Lund, Sweden (ZILS). Accession numbers, as recorded in the Palpares Relational Database (Mansell & Kenyon 2002), are provided for material examined. The first four letters of each unique accession code reflect the institutional acronym as provided above. All specimens recorded below are in SANC except where otherwise indicated. Numbers cited in bold after references refer to the universal numbering system of the Lacewing Digital Library (Oswald 2016). Terminology and abbreviations for wing venation are provided in Figure 3, and for genital structures in Figures 8, 13–16 and 17–19, with the following additional terms used in the text: A1–A3, anal veins; T1–T9, abdominal tergites; Ta1–Ta5, tarsomeres 1–5; S1–S9 abdominal sternites. Terminalia were dissected after maceration (5–6 hours) in a cold 10% KOH solution, and photographed using a Leica® Z16 APOA camera. Images were edited using Leica® Application Suite software version 4.4.0 (Leica Microsystems) and Irfan View. A Canon® EOS550D camera coupled with a 100mm Canon® macro lens was used to image adults, using Helicon Focus Auto montage software (Helicon Soft Ltd). Syngenes Kolbe, 1897 Syngenes Kolbe, 1897: 15. 3434. Type species: Acanthaclisis debilis Gerstaecker, 1888: 100, by monotypy. 2558. Onclus Navás, 1912: 166. 549. Stange & Miller 1985: 38 (synonymy). 5823. Diagnosis. Characterized by broad forewings with irregular biaereolate cells and bifurcate veins in the costal area (between C and Sc). Forefemur with two femoral sense hairs, one on middle femur, absent from hind femur. Body coloration yellow and black. Males with long ectoprocts. Thorax and abdomen with sparse pilosity. Labial palps very small with short slit-shaped palpimacula. The known larva (Fig. 12) has a distinct median lobe on the clypeal- labrum and is white with sparse black markings (Stange 2004). Key to species of Afrotropical Syngenes 1. Taxa from Africa . 2 - Taxa from Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands. 6 2. Tibial spurs right-angular, with prominent internal flange (Figs 4, 5); biaereolate cells present in costal area of forewing before Rs (Fig. 3); abdomen with chevron-like pattern (Fig. 11). Eastern African coastal belt, South Africa to Somalia . S. longicornis (Rambur). REVISION OF SYNGENES Zootaxa 4497 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 347 - Tibial spurs not sharply bent at a right angle, more evenly curved and lacking prominent triangular flanges. 3 3. Biaereolate cells absent from costal area of forewing before Rs and rarely present before Rs2 (Fig. 27); unbroken series of biaereolate costal cells only commencing beyond Rs2; tibial spurs slender, strongly curved (but not bent at right angle), with slight flange in forelegs (Figs 28, 29); Central, South and Eastern Africa . S. medialis sp. nov. - Biaereolate cells present in costal area of forewing before Rs or commencing at Rs with three or more before Rs2 . 4 4. Wings narrow relative to other Syngenes species (Figs 44, 45); body black with bright yellow markings (Figs 46, 51). Namibia and Northern Cape Province, South Africa. S. scholtzi sp. nov. - Wings broad; unbroken series of biaereolate cells present in forewing costal area from before Rs2 to pterostigma. Central and West Africa.. 5 5. Costal area with 1–2 biaereolate cell before Rs in each forewing (based only on the Holotype from Congo) (Figs 73, 74). Wings heavily marked. .S. inquinatus (Gerstaecker). - Costal area with variable number of biaereolate cells (1–4) before Rs (based only on one syntype from Lagos, Nigeria), slender species, wings not heavily marked, spurs curved, slender (Figs 76, 77) . .S. debilis (Gerstaecker). 6. Forewing costal area with many (> 8) biaereolate cells before Rs . S. dolichocercus Navás - Forewing costal area with fewer (< 6) biaereolate cells before Rs . S. maritimus (Needham) Syngenes longicornis (Rambur, 1842) Figs 1–24, 66, 69, 72. Acanthaclisis longicornis Rambur, 1842: 382. 5314. Myrmeleon longicornis (Rambur): Walker 1853: 320. 6194. Syngenes longicornis (Rambur): van der Weele 1907: 266. 406. Syngenes carfii Insom & Terzani, 2017: 55. 16257. Syn. nov. Redescription. Based on Holotype ♀, 10 ♂ and 27 ♀. Diagnosis. Medium-sized yellow and black antlions. Antennae long,
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