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BURKINA FASO Unité – Progès - Justice BURKINA FASO Unité – Progès - Justice MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR, DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ET DE L’INNOVATION (MESRSI) ………………………………………………………………………. UNIVERSITÉ NAZI BONI (UNB) …………………………………………………. ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCE NATURELLE ET AGRONOMIE THÈSE de DOCTORAT UNIQUE EN DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL Option : Système de Production animale Spécialité : Gestion des Ressources Naturelles Présentée par : AKOUDJIN Massouroudini THEME Utilisation des bioindicateurs comme outil de suivi des écosystèmes au Burkina Faso Soutenance le 26 juillet 2017 devant le jury composé de : Président : Pr Joseph BOUSSIM Professeur titulaire Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo Membres : Dr Louis SAWADOGO Directeur de recherche INERA/CNRST : Dr Aissatou YAYE Maître de Conférences Université Abdou DRAME Moumouni Niger : Pr Aboubacar TOGUYENI Professeur titulaire Université Nazi Boni, : Pr Chantal Yvette Professeur titulaire Université Nazi Boni, KABORE-ZOUNGRANA Directrice de thèse TABLE DES MATIERES TABLES DES ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................ VII DEDICACE ............................................................................................................................. IX REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................. X LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS ........................................................................... XI RESUME .............................................................................................................................. XIII ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... XIV INTRODUCTION GENERALE ............................................................................................... 2 PREMIERE PARTIE : SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE .................................................... 5 CHAPITRE I : VARIABILITES ET CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES .............................. 6 I.1. Manifestations des variabilités et Changements climatiques .............................................. 6 I.2. Perceptions des variabilités et changements climatiques en Afrique de l’Ouest ................ 7 I.3. Impact des variabilités et changements climatiques sur les écosystèmes en Afrique de l’Ouest ........................................................................................................................................ 7 I.4. Impact des variabilités et changements climatiques sur les écosystèmes au Burkina Faso 8 I.5. Stratégies d’adaptation aux variabilités et changements climatiques au Burkina Faso ...... 8 CHAPITRE II : INDICATEURS BIOLOGIQUES ................................................................. 10 II.1. Définition d’un bioindicateur ........................................................................................... 10 II.2. Qualités d’un bioindicateur .............................................................................................. 10 II.3. Critères de choix d’un bon bioindicateur ......................................................................... 11 II.4. Choix des insectes comme bioindicateurs ........................................................................ 12 II.4.1 Choix des lépidoptères et des coléoptères frugivores comme bioindicateurs ............ 12 II.4.2. Lépidoptères Nymphalidae comme bioindicateurs ................................................... 13 II.4.3. Coléoptères Cetoniinae comme bioindicateurs ......................................................... 14 II.4.4. Névroptères comme bioindicateurs ........................................................................... 15 DEUXIEME PARTIE : MATERIEL ET METHODES .......................................................... 16 CHAPITRE III : MATERIEL .................................................................................................. 17 III.1. Sites d’études .................................................................................................................. 17 III.1.2. Terroir de Folonzo .................................................................................................... 18 III.1.2.1. Caractéristiques physiques ................................................................................ 18 III.1.2.2. Caractéristiques humaines ................................................................................. 20 III.1.3. Terroir de Koumbia .................................................................................................. 21 III.1.3.1. Caractéristiques physiques ................................................................................ 21 I III.1.3.2. Caractéristiques humaines ................................................................................. 23 III.1.4. Terroir de Dédougou ................................................................................................ 24 III.1.4.1. Caractéristiques physiques ................................................................................ 24 III.1.4.2. Caractéristiques humaines ................................................................................. 26 III.1.5. Terroir de Djibo ........................................................................................................ 26 III.1.5.1. Caractéristiques physiques ................................................................................ 27 III.1.5.2. Caractéristiques humaines ................................................................................. 29 III.2. Matériel biologique et technique .................................................................................... 29 III.2.1. Matériel biologique .................................................................................................. 29 III.2.2. Matériel technique .................................................................................................... 29 III.2.2.1. Piège à Charaxes ................................................................................................ 30 III.2.2.2. Piège à Cétoines................................................................................................. 30 III.2.2.3. Piège lumineux pour la capture nocturne des névroptères ................................ 31 CHAPITRE IV : METHODOLOGIE ...................................................................................... 32 IV.1. Implantation des sites de suivi écologique ..................................................................... 32 IV.1.1. Terroir de Folonzo ................................................................................................... 33 IV.1.2. Terroir de Koumbia .................................................................................................. 34 IV.1.3. Terroir de Dédougou ................................................................................................ 34 IV.1.4. Terroir de Djibo ....................................................................................................... 34 IV.2. Suivi écologique des sites ............................................................................................... 35 IV.3. Inventaire floristique et mesure de la production primaire de la biomasse herbacée ..... 35 IV.3.1. Inventaire floristique ................................................................................................ 35 IV.3.2. Mesure de la production primaire de la biomasse herbacée .................................... 36 IV.4. Inventaire entomologique et mesure des densités apparentes par jour et par piège (DAP) des insectes frugivores ............................................................................................................. 36 IV.4.1. Installation des pièges et capture des insectes frugivores ........................................ 36 IV.4.2. Echantillonnage et inventaire des névroptères ......................................................... 37 IV.4.2.1. Capture diurne des névroptères ......................................................................... 37 IV.4.2.2. Capture nocturne des névroptères ..................................................................... 37 IV.5. Traitements et analyses des données .............................................................................. 38 IV.5.1. Traitements et analyses des données floristiques ..................................................... 38 IV.5.2. Indices de similitude de Sørensen et de Jaccard ...................................................... 38 IV.5.2.1. Indice de similitude de Sørensen ....................................................................... 38 IV.5.2.2. Indice de similitude de Jaccard ......................................................................... 38 II IV.5.3. Traitement et analyse des données entomologiques ................................................ 39 IV.5.3.1. Analyse des données de capture des Nymphalidae et Cetoniinae ..................... 39 IV.5.3.2. Traitement et analyse des données de capture des névroptères ......................... 40 TROISIEME PARTIE : RESULTATS ET DISCUSSIONS ................................................... 41 CHAPITRE V : UTILISATION DE LA RICHESSE SPECIFIQUE DE LA FLORE ET DE LA FAUNE COMME INDICATEUR D’ANTHROPISATION ............................................ 42 sous-chapitre v.1. Influence des activites agricoles sur la vegetation le long d’un gradient climatique nord-sud du burkina faso.......................................................................................
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