Fresas Salvajes Y Persona: El Encuentro Con Uno Mismo Y Las Relaciones Humanas En El Cine De Ingmar Bergman

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Fresas Salvajes Y Persona: El Encuentro Con Uno Mismo Y Las Relaciones Humanas En El Cine De Ingmar Bergman PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Fresas salvajes y Persona: el encuentro con uno mismo y las relaciones humanas en el cine de Ingmar Bergman Tesis para optar el Título de LICENCIADA EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL Presentada por SUSANA ELVIRA DEL RÍO KUROIWA Lima - Perú 2004 RESUMEN Fresas salvajes y Persona: el encuentro con uno mismo y las relaciones humanas en el cine de Ingmar Bergman tiene como objetivo analizar la obra de Bergman a través de dos películas, Fresas salvajes (1957) y Persona (1966), realizadas en décadas y contextos diversos, lo que permite establecer considerables comparaciones, tanto a nivel de forma como de contenido. Ingmar Bergman es un cineasta sueco cuya época de mayor actividad cinematográfica se ubica en las décadas de los cincuenta, sesenta e inicios de los setenta. Su filmografía, que incluye más de medio centenar de películas, se explica a la luz del cine de autor; de ahí que el análisis de su obra exija descifrar el universo personal que plantea el director. Este trabajo de investigación considera que Bergman aborda temas existenciales, que a manera de motivos, aparecen en forma reiterada en sus películas. Con la intención de reconocer las variaciones de estos motivos, la presente tesis analiza la evolución en sus filmes de dos características de la existencia, el encuentro con uno mismo y las relaciones humanas. Se trata de dos matrices, cuya delimitación incluye la revisión de tres influencias en la obra de Bergman: el luteranismo, el existencialismo y el entorno sueco. El análisis también considera la vida personal del director. Para comprender el universo cinematográfico de Bergman, se tuvo en cuenta el visionado de un número considerable de sus filmes, así como la revisión de publicaciones en torno al director, el cine y las variables escogidas -el luteranismo, el existencialismo y el entorno sueco. A lo largo del trabajo se realizaron entrevistas a expertos de diversas disciplinas, que -desde sus perspectivas particulares- dieron luces para estudiar la obra de Bergman. La primera parte de este trabajo elabora las definiciones de las dos matrices de investigación a la luz de las variables mencionadas. El segundo y tercer capítulo presentan el análisis de las dos películas, Fresas salvajes y Persona, respectivamente, además de establecer semejanzas y diferencias entre ambos filmes. Los resultados de esta investigación indican cómo la interpretación de Bergman del encuentro con uno mismo y las relaciones humanas varía considerablemente en su obra y cómo se manifiestan estos cambios a través del uso de los recursos cinematográficos. TABLA DE CONTENIDO TABLA DE CONTENIDO ...................................................................................................... i AGRADECIMIENTOS .......................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................. v Notas aclaratorias ............................................................................................................ xi 1. SU CULTURA, SU PAÍS, SU VIDA ................................................................................. 1 1.1. El luteranismo ............................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1. El luteranismo y el encuentro con uno mismo ................................................... 4 1.1.2. El luteranismo y las relaciones humanas ........................................................... 9 1.1.3. El protestantismo ilustrado ............................................................................... 12 1.1.4. Del luteranismo al existencialismo ................................................................... 15 1.2. El existencialismo .................................................................................................... 18 1.2.1. El existencialismo y el encuentro con uno mismo ........................................... 21 1.2.2. El existencialismo y las relaciones humanas ................................................... 24 1.3. Suecia ...................................................................................................................... 28 1.4. Ingmar Bergman ...................................................................................................... 42 2. FRESAS SALVAJES...................................................................................................... 59 Resumen de la película .................................................................................................. 59 Introducción al análisis.................................................................................................... 59 Análisis de Fresas salvajes ............................................................................................ 64 2.1. Al encuentro de uno mismo .................................................................................... 66 2.1.1. La pesadilla inicial ............................................................................................. 67 2.1.2. El encuentro con uno mismo a través de las dos mujeres ............................. 72 2.1.3. El viaje .............................................................................................................. 76 2.1.4. El recuerdo........................................................................................................ 79 2.1.5. El verano y las fresas silvestres ....................................................................... 84 2.1.6. Los jóvenes y las mujeres ................................................................................ 90 2.2. Las relaciones humanas ....................................................................................... 100 2.2.1. La pareja Alman ............................................................................................. 101 2.2.2. La pareja Åkerman ......................................................................................... 105 2.2.3. La anciana madre ........................................................................................... 109 2.2.4. La segunda pesadilla...................................................................................... 114 2.3. Del encuentro con uno mismo a las relaciones humanas.................................... 140 2.3.1. El hijo .............................................................................................................. 141 2.3.2. Al encuentro de los demás ............................................................................. 147 2.3.3. Al encuentro de sus padres ........................................................................... 151 2.4. Revisión final de Fresas salvajes .......................................................................... 154 ii 2.5. Al encuentro de Ingmar Bergman ......................................................................... 167 2.6. Al encuentro de Victor Sjöström ............................................................................ 172 3. PERSONA .................................................................................................................... 175 Resumen de la película ................................................................................................ 175 Introducción al análisis.................................................................................................. 175 Análisis de Persona ...................................................................................................... 179 3.1. El encuentro inicial ................................................................................................. 180 3.1.1. Al encuentro de la persona ............................................................................ 180 3.1.2. Alma, la enfermera ......................................................................................... 181 3.1.3. El silencio de Elisabeth ................................................................................... 187 3.2. La convivencia feliz................................................................................................ 201 3.2.1. La isla .............................................................................................................. 201 3.2.2. La amistad ...................................................................................................... 206 3.2.3. La narración .................................................................................................... 213 3.2.4. Dos episodios inciertos ................................................................................... 223 3.3. Traición y angustia ................................................................................................. 228 3.4. El otro es un espejo: el caos ................................................................................. 242 3.4.1. La visita del señor Vogler ............................................................................... 246 3.4.2. La escena doble ............................................................................................. 254 3.4.3. Las palabras sin sentido y el vampirismo ...................................................... 260 3.4.4. Nada ............................................................................................................... 265 3.5. La separación .......................................................................................................
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