DOCSLIB.ORG

Aspects of Early Buddhist Sociological Thought Ven

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aspects of Early Buddhist Sociological Thought Ven AspectsAspects ofof EarlyEarly BuddhistBuddhist SociologicalSociological ThoughtThought by Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph.D. HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Aspects of Early Buddhist Sociological Thought Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph.D. First published in Singapore, 1998 Published by Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association ISBN: 981–04–0555–3 Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association 90 Duku Road Singapore 429254 © Pategama Gnanarama 1998 All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems or technologies now know or later developed, without permission in writing from the publisher. Aspects of Early Buddhist Sociological Thought “Particularly the chapters on the Buddhist attitude to aes- thetics and on symbology in which the venerable author’s interpretations are worth being considered at the high- est scholarly level. There is no doubt that the few pages devoted there tend to promote the studies so far pursued on the subject.” Prof. V. Vitharana Ph.D. (Ceylon), Ph.D. (London) Lecturer in Cultural Anthropology Sri Jayawardhanapura University Sri Lanka “Early Buddhist redefinition of woman’s social role is well documented and discussed, shedding light on the subject, so it can be viewed in a broader perspective.” Senarat Wijavasundara Lecturer in Philosophy Buddhist and Pali College of Singapore “All the chapters are enlightening and sociologically impor- tant. Particularly the discussion on Dhamma, medicine and sociology deserves special praise, for the novel and refreshing interpretation offered.” Prof. Chandima Wijebandara Ph.D. (Lancaster) Professor of Buddhist Studies Sri Jayawardhanapura University Sri Lanka Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association 90 Duku Road, Singapore 429254 Tel: 345 6741 Fax: (65) 344 4056 ISBN: 981–04–0555–3 iii Contents Illustrations ........................................................................................................... viii Introduction ..............................................................................................................ix Foreword .......................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. xii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................xiii 1. Towards a Definition of Early Buddhism Etymological Definitions of Religion .......................................................... 3 Historical Definitions of Religion ................................................................. 3 Psychological Definitions of Religion ......................................................... 5 Prescriptive Definitions of Religion ............................................................. 6 Is Buddhism a Philosophy? ............................................................................. 6 Is Buddhism a Science? ..................................................................................... 9 Does Religion Differ from Person to Person? ...................................... 11 Natural and Ethical Religions ..................................................................... 11 Religion as a Six-Dimensional Organism ............................................ 13 Is there a Uniformity in Religions? .......................................................... 13 A Qualitative Definition of Buddhism .....................................................16 An Ethical Definition of Buddhism ..........................................................16 Buddhism Doctrinally Defined ................................................................... 17 Pure Hedonism and Strict Asceticism ....................................................19 Monotheism and Accidentalism ................................................................. 20 Kammic Determinism and Fatalism ...................................................... 20 Monism and Pluralism ..................................................................................... 21 Absolute Realism and Absolute Nothingness ................................... 22 For a Correct Philosophy of Life ................................................................. 23 Why Right Understanding? ...........................................................................27 Social Concern with a Difference ............................................................. 35 iv 2. Dhamma, Medicine and Sociology Dhamma as Medicine ....................................................................................... 40 Physical Ailments and Medication ........................................................... 46 Sociological Significance of Sickness ......................................................47 Functionalist View – Relation to Buddhist Approach .....................47 Health as the Most Precious Asset .......................................................... 48 Introduction of Monasticism & Health problems ........................... 49 Medicine as One of the Four Requisites of Monkhood ............... 52 Physical Fitness and Health ........................................................................ 53 Causes of Afflictions on Grounds of Aetiology.................................. 55 Buddhist Theory of Humours ..................................................................... 56 The ‘Medicalisation’ of the Sangha .......................................................... 59 Surgery and Anaesthesia ............................................................................... 65 Medicines, Medical Instruments and Storage .................................. 69 Patients and Attendants ................................................................................. 70 The Buddha Sets an Example .................................................................... 72 A Code of Medical Ethics for Both Attendant & Patient ............ 73 Moderation in Eating as a Health Measure ....................................... 75 The Social Aspect of Monks’ Eating Habits ....................................... 76 Jivaka, the Physician ........................................................................................ 78 Monks as Healers ............................................................................................... 83 3. Socio-Religious Significance of Buddhist Chanting Psychological Support and Social Solidarity from a Functionalist Perspective ....................... 89 What is Buddhist Chanting? ........................................................................ 91 Invoking Blessings by Permeating Loving Kindness ................... 92 Reflection on Dhamma for Blessings ...................................................... 94 Asseveration of Truth for Blessing ........................................................... 95 Blessing Through the Virtues of the Triple Gem ............................ 96 The Efficacy ofParittas ................................................................................... 98 v 4. The Early Buddhist Attitude to Aesthetics Beauty and Religious Truths ....................................................................102 Unity of Melody and Meaning ...................................................................103 Illustrations from Nature ............................................................................. 107 Beauty and Desirability ................................................................................109 Objectivity and Beauty ...................................................................................111 Poets and Poetry ................................................................................................ 114 Attitude to Singing and Dancing ............................................................ 116 Long Drawn Singing and Intoning .........................................................117 Chanting Together (Sangayana) .............................................................. 119 Song in Dhamma but not Dhamma in Song ................................... 119 Beauty as a Relative Phenomenon ........................................................ 120 Rapture and Gladness .................................................................................. 120 Nature Appreciated ..........................................................................................122 Climax – The Sentiment of Release .........................................................125 Theories of Suggestion and Propriety .................................................. 127 Aesthetic Value of Pali Literature at a Glance ............................... 128 5. Buddhist Art Symbols for Religious Edification The Wheel of Law (dhammacakka) ........................................................136 The Pillar of Fire or the Torch ...................................................................141 The Bodhi Tree ...................................................................................................142 The Footprint and the Vacant Seat .......................................................143 The Stupa ...............................................................................................................144 Buddha Statue ....................................................................................................149
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Compassion & Social Justice
    COMPASSION & SOCIAL JUSTICE Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo PUBLISHED BY Sakyadhita Yogyakarta, Indonesia © Copyright 2015 Karma Lekshe Tsomo No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the editor. CONTENTS PREFACE ix BUDDHIST WOMEN OF INDONESIA The New Space for Peranakan Chinese Woman in Late Colonial Indonesia: Tjoa Hin Hoaij in the Historiography of Buddhism 1 Yulianti Bhikkhuni Jinakumari and the Early Indonesian Buddhist Nuns 7 Medya Silvita Ibu Parvati: An Indonesian Buddhist Pioneer 13 Heru Suherman Lim Indonesian Women’s Roles in Buddhist Education 17 Bhiksuni Zong Kai Indonesian Women and Buddhist Social Service 22 Dian Pratiwi COMPASSION & INNER TRANSFORMATION The Rearranged Roles of Buddhist Nuns in the Modern Korean Sangha: A Case Study 2 of Practicing Compassion 25 Hyo Seok Sunim Vipassana and Pain: A Case Study of Taiwanese Female Buddhists Who Practice Vipassana 29 Shiou-Ding Shi Buddhist and Living with HIV: Two Life Stories from Taiwan 34 Wei-yi Cheng Teaching Dharma in Prison 43 Robina Courtin iii INDONESIAN BUDDHIST WOMEN IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Light of the Kilis: Our Javanese Bhikkhuni Foremothers 47 Bhikkhuni Tathaaloka Buddhist Women of Indonesia: Diversity and Social Justice 57 Karma Lekshe Tsomo Establishing the Bhikkhuni Sangha in Indonesia: Obstacles and
    [Show full text]
  • The Mission Accomplished
    TheThe MissionMission AccomplishedAccomplished Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph.D. HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. The Mission Accomplished A historical analysis of the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya of the Pali Canon. by Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph. D. The Mission Accomplished is undoubtedly an eye opening contribution to Bud- dhist analytical Pali studies. In this analytical and critical work Ven. Dr. Pate- gama Gnanarama enlightens us in many areas of subjects hitherto unexplored by scholars. His views on the beginnings of the Bhikkhuni Order are interesting and refreshing. They might even be provocative to traditional readers, yet be challenging to the feminists to adopt a most positive attitude to the problem. Prof. Chandima Wijebandara University of Sri Jayawardhanapura Sri Lanka. A masterly treatment of a cluster of Buddhist themes in print Senarat Wijayasundara Buddhist and Pali College Singapore Published by Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association 90, Duku Road. Singapore 429254 Tel: 345 6741 First published in Singapore, 1997 Published by Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association ISBN: 981–00–9087–0 © Pategama Gnanarama 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems or technologies now known or later developed, without per- mission in writing from the publisher. Cover: Mahaparinibbana; an ancient stone carving from Gandhara — Loriyan Tangai. Photograph reproduced by Mr K. C. Wong. Contents Introductory . 8 Chapter 1: The Mahaparinibbana Sutta & its Different Versions .
    [Show full text]
  • Ánanda Thera
    Ánanda Thera Ven. Ananda Ministering the sick Monk Introduction – Reading the story of Ven. Ananda Thera, we come to know the significance of paying homage to Bodhi tree. It was instructed by Buddha to plant a sapling Bodhi tree to represent him – Buddha said to Ananda – 1. “Ánanda bring a sapling from the Bodhi Tree in Buddha Gaya and plant it in Jetavana. He then said: "In my absence, let my devotees pay homage to the great Bodhi Tree that gave me protection during enlightenment. Let the Bodhi Tree be a symbol of my presence. Those who honor the Bodhi. 2. The next significant contribution was the formation of the Bhikkhuni Sangha order for the first time in Buddha’s Ministry. 3. The next, is the Ratana Sutta – Yatana Tote - whenever, some one recite Ratana Sutta – Yatana Tote – we are reminded of Ven. Ananda who first recite this paritta sutta to clean the evil off the city of Vasali. 4. He attained the Arahantship on the day of the First Council of the Dhamma, (Sangayana), post Maha Parinaibbana period. He was declared the guardian of the Dhamma because of his retentive memory. Page 1 of 42 Dhamma Dana Maung Paw, California 5. One very significant lesson we can learn from the Maha-parinibbana Sutta is Buddha’s instruction to Ananda - "Ananda, please prepare a bed for me between the twin sal-trees, with its head to the north. I am tired, and will lie down." When we meditate we should always face towards the Northerly direction to accrue the purity of the Universe.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā
    Lesley University DigitalCommons@Lesley Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences Mindfulness Studies Theses (GSASS) Spring 5-6-2020 Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā Kyung Peggy Meill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/mindfulness_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Meill, Kyung Peggy, "Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā" (2020). Mindfulness Studies Theses. 29. https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/mindfulness_theses/29 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences (GSASS) at DigitalCommons@Lesley. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mindfulness Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Lesley. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. DIVERSITY IN THE WOMEN OF THE THERĪGĀTHĀ i Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā Kyung Peggy Kim Meill Lesley University May 2020 Dr. Melissa Jean and Dr. Andrew Olendzki DIVERSITY IN THE WOMEN OF THE THERĪGĀTHĀ ii Abstract A literary work provides a window into the world of a writer, revealing her most intimate and forthright perspectives, beliefs, and emotions – this within a scope of a certain time and place that shapes the milieu of her life. The Therīgāthā, an anthology of 73 poems found in the Pali canon, is an example of such an asseveration, composed by theris (women elders of wisdom or senior disciples), some of the first Buddhist nuns who lived in the time of the Buddha 2500 years ago. The gathas (songs or poems) impart significant details concerning early Buddhism and some of its integral elements of mental and spiritual development.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Teacher Mahapajapati Gotami
    Zen Women A primer for the chant of women ancestors used at the Compiled by Grace Schireson, Colleen Busch, Gary Artim, Renshin Bunce, Sherry Smith-Williams, Alexandra Frappier Berkeley Zen Center and Laurie Senauke, Autumn 2006 A note on Romanization of Chinese Names: We used Pinyin Compiled Fall 2006 for the main titles, and also included Wade-Giles or other spellings in parentheses if they had been used in source or other documents. Great Teacher Mahapajapati Gotami Great Teacher Khema (ma-ha-pa-JA-pa-tee go-TA-me) (KAY-ma) 500 BCE, India 500 BCE, India Pajapati (“maha” means “great”) was known as Khema was a beautiful consort of King Bimbisāra, Gotami before the Buddha’s enlightenment; she was his who awakened to the totality of the Buddha’s teaching after aunt and stepmother. After her sister died, she raised both hearing it only once, as a lay woman. Thereafter, she left Shakyamuni and her own son, Nanda. After the Buddha’s the king, became a nun, and converted many women. She enlightenment, the death of her husband and the loss of her became Pajapati’s assistant and helped run the first son and grandson to the Buddha’s monastic order, she community of nuns. She was called the wisest among all became the leader of five hundred women who had been women. Khema’s exchange with King Prasenajit is widowed by either war or the Buddha’s conversions. She documented in the Abyakatasamyutta. begged for their right to become monastics as well. When Source: Therigata; The First Buddhist Women by Susan they were turned down, they ordained themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Śuddhodana - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Śuddhodana
    סּודְּ הֹודַ נַה http://www.buddha.co.il/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%91%D7% 95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%94- %D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%94/ سو ْدهودانا http://archive.sainmy.org/modules/newbb/report.php?forum=30&topic_id=1818&post_id=89 80 سودهودانا सु饍धोदन سدھو د ن http://uh.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx ਧੋਦਨٱसु饍धोदन ਸ http://h2p.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx سدھودن فرشتہ ਧੋਦਨ ਫ਼ਰਿਸ਼ਤਾٱਸ http://g2s.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx Śuddhodana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Śuddhodana Śuddhodana From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia King Suddhodana (Nepali: स^ोदनु , Sanskrit: Śuddhodana ; Ś Japanese: 浄飯王 Jōbon- ō) was the father of Gautama uddhodana Buddha.[1] He was a leader of the Shakya people, who lived in Kapilavastu and was a righteous king. Contents 1 Family 2 Biography 2.1 Birth of Buddha 2.2 Later life 3 References 4 External links Śuddhodana and his court Family Spouse(s) Maya Mahapajapati Gotami Śuddhodana’s father was King Sihahanu while his mother Children Gautama Buddha was Queen Kaccan ā. Siddhartha (Gautama Buddha), Śuddhodana's son, married his cousin Yasodhar ā, daughter of Princess Nanda Suppabuddha and his father’s sister. Prince Nanda Parent(s) Sihahanu Ś uddhodana’s consorts Maya and Mahapajapati Gotami were Kaccan ā Buddha’s mother and stepmother. Other children of Śuddhodana were Princess Sundari Nanda and Prince Nanda.[2] Biography Birth of Buddha Lord Gautam Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) was born in Kapilavastu in the Lumbini Zone of present day Nepal .
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search
    Buddhism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A statue of Gautama Buddha in Bodhgaya, India. Bodhgaya is traditionally considered the place of his awakening[1] Part of a series on Buddhism Outline · Portal History Timeline · Councils Gautama Buddha Disciples Later Buddhists Dharma or Concepts Four Noble Truths Dependent Origination Impermanence Suffering · Middle Way Non-self · Emptiness Five Aggregates Karma · Rebirth Samsara · Cosmology Practices Three Jewels Precepts · Perfections Meditation · Wisdom Noble Eightfold Path Wings to Awakening Monasticism · Laity Nirvāṇa Four Stages · Arhat Buddha · Bodhisattva Schools · Canons Theravāda · Pali Mahāyāna · Chinese Vajrayāna · Tibetan Countries and Regions Related topics Comparative studies Cultural elements Criticism v • d • e Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद धमर Buddh Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[2] He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada—the oldest surviving branch—has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications Vajrayana, a subcategory of Mahayana, is recognized as a third branch.
    [Show full text]
  • 14. Het Boeddhisme (Campbell, Ions)
    Dit document vormt een onderdeel van de website https://www.religies-overzichtelijk.nl Hier vindt u tevens de koppelingen naar de andere teksten en de indexen, de toelichtingen en de afkortingen Laatste bewerking: 26-09-2020 Het Boeddhisme (Campbell, Ions) 1 Het Westerse en het Oosterse wereldbeeld (1) ......................................................... 2 2 Het Westerse en het Oosterse wereldbeeld (2) ......................................................... 3 3 De nieuwe stadstaten: ca 800 – 500 v. Chr. ............................................................. 4 3.1 Griekse en Arische invallers ............................................................................ 5 3.2 Culturele veranderingen: vindplaats Hastināpura .................................................. 6 3.3 Kenmerken van de nieuwe culturele zone o.i.v. het Perzische rijk ............................. 7 4 Ontwikkeling van het Boeddhisme ........................................................................ 8 4.1 De geschiedenis van het Boeddhisme ................................................................. 9 4.2 Het tijdperk van de Grote Klassieken: 500 v. Chr. – 500 na Chr. .............................. 11 4.3 Drie Boeddhistische koningen ......................................................................... 12 4.3.1 Aśoka Maurya (268 – 232) ........................................................................... 13 4.3.2 Menander (ca 125 – 95) ............................................................................. 14 4.3.3 Kaniṣka (ca
    [Show full text]
  • Someksatriyatrib035136mbp.Pdf
    Buddha Gautama U. Ru A Sons, Calcutta. SOME KSAittiYA TRIBES or ANCIENT INDIA BY BIMAT.A CHARAN LAW, PH.D.,-M.A., B.L., FELLOW, ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY, lOHDON, ' > Author of Kxatnya Clans in Buddhist India,' Historic** Gleanings t The Lift and Work of Buddhtghosa,' The Buddhist Conception of Spirits,' Dttignatio* of Human Types,' ' Ancient Mid-Indian Ksatriya Tribes, Vol. /,' etc., etc. WITH A FOREWORD BY A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.LiXT., BAR-AT-IyAW, RSGIUS PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY ^ OP EDINBURGH. approved for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Cakutta, 1923. CALCtJTTA : PUBUSHBD BY THE ^UVRSITY OF CALCUTTA AND PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. 1924, TO THE SACRED MEMORY OF MY GRANDFATHER, THE LATE BABU JAYGOBINDA LAW, I.E., AS A TOKEN OF PROFOUND REVERENCE AND ADMIRATION. FOREWORD ANCIENT INDIA, though she passed tudes of fortune, has Left us no historian of her national life. Brahmins and Buddhists alike, intent on the satisfaction of the desire to attain that insight which delivers from the burden of empirical existence, could see nothing of sufficient value in the passing events of life to render them willing to record them or to seek to interpret their significance, while princesand their followers found an adequate substitute for historic narrations in the famous legends of the epics. Hence it follows that, if with the curiosity of the modern world we seek to reconstruct the history of India in the centuries immediately preceding and following the Christian era, we are compelled to build up a structure by the careful collection and fitting together of every available fragment of evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • FRESNO BUDDHIST TEMPLE “OPEN HOUSE” MONDAY, MARCH 10Th
    Page 2 GEPPO MARCH 2014 Rev. Alan Sakamoto Ananda: Guardian of the Dharma We are taught, and know the He just wanted to make sure that they understood the hardships of a story of Siddhartha Gautama’s monks life, one without a permanent home. Soon after, the Buddha life who attains enlightenment warmly accepted women into the Sangha. Accordingly, we have to and becomes the historical be thankful to Ananda’s compassion and timely interjection. Shakyamuni Buddha. However, it is through the recollection of The most famous and well-known story about Ananda involves the Shakyamuni’s disciples and Buddha’s famous last words while he was on his deathbed. The followers that we are able to Buddha said: “So Ananda, each of you should be an island unto read and recall the Buddha’s yourself, dwell with yourself as a refuge and with no other as your lessons. This can be seen with refuge; each of you should make the Dharma your island, dwell with the beginning words of each the Dharma as your refuge and with no other as your refuge.” The Sutra, “Thus I have heard.” Ultimate Truth of the Dharma is the most important thing in one’s life, Ananda was the first cousin and each of us must find our own path to that Truth. of Shakyamuni Buddha, and one of his principal disciples. He is known for having outstanding Ananda is also known as the “Treasurer of the Dharma.” He was memory, able to recite the Buddha’s talks word for word, and he had present at the First Buddhist Council which was convened shortly the unique position as the only one to have heard almost all of the after the passing of the Buddha, where many of the Buddha’s Buddha’s talks.
    [Show full text]
  • Should Monks Be Involved in Politics And/Or Flaunt Their Credentials? Ven
    Should Monks Be Involved in Politics and/or Flaunt Their Credentials? Ven. Dhammavuddho Mahathera Introduction A Buddhist monk is supposed to be a renunciant practising the path to Enlightenment taught by the Buddha. This is a path for the elimination of the self or ego. Thus the Buddha and his disciples went on daily almsround (pindacara) to beg for their food as a practise to cultivate humility, in addition to giving lay devotees the chance to practise generosity. So humility is the mark of a renunciant, and you can say that a benchmark of a monk’s progress is the measure of his humility. In Anguttara Nikaya Sutta 8.53, the Buddha instructed the first nun, Mahapajapati Gotami as follows: “Gotami, those states of which you may know: ‘These states lead to (1) passion, not to dispassion; (2) to being fettered, not to being unfettered; (3) to accumulating, not to reducing; (4) to much desires, not to fewness of desires; (5) to discontent, not to contentment; (6) to sociability, not to solitude; (7) to indolence, not to arousal of energy; (8) to being difficult to support, not to being easy to support; you should definitely know: ‘This is not Dhamma, this is not Vinaya, this is not the teaching of the Teacher (Buddha)!’’ The above sutta states concisely the principles on which a monk or nun should base his/her life. The Buddha instructed his monk disciples to live in seclusion and to arouse energy in practising the Noble Eightfold Path. Sociability and involvement with lay people and worldly matters were definitely discouraged by the Buddha.
    [Show full text]
  • History Ch 4 for English Medium Students
    Mention four places associated with the life of the Buddha. Ans. (i) Lumbini (birth place of the Buddha) (ii) Bodh Gaya (The Buddha attained enlighten- ment here) {Hi) Sarnath (The Buddha delivered his first sermon religious discourse here) {io) Kusinagara (Buddha attained nirvana). Q2. What do you mean by Tri-ratna? "^Ans. According to Jainism, moksha or salvation can be attained by observing Tri-ratna or three jewels. These are as follows: (i) Right knowledge {ii) Right faith {in) Right action Scanned with CamScanner Q4. What do you mean by 'Dharma Chakra. Pravartana!. Ans. Dharma Chakra Pravartana means 'sitting in motion the wheel of dharma'. The first rehgious discourse or sermon delivered by Mahatma Buddha after attaining enlighten- ment at Sarnath near Varanasi. It is known as 'Mahachakra Pravartana'. Q5. Describe the various incarnation of Vishnu according to Vaishnavism. Ans. According to Vaishnavism there are ten incarnations of Vishnu. These are: Matsya, Kurma,Varsha, Narsimha,Vamana,Parsiirania, Ram, Krishna, Buddha and Kalki. 4 i QefName the Begums of Bhopal. Ans. ii) Shahjehan Begum iii) Sultan Jehan Begum Scanned with CamScanner Q14. Define the Stupas. Write the name of two places where stupas have been found. Ans. (i) The stupa is made as a simple semi- circular mound like structure made of stones or bricks balancing round and square shapes. {ii) Stupas have been found at Sanchi and Bharhut. Q15. Mention the factors that led to the growth and expansion of Buddhism. Ans. H) Buddha and his followers taught in Pali that was the common man's language. {ii) Buddha's teachings were simple.
    [Show full text]