VINAYA-PIṬAKA Volume II (SUTTAVIBHAṄGA)

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VINAYA-PIṬAKA Volume II (SUTTAVIBHAṄGA) VINAYA-PIṬAKA Volume II (SUTTAVIBHAṄGA) Penerjemah : Chaidir Thamrin Editor : dr. Taruna Unitarali Penyelia Naskah : Bhikkhu Dharmasurya Bhūmi Mahāthera Diterbitkan oleh: INDONESIA TIPITAKA CENTER (ITC) MEDAN 2012 Cetakan pertama Edisi I Vinaya-Piṭaka Volume II : 2012 Penerjemah : Chaidir Thamrin Editor : dr. Taruna Unitarali Penyelia Naskah: Bhikkhu Dharmasurya Bhūmi Mahāthera Diterbitkan oleh : Indonesia Tipitaka Center (ITC) Sekretariat : Yayasan Dhammavicayo Indonesia Jl. Letjen. S. Parman, No. 168 Medan – 20153 Sumatera Utara Tel./Faks. : 061-4534997 / 061 - 4534993 Contact : 061-77153965 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.indonesiatipitaka.net KATA PENGANTAR Namo Buddhaya, Vinaya Pitaka merupakan Kitab Suci pilihan pertama yang diterjemahkan oleh Indonesia Tipitaka Center (ITC), karena sangat dinantikan oleh mereka yang menjalankan Sila, terutama anggota Sanggha. Keenam Kitab Vinaya Pitaka diterjemahkan dan diedit oleh orang yang berbeda-beda, sehingga tidak dapat diterbitkan secara berturut. Selain itu, juga diperlukan kehatian- hatian dalam penerjemahan maupun pengeditan, agar tidak terjadi kesalahan yang bisa menimbulkan tindakan yang salah pula oleh mereka yang menjalankan, terutama anggota Sanggha. Dengan terbitnya Kitab Vinaya II, Vinaya V, dan Vinaya VI sekaligus di tahun 2012 ini, maka Kitab Vinaya Pitaka yang berjumlah enam kitab, tinggal 2 kitab lagi yang sedang dalam proses penerjemahan, yaitu: Vinaya III dan Vinaya IV. Kitab Vinaya ini tentunya pada waktu yang akan datang akan dicetak ulang maupun direvisi, sebagaimana yang terjadi pada Kitab Vinaya I. Karena anggota Sanggha menjalankan Sila sesuai kitab ini, maka kesalahan maupun kejanggalan kalimat akan lebih cepat ditanggapi. Bagi umat awam (non-Sanggha), kitab ini akan menjadi pengetahuan sejarah terjadinya penetapan Sila oleh Sang Bhagawan, juga menjadi bahan renungan, betapa beratnya para i anggota Sanggha menjalankan Sila, sehingga sudah sewajarnya kita menghormati anggota Sanggha. Kami ucapkan terima kasih dan anumodana kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu, baik donatur tetap, donatur sukarela, penerjemah, dan editor maupun lainnya. Berkat bantuan Saudara-saudari, baik materi maupun moril, kami dapat terus menjalankan visi dan misi kami. Mudah-mudahan kami dapat menerjemahkan seluruh Tipitaka dalam waktu yang tidak terlalu lama. Semoga bantuan Saudara-saudari diberkahi Tiratana ! Sādhu ! Sādhu ! Sādhu ! Medan, 01 Januari 2012 Mettācittena, Penerbit ii Pengantar Suttavibhaṅga dan Pātimokkha Bundel lengkap Vinaya-Piṭaka sekarang ini terdiri dari: 1. Suttavibhaṅga (Bhikkhuvibhaṅga) yang dikelompokkan lagi menjadi: a. Kelompok Pārājika (4 Pārājika + 13 Saṅghādisesa & 2 Aniyata) b. Kelompok Pācittiya (30 Nissaggiyā Pācittiya + 92 Pācittiya + 4 Pāṭidesanīya + 75 Sekhiya & 7 Adhikaraṇasamathā) 2. Bhikkhuni Vinaya (Suttavibhaṅga-Bhikkhunivibhaṅga) yang sekaligus dikelompokkan dalam 8 Pārājika, 17 Saṅghādisesa, 30 Nissaggiyā Pācittiya, 166 Pācittiya, 8 Pāṭidesanīya, 75 Sekhiya, dan 7 Adhikaraṇasamathā. [Di dalam Bhikkhunivibhaṅga ini, karena dari total 311 sikkhāpada, ada 181 sikkhāpada yang sama dengan yang di Bhikkhuvibhaṅga, maka pada beberapa sumber terjemahan, yang dipaparkan hanyalah sisa 130 sikkhāpada yang unik untuk para bhikkhuni.] 3. Khandhaka, (Pengelompokan yang disusun menurut materi subjek) yang dikelompokkan lagi menjadi: a. Kelompok Mahāvagga b. Kelompok Cūḷavagga 4. Parivārapatha. (berisi addendum, rangkuman, dan petunjuk pembelajaran) 5. Pātimokkha (Bhikkhu Pātimokkha dan Bhikkhuni Pātimokkha). iii Suttavibhaṅga (Bhikkhuvibhaṅga maupun Bhikkhunivibhaṅga) yang sering hanya disebut sebagai Vibhaṅga, berisi hampir semua materi peraturan yang terdapat di dalam Pātimokkha, baik pada Bhikkhu Pātimokkha maupun Bhikkhuni Pātimokkha. Suttavibhaṅga di dalam penyajiannya mengawali setiap bab dengan cerita ringkas berisi peristiwa yang menjadi latar belakang ditetapkannya suatu peraturan praktis (sikkhāpada) oleh Sang Buddha. Kadang-kadang peraturan itu langsung menjadi aturan final yang berlaku hingga sekarang dan tercatat dalam Pātimokkha, tapi ada juga sikkhāpada yang mengalami revisi berkali-kali sebelum menjadi aturan final yang berlaku baku hingga sekarang. Setiap revisi yang terjadi juga dijelaskan alasannya dalam cerita latar peristiwa sebelum ditetapkan sebagai suatu peraturan sikkhāpada. Dari beratnya sanksi yang diterima bila terjadi pelanggaran, maka aturan-aturan itu dibagi dalam beberapa kelompok, yaitu: 1. Pārājika (Kekalahan, kejatuhan, terperosok) Pārājika adalah kelompok aturan yang bila dilanggar, sanksinya adalah pemecatan sebagai anggota Saṅgha. Pemecatannya adalah bersifat permanen yang tidak memberi kesempatan pada pelanggar untuk kembali menjalani kehidupan kebhikkhuan. Pelanggaran ini mencakup hubungan seksual, pencurian, menghilangkan nyawa seseorang, dan dusta dengan mengaku bahwa dia telah mencapai kesaktian tertentu. Untuk para bhikkhuni, selain keempat Pārājika di atas, ada empat sikkhāpada tambahan lagi yang berlaku khusus hanya untuk bhikkhuni. iv 2. Saṅghādisesa (Sepenuhnya ditangani Saṅgha) Pelanggaran peraturan dalam kelompok ini memerlukan penanganan sepenuhnya dari Saṅgha untuk mengembalikan atau rehabilitasi batin bhikkhu yang melanggar untuk kembali ke jalan suci. Dari 13 pelanggaran Saṅghādisesa, 9 di antaranya otomatis dianggap pelanggaran di saat si bhikkhu melakukannya. 4 tindakan lain baru dianggap pelanggaran Saṅghādisesa apabila setelah 3 kali ditegur, si bhikkhu tetap melanjutkan kesalahan yang sama. Sanksi terhadap pelanggaran ini tidak otomatis dilakukan, melainkan melalui suatu persidangan Saṅgha. Sanksi atau hukuman (mānatta) itu biasanya berlangsung selama 6 hari (walaupun di beberapa kasus, untuk bhikkhuni ada sebanyak 15 hari di Saṅgha Bhikkhu + 15 hari di Saṅgha Bhikkhuni, tetapi tanpa ditambah dengan masa percobaan atau parivāsa). Dalam menjalani masa hukuman mānatta ini, seorang bhikkhu kehilangan hak senioritasnya dan wajib menjalankan 94 aturan yang membatasi gerak-gerik dan perilakunya, yang antara lain berupa kewajiban untuk melaporkan kesalahannya pada setiap bhikkhu yang berada di kawasan itu setiap hari; dikucilkan dengan tidak boleh tinggal seatap dengan para bhikkhu untuk merenung agar tobat dan memperbaiki diri, tetapi harus tetap berada di tempat yang minimal ada empat orang bhikkhu pengawas dan dalam masa itu sepenuhnya diawasi oleh Saṅgha setempat. Setiap kegagalan menjalankan salah satu dari 94 restriksi itu merupakan pelanggaran dukkata yang wajib diakui. Adanya v satu kegagalan saja di suatu hari akan menggagalkan masa hukuman hari itu dan wajib diganti di hari berikutnya hingga total ada 6 hari hukuman yang tanpa kesalahan. Setelah selesai menjalani mānatta itu, si bhikkhu boleh mengajukan permintaan rehabilitasi (abbhāna) untuk mengembalikan haknya kembali seperti semula. Upacara rehabilitasi (abbhāna) ini harus dihadiri dan direstui oleh setidaknya 20 orang bhikkhu. Kurang dari itu, maka si bhikkhu tetap dinyatakan belum bebas dari kesalahan akibat pelanggarannya. Apabila sebelumnya si bhikkhu ada berusaha menutupi pelanggaran itu, maka sebelum dimulai dengan hukuman mānatta, bhikkhu itu wajib menjalani masa pengawasan atau masa percobaan (parivāsa) selama jangka waktu yang sama dengan lama waktu dia menutupi kesalahan itu. Dalam masa parivāsa itu, si bhikkhu menjalankan hukuman yang sama dengan yang akan dijalankan dalam hukuman mānatta di atas, yaitu dicopot hak senioritasnya, mulai dikucilkan untuk merenungi kesalahannya dan mulai diawasi dan dibatasi oleh 94 aturan restriksi yang sama. Setelah selesai menjalani parivāsa tanpa kesalahan, si bhikkhu baru diperbolehkan mengajukan untuk menjalankan hukuman mānatta selama 6 hari tanpa kegagalan, baru kemudian memohon rehabilitasi seperti di atas. Saṅghādisesa ini termasuk dalam pelanggaran berat (garukāpatti) bukan hanya karena beratnya pelanggaran yang dilakukan, tetapi juga karena rumitnya proses hukuman dan vi rehabilitasi yang menghabiskan banyak waktu dan melibatkan banyak anggota Saṅgha. 3. Aniyata (Tidak Pasti) Kelompok pelanggaran ini merupakan kelompok tindakan yang tidak bisa secara pasti dituntut sebagai jenis pelanggaran yang mana, bahkan kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai tidak ada pelanggaran sama sekali. Jenis tindakan dalam pelanggaran ini masih terbuka dan pengelompokan sebagai pelanggaran apa atau bukan pelanggaran tergantung pada penyelidikan lanjutan dan pengakuan dari bhikkhu yang bersangkutan. Tanpa ada pengakuan atau bukti yang lebih jelas, tindakan itu termasuk pelanggaran Aniyata yang bersifat terbuka dan tidak pasti. 4. Nissaggiyā Pācittiya (Pelepasan dan Pengakuan) Pelanggaran ini mencakup kepemilikan terhadap barang- barang yang gagal memenuhi kriteria yang diperbolehkan, sehingga barang tersebut secara simbolis harus dilepaskan kepada Saṅgha atau yang mewakilinya disertai dengan pengakuan kesalahan. Umumnya barang-barang yang secara simbolis disita itu, dikembalikan kepada bhikkhu yang melanggar tadi dengan catatan agar dipenuhi persyaratannya agar diperbolehkan ataupun agar dihibahkan kepada orang lain. Hanya barang-barang seperti uang tunai dan logam berharga atau permata / barang berharga lainnya yang dianggap tidak pantas dimiliki seorang anggota Saṅgha yang tidak dikembalikan. vii 5. Pācittiya (Pengakuan) Kelompok pelanggaran ini menuntut pengakuan dari bhikkhu pelanggar agar terbebas dari kesalahan itu dan kembali ke jalan suci. Dengan pengakuan ini di depan Saṅgha, si pelanggar diharapkan menyadari kesalahannya dan bisa menghindari pelanggaran seperti itu kelak. 6. Pāṭidesanīya
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